Stat3 contributes to cancer progression by regulating Jab1/Csn5 expression

GOLM1 dictates acquired Lenvatinib resistance by a GOLM1-CSN5 positive feedback loop upon EGFR signaling activation in hepatocellular carcinoma

Lenvatinib is a multiple receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitor (TKI) authorized for first-line treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, Lenvatinib resistance is common in HCC clinical treatment, highlighting the urgent need to understand mechanisms of resistance. Here, we identified Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1), a type II transmembrane protein originally located in the Golgi apparatus, as a novel regulator of Lenvatinib resistance. We found GOLM1 was overexpressed in Lenvatinib resistant human HCC cell lines, blood and HCC samples. Additionally, GOLM1 overexpression contributes to Lenvatinib resistance and HCC progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, GOLM1 upregulates CSN5 expression through EGFR-STAT3 pathway. Reversely, CSN5 deubiquitinates and stabilizes GOLM1 protein by inhibiting ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of GOLM1. Furthermore, clinical specimens of HCC showed a positive correlation between the activation of the GOLM1-EGFR-STAT3-CSN5 axis. Finally, GOLM1 knockdown was found to act in synergy with Lenvatinib in subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse model. Overall, these findings identify a mechanism of resistance to Lenvatinib treatment for HCC, highlight an effective predictive biomarker of Lenvatinib response in HCC and show that targeting GOLM1 may improve the clinical benefit of Lenvatinib.

Circ_0084653 promotes the tumor progression and immune escape in triple-negative breast cancer via the deubiquitination of MYC and upregulation of SOX5

The role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in cancers is gaining more and more attention, yet related reporters are limited. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), circRNA circ_0084653 originated from COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (COPS5), and COPS5 has been validated to be upregulated in breast cancer before. In our research, COPS5 was also upregulated in TNBC cells, and knockdown of it repressed cell proliferation, invasion, EMT, stemness and PDL-1 protein expression but increased T-cell percentage. Further, circ_0084653 was an aberrantly upregulated circRNA in TNBC cells, and similarly, circ_0084653 silence inhibited TNBC development. Besides, circ_0084653 expression was distributed in both cytoplasm and nucleus. COPS5 overexpression partially rescued the suppressing effects of circ_0084653 depletion in TNBC. Subsequently, circ_0084653 triggered deubiquitination of MYC, the upstream transcription factor of COPS5, via recruiting ubiquitin specific peptidase 36 (USP36). Moreover, circ_0084653 served as the sponge of miR-1323 to release the expression the target gene SRY-box transcription factor 5 (SOX5). SOX5 upregulation completely remedied the inhibiting influence of circ_0084653 downregulation in TNBC. Meanwhile, transcription factor SOX5 activated transcriptionally circ_0084653. To sum up, SOX5-induced circ_0084653 promotes TNBC via the deubiquitination of USP36, which may provide some fresh ideas for TNBC-related molecular mechanisms.

Targeting the NF-κB pathway as a potential regulator of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy

Advances in cancer immunotherapy over the last decade have led to the development of several agents that affect immune checkpoints. Inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells that negatively regulate the immune response include cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), which have been studied more than similar receptors. Inhibition of these proteins and other immune checkpoints can stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells, and prevent the tumor from escaping the immune response. However, the administration of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies has been associated with adverse inflammatory responses similar to autoimmune diseases. The current review discussed the role of the NF-κB pathway as a tumor promoter, and how it can govern inflammatory responses and affect various immune checkpoints. More precise knowledge about the communication between immune checkpoints and NF-κB pathways could increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy and reduce the adverse effects of checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Targeting the crosstalk of epigenetic modifications and immune evasion in nasopharyngeal cancer

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of head and neck cancer that is highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV acts as an epigenetic driver in NPC tumorigenesis, reprogramming the viral and host epigenomes to regulate viral latent gene expression, and creating an environment conducive to the malignant transformation of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Targeting epigenetic mechanisms in pre-clinical studies has been shown promise in eradicating tumours and overcoming immune resistance in some solid tumours. However, its efficacy in NPC remains inclusive due to the complex nature of this cancer. In this review, we provide an updated understanding of the roles of epigenetic factors in regulating EBV latent gene expression and promoting NPC progression. We also explore the crosstalk between epigenetic mechanisms and immune evasion in NPC. Particularly, we discuss the potential roles of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in reversing immune suppression and augmenting antitumour immunity. Furthermore, we highlight the advantages of combining epigenetic therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor to reverse immune resistance and improve clinical outcomes. Epigenetic drugs have the potential to modulate both epigenetic mediators and immune factors involved in NPC. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend the diverse range of epigenetic modifications in NPC. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between epigenetic mechanisms and immune evasion during NPC progression is crucial for the development of more effective treatments for this challenging disease.

The CSN5/HSF/SPI1/PU.1 Axis Regulates Cell Proliferation in Hypocellular Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients

OBJECTIVE

This study explored the relationship between the activation of the jak/stat3 signaling pathway and the CSN5 gene transcript and protein expression levels in the hematopoietic stem cells of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). This study also aimed to investigate the correlation between the expression level of CSN5 and the deubiquitination of HSF1, as well as the transcript level of the spi1/pu.1 genes to explore the pathogenesis of MDS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We isolated cells from normal individuals and MDS patients, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of spi1/pu.1 in cd34+ cells (hematopoietic stem cells) were measured by PCR and western blotting, respectively. A ChIP assay was used to detect the binding of HSF1 to the spi1/pu.1 promoter in cd34+ cells. The ubiquitination of HSF1 in cd34+ cells was detected by CO-IP. The binding of HSF1 and Fbxw7α was detected in in cd34+ cells by CO-IP. The binding of HSF1 and CSN5 was evaluated. A luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the effect of STAT3 on CSN5 promoter activation in cd34+ cells. Western blotting was used to detect the phosphorylation of STAT3 in cd34+ cells of MDS patients. The binding of STAT3 and C/EBP beta in cd34+ cells was detected by CO-IP.

RESULTS

Inhibition of SPI1/PU.1 expression was observed in MDS samples with low proliferation ability. Further experiments proved that phosphorylation of STAT3 affected CSN5 function and mediated the ubiquitination of HSF, the upstream regulator of SPI1/PU.1 transcription, which led to the inhibition of SPI1/PU.1 expression. Restoration of CSN5 rescued the inhibition of HSF1 ubiquitination, causing SPI1/PU.1 transcription to resume and increasing SPI1/PU.1 expression, promoting the recovery of cell proliferation in hypocellular MDS.

CONCLUSIONS

Our research revealed the regulatory role of the CSN5/HSF/SPI1/PU.1 axis in hypocellular MDS, providing a probable target for clinical intervention.

Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential of JAB1 in neurological development and disorders

c-Jun activation domain binding protein-1 (JAB1) is a multifunctional regulator that plays vital roles in diverse cellular processes. It regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity and also acts as the fifth component of the COP9 signalosome complex. While JAB1 is considered an oncoprotein that triggers tumor development, recent studies have shown that it also functions in neurological development and disorders. In this review, we summarize the general features of the JAB1 gene and protein, and present recent updates on the regulation of JAB1 expression. Moreover, we also highlight the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of JAB1 in neurodevelopmental processes such as neuronal differentiation, synaptic morphogenesis, myelination, and hair cell development and in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, current challenges and prospects are discussed, including updates on drug development targeting JAB1.

Prognostic value of CSN5 in patients with digestive system cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Despite the understanding of the COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (CSN5) in tumor genesis, there is no conclusive evidence on its value to predict the survival and prognosis of digestive system tumor patients. Hence this study aimed to evaluate the impact of CSN5 levels on the survival and clinicopathological parameters of digestive system neoplasm patients.

Methods

First, a comprehensive search was conducted in four databases. We utilized the Hazard Ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate the prognostic value of CSN5 for the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients. Then, we estimated the connection between CSN5 and the clinicopathological parameters based on the Odds Ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% CI.

Results

This meta-analysis included 22 studies and 2193 patients diagnosed with digestive system tumors. High expression of CSN5 was correlated to poorer OS (HR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.71–3.03; p < 0.00001). Additionally, high CSN5 levels were correlated with worse invasion depth (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25–0.96, p = 0.04), positive lymphatic metastasis (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.16–0.47, p = 0.00001), positive distant metastasis (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13–0.76, p = 0.01) and poorer differentiation degree (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19–0.60, p = 0.0003). However, we did not detect a correlation between CSN5 expression and age, gender, tumor stage, tumor size or vascular invasion. Furthermore, no significant publication bias was detected.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis demonstrated that the overexpression of CSN5 level might foresee poorer OS in digestive system cancer patients. Additionally, CSN5 levels might be related to the prognosis of digestive system tumors.

NF-κB Signaling in Tumor Pathways Focusing on Breast and Ovarian Cancer

Immune disorders and cancer share a common pathway involving NF-κb signaling. Through involvement with GM-CSF, NF-κB can contribute to proliferation and activation of T- and B- cells as well as immune cell migration to sites of inflammation. In breast cancer, this signaling pathway has been linked to resistance with endocrine and chemotherapies. Similarly, in ovarian cancer, NF-κB influences angiogenesis and inflammation pathways. Further, BRCA1 signaling common to both breast and ovarian cancer also has the capability to induce NF-κB activity. Immunotherapy involving NF-κB can also be implemented to combat chemoresistance. The complex signaling pathways of NF-κB can be harnessed for developing cancer therapeutics to promote immunotherapy for improving patient outcomes.

Targeting the COP9 signalosome for cancer therapy

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved protein complex composed of 8 subunits (CSN1 to CSN8). The individual subunits of the CSN play essential roles in cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, angiogenesis, and microenvironmental homeostasis. The CSN complex has an intrinsic metalloprotease that removes the ubiquitin-like activator NEDD8 from cullin-RING ligases (CRLs). Binding of neddylated CRLs to CSN is sensed by CSN4 and communicated to CSN5 with the assistance of CSN6, thus leading to the activation of deneddylase. Therefore, CSN is a crucial regulator at the intersection between neddylation and ubiquitination in cancer progression. Here, we summarize current understanding of the roles of individual CSN subunits in cancer progression. Furthermore, we explain how the CSN affects tumorigenesis through regulating transcription factors and the cell cycle. Finally, we discuss individual CSN subunits as potential therapeutic targets to provide new directions and strategies for cancer therapy.

The transcription co-factor JAB1/COPS5, serves as a potential oncogenic hub of human chondrosarcoma cells in vitro

Chondrosarcoma (CS) is the second most common skeletal malignancy in humans. High-grade CS is aggressive and extremely resistant to chemo- and radio-therapies. The lack of effective treatment options warrants the development of novel therapies. The evolutionarily conserved transcriptional co-factor JAB1 (also known as COPS5/CSN5) has emerged as a novel regulator of tumorigenesis. JAB1 overexpression occurs in many common cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. However, the role of JAB1 in CS pathogenesis was completely unknown. To study JAB1's function in CS, we performed shRNA knockdown (KD) of JAB1 in two high-grade human CS cell lines, SW1353 and Hs819.T, and observed significantly decreased proliferation and colony formations, and increased apoptosis in both CS cell lines upon JAB1-KD. Interestingly, we found that endogenous JAB1 interacted with endogenous SOX9, a potent oncogene and a master regulator of skeletogenesis, in chondrosarcoma cells, but not in primary chondrocytes. JAB1 also binds to the same SOX9-mediated chondrocyte-specific enhancer elements in CS cells. Furthermore, we found that a recently developed, novel, potent, and JAB1-specific small molecule inhibitor, CSN5i-3, can significantly increase apoptosis, drastically alter the activities of several signaling pathways, and modulates the expression of specific Cullin-ring-ligases (CRLs) in CS cells. Finally, our RNA-sequencing analysis in JAB1-KD CS cells identified a total of 2945 differentially expressed genes. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that JAB1 regulates several essential pathways such as DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation. In conclusion, our study showed that JAB1 might regulate a distinct pro-tumorigenic regulatory network to promote chondrosarcoma pathogenesis.

The potential oncogenic and MLN4924-resistant effects of CSN5 on cervical cancer cells

Background

CSN5, a member of Cop9 signalosome, is essential for protein neddylation. It has been supposed to serve as an oncogene in some cancers. However, the role of CSN5 has not been investigated in cervical cancer yet.

Methods

Data from TCGA cohorts and GEO dataset was analyzed to examine the expression profile of CSN5 and clinical relevance in cervical cancers. The role of CSN5 on cervical cancer cell proliferation was investigated in cervical cancer cell lines, Siha and Hela, through CSN5 knockdown via CRISPR–CAS9. Western blot was used to detect the effect of CSN5 knockdown and overexpression. The biological behaviors were analyzed by CCK8, clone formation assay, 3-D spheroid generation assay and cell cycle assay. Besides, the role CSN5 knockdown in vivo was evaluated by xenograft tumor model. MLN4924 was given in Siha and Hela with CSN5 overexpression.

Results

We found that downregulation of CSN5 in Siha and Hela cells inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and the inhibitory effects were largely rescued by CSN5 overexpression. Moreover, deletion of CSN5 caused cell cycle arrest rather than inducing apoptosis. Importantly, CSN5 overexpression confers resistance to the anti-cancer effects of MLN4924 (pevonedistat) in cervical cancer cells.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrated that CSN5 functions as an oncogene in cervical cancers and may serve as a potential indicator for predicting the effects of MLN4924 treatment in the future.

NT157 Inhibits HCC Migration via Downregulating the STAT3/Jab1 Signaling Pathway

Purpose:

The high fatality-to-case ratio of hepatocellular carcinoma is directly related to metastasis. The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 is a key mediator of the cytokine and growth factor signaling pathways and drives the transcription of genes responsible for cancer-associated phenotypes. However, so far, no specific inhibitor for signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 has been used in clinical practice. Therefore, targeting the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 for cancer therapy is highly desired to improve outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Experimental Design:

Using the small-molecule inhibitor NT157, the effect of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 inhibition on cell migration was tested in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and a lung metastasis model of the disease.

Results:

NT157 significantly inhibited the migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in vitro and lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. Mechanistically, it inhibited the phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, NT157 treatment suppressed the c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 levels in the nucleus but no significant decrease was observed in its expression in the cytoplasm. Finally, high mRNA expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma were associated with significantly low survival rates.

Conclusion:

NT157 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma migration and metastasis by downregulating the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3/c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 signaling pathway and targeting it may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma in the future.

Targeting Jab1 using hesperidin (dietary phytocompound) for inducing apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells

Plant flavonoids have been emerged as a potent anticancerous agent by exhibiting significant growth inhibitory potential and apoptotic induction in several carcinomas via targeting several oncoproteins. However, inverse association of hesperidin with Jab1 oncoprotein in cervical cancer has rarely been reported. Thus, we have intended our research study towards establishing this unexplored inverse correlation of hesperidin with Jab1 which could further prevent cervical cancer progression. Our research findings clearly demonstrated that hesperidin treatment resulted in Jab1 gene down-regulation and p27 up-regulation in a dose-dependent manner in HeLa cancer cells. These gene modulations might occur via excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and caspase-3 activation which further resulted in apoptotic induction. Increase in apoptotic cells was confirmed through Hoechst staining and cell cycle analysis. Thus, these results strongly suggested that Jab1 is a potent therapeutic target of hesperidin to suppress cell growth and trigger apoptosis in HeLa cells. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Dietary flavonoids play a crucial role in the management of numerous malignancies via targeting several mutated oncogenes. Our study strongly exhibited that hesperidin treatment suppressed the HeLa cancer cell proliferation via increased ROS generation and reduced Jab1 mRNA expression. Thus, the inference of Jab1-mediated intracellular signals by hesperidin might be a novel approach to control cervical cancer.

Jab1/Cops5: a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy

C-Jun activation domain-binding protein1 (Jab1), the fifth component of the constitutive photomorphogenic-9 signalosome (COPS5/Csn5) complex, functions in several cellular processes to affect different signaling pathways. Dysregulation of Jab1/Csn5 both restrains tumor suppressors and activates oncogenes to contribute oncogenesis. Jab1 overexpressed in various tumors and played an essential part in cancer initiation, progression and prognosis, which has spurred strong research interest in developing inhibitors for cancer therapy. Here, we summarize the multiple signaling pathways and functions of Jab1/Csn5 in tumorigenesis. By querying the Oncomine database, a cancer microarray database and web-based data-mining platform aimed at facilitating discovery from genome-wide expression analyses, we investigated statistically the differential expression of Jab1/Csn5 between different cancer samples and the corresponding normal tissue samples, cancer samples with different histological types, different cancer types, and different clinical outcomes. These statistical data confirmed the significant role of Jab1/Csn5 in carcinogenesis, indicating Jab1/Csn5 as a biomarker and a therapeutic target in different cancers.

CSN5 Promotes Carcinogenesis of Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Through ANGPTL2

COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (CSN5) plays a key role in carcinogenesis of multiple cancers and contributes to the stabilization of target proteins through deubiquitylation. However, the underlying role of CSN5 in thyroid carcinoma has not been reported. In this research, our data showed that CSN5 was overexpressed in thyroid carcinoma tissues compared with paracancerous tissues. Furthermore, a series of gain/loss functional assays were performed to demonstrate the role of CSN5 in facilitating thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis. Additionally, we found there was a positive correlation between CSN5 and angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) protein levels in thyroid carcinoma tissues and that CSN5 promoted thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis through ANGPTL2. We also identified the underlying mechanism that CSN5 elevated ANGPTL2 protein level by directly binding it, decreasing its ubiquitination and degradation. Overall, our results highlight the significance of CSN5 in promoting thyroid carcinoma carcinogenesis and implicate CSN5 as a promising candidate for thyroid carcinoma treatment.

The molecular march of primary and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) results from the aberrant and uncontrolled growth of the nasopharyngeal epithelium. It is highly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus, especially in regions where it is endemic. In the last decade, significant advances in genetic sequencing techniques have allowed the discovery of many new abnormal molecular processes that undoubtedly contribute to the establishment, growth and spread of this deadly disease. In this review, we consider NPC as EBV induced. We summarise the recent discoveries and how they add to our understanding of the pathophysiology of NPC in the context of genomics first in primary and then in recurrent disease. Overall, we find key early events lead to p16 inactivation and cyclin D1 expression, allowing latent viral infection. Host and viral factors work together to affect a variety of molecular pathways, the most fundamental being activation of NF-κB. Nonetheless, much still yearns to be discovered, especially in recurrent NPC.

The master developmental regulator Jab1/Cops5/Csn5 is essential for proper bone growth and survival in mice

Jab1, also known as Csn5/Cops5, is a key subunit of the COP9 Signalosome, a highly conserved macromolecular complex. We previously reported that the conditional knockout of Jab1 in mouse limb buds and chondrocytes results in severely shortened limbs and neonatal lethal chondrodysplasia, respectively. In this study, we further investigated the specific role of Jab1 in osteoblast differentiation and postnatal bone growth by characterizing a novel mouse model, the Osx-cre; Jab1^flox/flox conditional knockout (Jab1 cKO) mouse, in which Jab1 is deleted in osteoblast precursor cells. Jab1 cKO mutant mice appeared normal at birth, but developed progressive dwarfism. Inevitably, all mutant mice died prior to weaning age. The histological and micro-computed tomography analysis of mutant long bones revealed severely altered bone microarchitecture, with a significant reduction in trabecular thickness. Moreover, Jab1 cKO mouse tibiae had a drastic decrease in mineralization near the epiphyseal growth plates, and Jab1 cKO mice also developed spontaneous fractures near the tibiofibular junction. Additionally, our cell culture studies demonstrated that Jab1 deletion in osteoblast precursors led to decreased mineralization and a reduced response to TGFβ and BMP signaling. Moreover, an unbiased reporter screen also identified decreased TGFβ activity in Jab1-knockdown osteoblasts. Thus, Jab1 is necessary for proper osteoblast differentiation and postnatal bone growth, likely in part through its positive regulation of the TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways in osteoblast progenitor cells.

The circular RNA circZFR phosphorylates Rb promoting cervical cancer progression by regulating the SSBP1/CDK2/cyclin E1 complex

Background

As a novel type of non-coding RNA, circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a critical role in the initiation and development of various diseases, including cancer. However, the exact function of circRNAs in human cervical cancer remains largely unknown.

Methods

We identified the circRNA signature of upregulated circRNAs between cervical cancer and paired adjacent normal tissues. Using two different cohorts and GEO database, a total of six upregulated circRNAs were identified with a fold change > 2, and P < 0.05. Among these six circRNAs, hsa_circ_0072088 (circZFR) was the only exonic circRNA significantly overexpressed in cervical cancer. Functional experiments were performed to investigate the biological function of circZFR. CircRNA pull-down, circRNA immunoprecipitation (circRIP) and Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were executed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the function of circZFR.

Results

Functionally, circZFR knockdown represses the proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth. Furthermore, circRNA pull-down experiments combined with mass spectrometry unveil the interactions of circZFR with Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein 1 (SSBP1). Mechanistically, circZFR bound with SSBP1, thereby promoting the assembly of CDK2/cyclin E1 complexes. The activation of CDK2/cyclin E1 complexes induced p-Rb phosphorylation, thus releasing activated E2F1 leading to cell cycle progression and cell proliferation.

Conclusion

Our findings provide the first evidence that circZFR is a novel onco-circRNA and might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for cervical cancer patients.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01849-2.

miR-124-3p Ameliorates Isoflurane-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment via Targeting STAT3 and Inhibiting Neuroinflammation

INTRODUCTION

Substantial evidence has indicated that isoflurane leads to learning and memory impairment. This study was designed to investigate the potential role of microRNA-124-3p (miR-124-3p) in isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment in rats.

METHODS

Spatial learning and memory of rats were estimated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test after the construction of isoflurane-treated models. qRT-PCR was performed to assess the expression levels of miR-124-3p. The levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the hippocampal tissues were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The luciferase activity was determined by using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system.

RESULTS

The higher escape latency and lower time spent in the original quadrant were shown in isoflurane-treated rats compared with the control rats. Moreover, treatment with isoflurane could induce neuroinflammation, and miR-124-3p was poorly expressed in the hippocampal tissue of isoflurane-treated rats. Furthermore, STAT3 is a functional target of miR-124-3p, and inflammatory cytokine level was downregulated by miR-124-3p.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION

Combining the results of the current study demonstrates that miR-124-3p may have pivotal roles in improving isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment via targeting STAT3 and inhibiting neuroinflammation.

Nuclear β-catenin expression is positively regulated by JAB1 in human colorectal cancer cells

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important for development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The degradation complex for β-catenin is functionally impaired in CRC cells, thereby resulting in the accumulation of β-catenin and its translocation into the nucleus. Nuclear β-catenin interacts with and co-activates T cell factor4 (TCF4), resulting in β-catenin/TCF4-dependent transcription. Therefore, nuclear β-catenin has been categorized as the main driving force in the tumorigenesis of CRC. Recent studies reveal that Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) enhances the degradation of seven in absentia homolog-1 (SIAH-1), a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase of β-catenin, and positively regulates the expression of total β-catenin in human CRC cells. An another recent study also shows that nuclear β-catenin is ubiquitinated and degraded by an E3 ubiquitin ligase, tripartite motif-containing protein 33 (TRIM33). However, the regulatory mechanism for the expression of nuclear β-catenin remains to be fully understood. In this study, we have demonstrated that JAB1 positively regulates the expression of nuclear β-catenin, c-MYC as a β-catenin/TCF4 target, and cell cycle regulators, such as Ki-67 and topoisomerase IIα, in human CRC cells. Taken together, these results suggest that JAB1 is considered as a promising target for novel CRC therapy.

JAB1 promotes palmitate-induced insulin resistance via ERK pathway in hepatocytes

Insulin resistance (IR) is the primary pathological mechanism underlying Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Many researches have reported the relationship between chronic inflammation and IR, while the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway is rapidly activated in inflammatory conditions. However, the functional role of ERK1/2 in IR remains to be identified. We here reported that C-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 (JAB1) was upregulated in IR. In addition, we showed that depletion of JAB1 led to recovery of insulin sensitivity. Given the fact that JAB1 played as an activator of ERK1/2, we assumed JAB1 was involved in IR through ERK pathway. So we assessed the effects of JAB1 knockdown in palmitate acid (PA) treated HepG2 cells. Importantly, JAB1 siRNA blocked the effect of PA-induced activation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, silencing of JAB1 could reduce the release of inflammatory factors, facilitate hepatic glucose uptake and improve lipid metabolism. All these data implicated that JAB1 knockdown might alleviate PA-induced IR through ERK pathway in hepatocytes.

Mechanisms of JAK-STAT signaling pathway mediated by CXCL8 gene silencing on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human cutaneous melanoma cells

Effect of CXCL8 gene silencing-mediated JAK-STAT signaling pathway on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human cutaneous melanoma cells was explored. Eighty patients with cutaneous melanoma were enrolled in the study. Cells were transfected accordingly and divided into five groups: The blank group (human cutaneous melanoma cells), NC group (human cutaneous melanoma cells + blank vector plasmid transfection), CXCL8 siRNA group (human cutaneous melanoma cells + CXCL8 silent expression vector plasmid transfection), AG490 group (human cutaneous melanoma cells + JAK-STAT signal pathway inhibitor transfection), CXCL8 siRNA + AG490 group (human cutaneous melanoma cells + JAK-STAT signaling pathway inhibitor + CXCL8 silent expression vector plasmid transfection). The expression levels of CXCL8, JAK2, STAT3, epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), neurotrophic cadherin (N-cadherin) and vimentin in tissues and cells were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis. Compared with adjacent normal tissues, the expression of E-cadherin in human cutaneous melanoma tissues was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of CXCL8, JAK2, STAT3, vimentin and N-cadherin was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, CXCL8 siRNA group and CXCL8 siRNA + AG490 group had significantly lower expression of CXCL8 (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, the expression levels of JAK2, STAT3, vimentin and N-cadherin in CXCL8 siRNA group, AG490 group and CXCL8 siRNA + AG490 group were decreased, the expression of E-cadherin was increased, the cell proliferation ability was decreased and apoptosis was increased (P<0.05). Compared with CXCL8 siRNA group, the expression of JAK2, STAT3, vimentin and N-cadherin in CXCL8 siRNA + AG490 group were significantly decreased, the expression of E-cadherin was significantly increased, cell proliferation ability was decreased and apoptosis was increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, CXCL8 gene expression silencing may inhibit EMT and cell proliferation while promoting cell apoptosis of human cutaneous melanoma cells by inhibiting the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

Vanillic Acid Improves Comorbidity of Cancer and Obesity through STAT3 Regulation in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese and B16BL6 Melanoma-Injected Mice

Obesity is known to be associated with risk and aggressiveness of cancer. Melanoma, the most lethal type of skin cancer, is also closely related to the prevalence of obesity. In this study, we established a cancer–obesity comorbidity (COC) model to investigate the effects of vanillic acid (VA). After a five-week administration with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity, subcutaneous allograft of B16BL6 cells were followed, and VA was orally administrated for an additional two weeks. VA-fed mice showed significantly decreased body weight and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, which were due to increased thermogenesis and AMPK activation in WATs. Growth of cancer was also suppressed. Mechanistic studies revealed increased apoptosis and autophagy markers by VA; however, caspase 3 was not involved. Since signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is suggested as an important pathway linking obesity and cancer, we further investigated to find out if STAT3 phosphorylation was repressed by VA treatment, and this was again confirmed in a COC cell model of adipocyte conditioned medium-treated B16BL6 melanoma cells. Overall, our results show VA induces STAT3-mediated autophagy to inhibit cancer growth and thermogenesis to ameliorate obesity in COC. Based on these findings, we suggest VA as a candidate therapeutic agent for COC treatment.

YAP1 Promotes Tumor Invasion and Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Hepatitis B Virus Infection

INTRODUCTION

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with HBsAg (+) commonly present with high frequencies of distant metastasis and poor survival rate; however, the mechanism has not been elucidated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analyzed the yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expression between HBsAg (+) and HBsAg (-) of NPC patients, then analyzed the relationship of YAP1 with survival. We further explored the anti-tumor role in NPC cell lines using YAP1 siRNA technique, and checked whether YAP1 regulatesepithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT). The relationship between HBV X protein (HBx) and YAP1 was also tested using Dual-Luciferase reporter assay. Finally, we explored anti-YAP1 to inhibit tumor metastasis using the xenograft mice model.

RESULTS

In the current study, we found that YAP1 expression was higher in HBsAg (+) samples than in the HBsAg (-) samples, as a clinical signature, suggesting that YAP1 could be used as a prognostic factor for NPC. Our results showed that the HBx could regulate YAP1, further promoting cellular invasiveness through EMT. Anti-YAP1 can also decrease metastasis in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that YAP1 is a promising prognostic factor in NPC and could be used as a potential treatment target for NPC with HBV infection.

NF-κB and Its Role in Checkpoint Control

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been described as one of the most important molecules linking inflammation to cancer. More recently, it has become clear that NF-κB is also involved in the regulation of immune checkpoint expression. Therapeutic approaches targeting immune checkpoint molecules, enabling the immune system to initiate immune responses against tumor cells, constitute a key breakthrough in cancer treatment. This review discusses recent evidence for an association of NF-κB and immune checkpoint expression and examines the therapeutic potential of inhibitors targeting either NF-κB directly or molecules involved in NF-κB regulation in combination with immune checkpoint blockade.

The crucial p53-dependent oncogenic role of JAB1 in osteosarcoma in vivo

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer and ranks amongst the leading causes of cancer mortality in young adults. Jun activation domain binding protein 1 (JAB1) is overexpressed in many cancers and has recently emerged as a novel target for cancer treatment. However, the role of JAB1 in osteosarcoma was virtually unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that JAB1-knockdown in malignant osteosarcoma cell lines significantly reduced their oncogenic properties, including proliferation, colony formation, and motility. We also performed RNA-sequencing analysis in JAB1-knockdown OS cells and identified 4110 genes that are significantly differentially expressed. This demonstrated for the first time that JAB1 regulates a large and specific transcriptome in cancer. We also found that JAB1 is overexpressed in human OS and correlates with a poor prognosis. Moreover, we generated a novel mouse model that overexpresses Jab1 specifically in osteoblasts upon a TP53 heterozygous sensitizing background. Interestingly, by 13 months of age, a significant proportion of these mice spontaneously developed conventional OS. Finally, we demonstrate that a novel, highly specific small molecule inhibitor of JAB1, CSN5i-3, reduces osteosarcoma cell viability and has specific effects on the ubiquitin-proteasome system in OS. Thus, we show for the first time that the overexpression of JAB1 in vivo can result in accelerated spontaneous tumor formation in a p53-dependent manner. In summary, JAB1 might be a unique target for the treatment of osteosarcoma and other cancers.

Calcitriol enhances Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells via regulating VDR/PTPN2/p-STAT3 pathway

There is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency is the risk factor for multiple diseases, such as immune disorder, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D with beneficial effects on anti‐cancer by binding vitamin D receptor (VDR). The primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of Calcitriol on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and explore the possible mechanism. We found nuclear VDR expression in PTC samples was negatively correlated with STAT3 hyperphosphorylation that indicated worse PTC clinicopathologic characteristics. Calcitriol treatment up‐regulated VDR and protein tyrosine phosphatase N 2 (PTPN2) expression, down‐regulated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT3) phosphorylation and thereby facilitating chemotherapy drug Doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis in PTC cell lines. However, the apoptosis‐promoting effect of Calcitriol and Doxorubicin co‐treatment was abrogated by STAT3 hyperphosphorylation, indicating suppression of STAT3 phosphorylation was essential for combined treatment of Calcitriol and Doxorubicin in PTC. Together, these results suggested that Calcitriol reinforced the sensitivity of PTC cells to Doxorubicin by regulating VDR/PTPN2/p‐STAT3 signalling pathway.

Emerging therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: opportunities and challenges

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major public health problem in several countries, especially those in Southeast Asia and North Africa. In its typical poorly differentiated form, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is present in the nuclei of all malignant cells with restricted expression of a few viral genes. The malignant phenotype of NPC cells results from the influence of these viral products in combination with cellular genetic, epigenetic and functional alterations. With regard to host/tumor interactions, NPC is a remarkable example of immune escape in the context of a hot tumor.Areas covered: This article has an emphasis on emerging therapeutic targets that are considered upstream or at an early stage of clinical application. It examines targets related to cellular oncogenic alterations, latent EBV infection and tumor interactions with the immune system.Expert opinion: There is a remarkable emergence of new agents that target EBV products. The clinical application of these agents would benefit from a systematic and comprehensive molecular classification of NPCs and from easy access to pre-clinical models in public repositories. There is a strong rationale for more investigations on the potential of immune modulators, especially those related to NK cells.

α5-nAChR contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis by regulating Jab1/Csn5 signalling in lung cancer

Recent studies have showed that α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α5‐nAChR) is closely associated with nicotine‐related lung cancer. Our previous studies also demonstrated that α5‐nAChR mediates nicotine‐induced lung carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism by which α5‐nAChR functions in lung carcinogenesis remains to be elucidated. Jab1/Csn5 is a key regulatory factor in smoking‐induced lung cancer. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms linking the α5‐nAChR‐Jab1/Csn5 axis with lung cancer epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, which may provide potential therapeutic targets for future lung cancer treatments. Our results demonstrated that the expression of α5‐nAChR was correlated with the expression of Jab1/Csn5 in lung cancer tissues and lung cancer cells. α5‐nAChR expression is associated with Jab1/Csn5 expression in lung tumour xenografts in mice. In vitro, the expression of α5‐nAChR mediated Stat3 and Jab1/Csn5 expression, significantly regulating the expression of the EMT markers, N‐cadherin and Vimentin. In addition, the down‐regulation of α5‐nAChR or/and Stat3 reduced Jab1/Csn5 expression, while the silencing of α5‐nAChR or Jab1/Csn5 inhibited the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, α5‐nAChR contributes to EMT and metastasis by regulating Stat3‐Jab1/Csn5 signalling in NSCLC, suggesting that α5‐nAChR may be a potential target in NSCLC diagnosis and immunotherapy.

Translational genomics of nasopharyngeal cancer

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), also named the Cantonese cancer, is a unique cancer with strong etiological association with infection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). With particularly high prevalence in Southeast Asia, the involvement of EBV and genetic aberrations contributive to NPC tumorigenesis have remained unclear for decades. Recently, genomic analysis of NPC has defined it as a genetically homogeneous cancer, driven largely by NF-κB signaling caused by either somatic aberrations of NF-κB negative regulators or by overexpression of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an EBV viral oncoprotein. This represents a landmark finding of the NPC genome. Exome and RNA sequencing data from new EBV-positive NPC models also highlight the importance of PI3K pathway aberrations in NPC. We also realize for the first time that NPC mutational burden, mutational signatures, MAPK/PI3K aberrations, and MHC Class I gene aberrations, are prognostic for patient outcome. Together, these multiple genomic discoveries begin to shape the focus of NPC therapy development. Given the challenge of NF-κB targeting in human cancers, more innovative drug discovery approaches should be explored to target the unique atypical NF-κB activation feature of NPC. Our next decade of NPC research should focus on further identification of the -omic landscapes of recurrent and metastatic NPC, development of gene-based precision medicines, as well as large-scale drug screening with the newly developed and well-characterized EBV-positive NPC models. Focused preclinical and clinical investigations on these major directions may identify new and effective targeting strategies to further improve survival of NPC patients.

Inhibitory effects of bortezomib in a subcutaneous tumor model of H22 mouse hepatocarcinoma cells

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the inhibition effects and mechanism of bortezomib in a subcutaneous H22 mouse hepatocarcinoma model.

METHODS

A subcutaneous xenograft model was constructed by subcutaneous injection of H22 cells in mice. The xenograft mice was randomly divided into bortezomib and control groups (n = 8 each). The bortezomib group was injected with 0.5 mg/kg bortezomib in saline via tail vein once every four days for a total of 4 times. The control group was intravenously given an equal volume of saline. The tumor size was measured every four days. At day 19, subcutaneous xenografts were obtained and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in tumor was detected by immunochemical staining.

RESULTS

The tumor volume of H22 xenografts in bortezomib group was significantly smaller than that in control group on day 19 (p =  0.004). The tumor volume/mouse weight ratio in bortezomib group was significantly lower compared with control group on day 13, 16 and 19 (all p <  0.05). The bortezomib group exhibited significantly higher expression of pro-apoptotic protein TNF-α (p =  0.032), and lower expression of anti-apoptotic protein XIAP, Stat3, and Survivin (p =  0.024, 0.016, and 0.039, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Bortezomib effectively inhibited the growth of H22 xenografts without affecting the mouse weight. The anti-tumor effects of bortezomib is associated with its stimulation on tumor cell apoptosis.

High expression of Anxa2 and Stat3 promote progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and predict poor prognosis

AIM

To elucidate whether the interaction between Anxa2 and Stat3 could promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and that high co-expression of Anxa2 and Stat3 could predict poor prognosis in HCC patients.

METHODS

We investigated Anxa2 and Stat3 expression using Western blot analysis in 4 HCC and adjacent nontumor tissues and using immunohistochemistry in 100 patients' paraffin sections. Then we assessed the expression of Stat3, Anxa2 and co-expression of Stat3 and Anxa2 with relevant clinical pathological parameters and their prognostic value in HCC patients. The recurrence and overall survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. The prognostic analysis was carried out with univariate and multivariate Cox regressions models.

RESULTS

The incidence of high Stat3 expression in HCC tissues (35%) was significantly higher than that in non-HCC tissues (8%) (P < 0.001). The same result was observed in Anxa2 (P < 0.001). Also, the overexpression of Stat3 or Anxa2 showed a significant relationship with the recurrence of the 100 HCC patients (P = 0.012; P = 0.003). Additionally, tumor size >3 cm in diameter, multiple tumor number, and the presence of microvascular tumor thrombus were also significantly associated with recurrence in 100 patients. Then, all enrolled patients were divided into four groups according to IHC score of Stat3 and Anxa2, and the results indicated a significant difference in recurrence time between the subgroups (P < 0.001). What's more, co-highexpression of Stat3 and Anxa2 was related to the presence of microvascular tumor thrombus (P = 0.003) and poor tumor differentiation (P < 0.001), but not relevant with other clinical features (All P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The expression of Stat3, Anxa2, or co-high-expression of the two proteins was associated with HCC recurrence and survival.

The pivotal oncogenic role of Jab1/CSN5 and its therapeutic implications in human cancer

Jab1/CSN5 is a conserved multifunctional protein involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Deregulation of Jab1/CSN5 can exert dramatic effects on diverse cellular functions, including DNA repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and signal transduction, all of which are critical for tumor development. Although increasing evidence has demonstrated that Jab1/CSN5 was overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and usually correlated with poor prognosis, little was known about the underlying regulatory principles that coordinated its function. In this review, we highlight recent advances of the oncogenic role of Jab1/CSN5 and its potential as a therapeutic target for anticancer intervention.

Clinical Significance of Elevated S100A8 Expression in Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer is the leading cause of female cancer-related death; however, novel biomarkers for predicting cancer recurrence still need to be explored. Aberrant expression of S100A8 has been reported to be related to tumor progression in various cancer types. This study aims to evaluate the clinical significance of S100A8 expression in breast cancer patients. In this study, data from 140 breast cancer patients were retrospectively collected to examine the association between S100A8 expression and clinical prognosis. Increased S100A8 expression was detected in breast cancer patients with relapse. The patients with increased S100A8 levels had significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). In a multivariate survival analysis, a high histological grade and an elevated S100A8 level were independent factors associated with poor DFS and OS. Moreover, S100A8 expression was correlated with clinical subtype in breast cancer patients. The results showed that ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients had significantly higher expression of S100A8 than patients with other subtypes. In conclusion, this study identified S100A8 as a potential biomarker for relapse in breast cancer patients.

Jab1/Cops5 contributes to chemoresistance in breast cancer by regulating Rad51

Jab1 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, suggestting that targeting the aberrant Jab1 signaling in breast cancer could be a promising strategy. In the current study, we investigate the hypothesis that Jab1 positively regulates the DNA repair protein Rad51 and, in turn, the cellular response of breast cancer to chemotherapy with adriamycin and cisplatin. High-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data from 113 normal and 1109 tumor tissues (obtained from TCGA) were integrated to our analysis to give further support to our findings. We found that Jab1 was overexpressed in adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cell MCF-7R compared with parental MCF-7 cells, and that knockdown of Jab1 expression conferred cellular sensitivity to adriamycin and cisplatin both in vivo and in vitro. By contrast, exogenous Jab1 expression enhanced the resistance of breast cancer cells to adriamycin and cisplatin. Moreover, we discovered that Jab1 positively regulated Rad51 in p53-dependent manner and that overexpression of Rad51 conferred cellular resistance to adriamycin and cisplatin in Jab1-deficient cells. Data from TCGA further validated an correlation between Jab1 and Rad51 in breast cancer, and elevated Jab1 and Rad51 associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients. Our findings indicate that Jab1 association with Rad51 plays an important role in cellular response to chemotherapy in breast cancer.

c-Jun and Camk2a contribute to the drug resistance of induction docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil in hypopharyngeal carcinoma

Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (HPC) is a subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and prognosis has improved significantly over the past three decades. Induction docetaxel/cisplatin/5 fluorouracil (TPF) chemotherapy is regarded as the standard of treatment for locoregionally advanced HPC. However, patients who do not respond to cisplatin suffer, rather than benefit, from chemotherapy treatment. The goal of this study was to identify molecules involved in TPF resistance and to clarify their molecular mechanisms. Using the FaDu cell line as the cell model, the TPF IC50 was identified, and c-Jun, IL6, Camk2a, c-fos knockdown using siRNAs resulted in a significant declined TPF IC50. Retrospective analysis of the expression status of c-Jun, IL6, Camk2a, and c-fos by immunohistochemistry staining in sectioned HPC tissues from TPF-sensitive and TPF-insensitive patients shows that Camk2a and c-Jun were associated with the clinical pathogenesic features in HPC. The in vitro experiments also indicate that both Camk2a and c-Jun were responsive to TPF treatment. This study identified Camk2a and c-Jun as candidate genes that confer induction TPF resistance, which would help in the discovery of potential therapeutic markers and in developing a personalized and precise treatment approach for HPC patients.

Post-Receptor Inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT Pathway in the Growth Hormone Signal Transduction

The growth hormone (GH) plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes in an organism. Determination of the correct structure and functioning of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) allowed for a more detailed research of its post-receptor regulators, which substantially influences its signal transduction. This review is focused on the description of the post-receptor inhibitors of the GHR-JAK2-STAT pathway, which is one of the most important pathways in the transduction of the somatotropic axis signal. The aim of this review is the short characterization of the main post-receptor inhibitors, such as: cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS), Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) 1, 2 and 3, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS) 1, 3 and PIAS4, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) 1B and H1, Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) 1, 2 and signal regulatory protein (SIRP) α1. The equilibrium between these regulators activity and inhibition is of special concern because, as many studies showed, even slight imbalance may disrupt the GH activity causing serious diseases. The regulation of the described inhibitors expression and activity may be a point of interest for pharmaceutical industry.

Bioinformatical identification of key pathways and genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma after CSN5 depletion

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It has been previously reported that CSN5 depletion is an effective method in human HCC. In the current study, we aimed to uncover gene signatures and key pathways during HCC. Gene expression profiles of GSE26485 were downloaded from GEO database. Totally, 101 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and 146 ones were down-regulated. Biological processes (BP) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in regulation of cell growth, oxidation-reduction process, mitotic cytokinesis, negative regulation of macroautophagy, endosome organization, lysosome, biosynthesis of antibiotics, small cell lung cancer and glutathione metabolism and so on (P < 0.05). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, Kaplan-Meier, log-rank method, western blot, immunohistochemistry and encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) analysis showed that CSN5 depletion took effects through down-regulation of SMAD5-related pathways which include EXO1, CENPA and NCAPG, resulting in the inactivation of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3. Those genes represent the promising targets for therapeutic intervention in HCC patients.

Jab1/COPS5 as a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis, Prognosis, Therapy Prediction and Therapeutic Tools for Human Cancer

C-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 (Jab1) involves in controlling cellular proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, affecting a series of pathways, as well as regulating genomic instability and DNA damage response (DDR). Jab1/COPS5 dysregulation contributes to oncogenesis by deactivating several tumor suppressors and activating oncogenes. Jab1 overexpression was found in many tumor types, illuminating its important role in cancer initiation, progression, and prognosis. Jab1/COPS5 has spurred a strong research interest in developing inhibitors of oncogenes/oncoproteins for cancer therapy. In this paper, we present evidences demonstrating the importance of Jab1/COPS5 overexpression in several cancer types and recent advances in dissecting the Jab1/COPS5 upstream and downstream signaling pathways. By conducting ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) based on the Ingenuity Knowledge Base, we investigated signaling network that interacts with Jab1/COPS5. The data confirmed the important role of Jab1/COPS5 in tumorigenesis, demonstrating the potential of Jab1/COPS5 to be used as a biomarker for cancer patients, and further support that Jab1/COPS5 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in different cancers.

Structurally modulated codelivery of siRNA and Argonaute 2 for enhanced RNA interference

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) represents a promising class of inhibitors in both fundamental research and the clinic. Numerous delivery vehicles have been developed to facilitate siRNA delivery. Nevertheless, achieving highly potent RNA interference (RNAi) toward clinical translation requires efficient formation of RNA-induced gene-silencing complex (RISC) in the cytoplasm. Here we coencapsulate siRNA and the central RNAi effector protein Argonaute 2 (Ago2) via different delivery carriers as a platform to augment RNAi. The physical clustering between siRNA and Ago2 is found to be indispensable for enhanced RNAi. Moreover, by utilizing polyamines bearing the same backbone but distinct cationic side-group arrangements of ethylene diamine repeats as the delivery vehicles, we find that the molecular structure of these polyamines modulates the degree of siRNA/Ago2-mediated improvement of RNAi. We apply this strategy to silence the oncogene STAT3 and significantly prolong survival in mice challenged with melanoma. Our findings suggest a paradigm for RNAi via the synergistic coassembly of RNA with helper proteins.

Analysis of differential gene expression profile identifies novel biomarkers for breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer diagnosis in women. We aimed to identify biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis. mRNA expression profiling was performed using Gene Chip Human Transcriptome Array 2.0. Microarray analysis and series test of cluster (STC) analysis were used to screen the differential expressed mRNAs and the expression trend of genes. Immumohistochemical staining with 100 clinical specimens was used to validate two differentially expressed genes, ITGA11 and Jab1. In the present study, significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways were identified. 26 model profiles were used to summarize the expression pattern of differentially expressed genes. Results of immunohistochemistry were consistent with those of the microarray, in that ITGA11 and Jab1 were differentially expressed with the same trend. Survival analyses using the Kaplan–Meier method demonstrated that breast cancer patients with high levels of either ITGA11 or Jab1 had a significant association with worse prognosis. Our study identified ITGA11 and Jab1 as novel biomarkers for breast cancer.

miR-124-3p attenuates MPP+-induced neuronal injury by targeting STAT3 in SH-SY5Y cells

Ample evidence has demonstrated the involvement of microRNAs in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. miR-124-3p was reported to be able to improve neural functional recovery. However, the underlying mechanism of miR-124-3p in Parkinson's disease progression was not well established. This study was designed to investigate the role of miR-124-3p in methyl phenyl pyridinium iodide (MPP)+-induced SH-SY5Y cells, an in vitro Parkinson's disease model. It is observed that miR-124-3p expression was decreased, and STAT3 expression was increased in MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells. miR-124-3p overexpression attenuated MPP+-induced neuronal injury, displayed as increased cell viability and superoxide dismutase activities, as well as reduced cell apoptosis, Caspase-3 activity, lactate dehydrogenase activity, inflammatory factors TNF-α, and IL-1β levels and reactive oxygen species generation. Moreover, STAT3 was confirmed to be a miR-124-3p target. Restored STAT3 expression reversed miR-124-3p-induced neuroprotective effects against MPP+-mediated neuronal injury. These data demonstrated that miR-124-3p contributed to neuroprotective effects in MPP+-induced Parkinson's disease cell model by targeting STAT3. Impact statement PD affects millions of people in the world, causing uncontrolled tremors. MicroRNAs, a class of endogenous single-stranded non-coding transcript with approximately 22 nucleotides, could bind to the 3″ UTR of their targets. The functional action of miR-124-3p in PD was not fully elucidated. Our study found that ectopic expression miR-124-3p attenuated MPP+-induced injury in PD model in vitro by suppressing neurotoxicity, neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Moreover, we validated that miR-124-3p could bind to STAT3 mediating the neuroprotective effect of miR-124-3p. We believe this study will be interesting for readers of this area.

Increased Jab1/COPS5 is associated with therapeutic response and adverse outcome in lung cancer and breast cancer patients

Adjuvant chemotherapy has been established as standard treatment for advanced cancer among multidisciplinary therapies. A simple and instructive biomarker for therapeutic response and recurrence is needed to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Jab1/COPS5 level has been shown to be associated with tumor progression and poor outcomes in many types of cancer patients. This study aims to further evaluate the clinical and prognostic value of Jab1/COPS5 level as a biomarker in lung and breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. In this study, data of 88 lung cancer and 76 breast cancer patients were retrospectively collected and analyzed to identify the relationship between the Jab1/COPS5 level and the clinical progression and outcome of these patients. Lung cancer patients with increased Jab1/COPS5 level tend to be non-responsive to chemotherapy. Relapsed breast cancer patients had an increased Jab1/COPS5 level and breast cancer patients with increased Jab1/COPS5 level had significantly shorter disease-free survival and overall survival. In a multivariate survival analysis, histological type and Jab1/COPS5 were associated with disease-free survival and overall survival. The Jab1/COPS5 level was found to be a possible biomarker for clinical response to chemotherapy in lung cancer patients and for postoperative relapse in breast cancer patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, this study identified Jab1/COPS5 as novel prognostic markers for lung cancer and breast cancer.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is positively associated with lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in head and neck cancers, especially in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the association between COX-2 expression and lymph node metastasis in NPC remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis meta-analysis investigated the relationship between COX-2 expression and lymph node metastasis and other signs of disease progression in NPC.

METHODS

Previously published studies assessing COX-2 expression and lymph node metastasis in NPC were identified in four English databases and three Chinese ones (Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Vip Journal Integration Platform) up to November 2016. Quality of all eligible studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Pooled odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated with fixed-effects or random-effects model to evaluate the effects of COX-2 expression on lymph node metastasis.

RESULTS

A total of 27 studies with 1797 NPC patients met the inclusion criteria. The expression of COX-2 was significantly higher in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma than those without the carcinoma, with a combined OR of 21.17 (95%CI = 15.02-29.85, I2 = 35.1%, Pheterogeneity = 0.070). A statistically significant association between COX-2 expression and lymph node metastasis in NPC patients, with an OR of 4.44 (95%CI = 3.46-5.70, I2 = 38.3%, Pheterogeneity = 0.024), and with other indicators of disease progression. Subgroup analyses based on COX-2 assay and staging criteria of TNM showed no significant heterogeneity.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that expression of COX-2 is associated with lymph node metastasis and disease progression in NPC, indicating a potential role in evaluation of prognosis and in treatment decisions. COX-2 inhibitors have potential in the treatment of NPC that should be further investigated.