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Vempuluru VS, Maniar A, Bakal K, Kaliki S. Role of MYCN in retinoblastoma: A review of current literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00055-9. [PMID: 38796108 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities that involve the MYCN gene are rare; however, it is one of the most commonly mutated genes in retinoblastoma (RB) after the RB1 gene. MYCN is amplified in approximately 1-9 % of all RB tumors. It plays a role in RB oncogenesis via many mechanisms, including synergism with RB1 deletion, positive feedback with MDM2, upregulation of cell cycle regulating genes, upregulation of miRNA, and upregulation of glucose metabolism. MYCN amplifications are not mutually exclusive and can occur even in the presence of RB1 gene mutations. Clinically, RB1+/+MYCNA tumors present as sporadic, unilateral, advanced tumors in very young children and tend to follow an aggressive course. Magnetic resonance imaging features include peripheral tumor location, placoid configuration, retinal folding, tumor-associated hemorrhage, and anterior chamber enhancement. Genetic testing for MYCNA is especially recommended in patients with unilateral RB where genetic blood testing and tumor tissue show a lack of RB1 mutation. MYCN-targeted therapies are evolving and hold promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijitha S Vempuluru
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Arpita Maniar
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Komal Bakal
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India.
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2
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Zhang H, Konjusha D, Rafati N, Tararuk T, Hallböök F. Inhibition of high level E2F in a RB1 proficient MYCN overexpressing chicken retinoblastoma model normalizes neoplastic behaviour. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:209-227. [PMID: 37606819 PMCID: PMC10899388 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer, is most frequently caused by bi-allelic inactivation of RB1 gene. However, other oncogenic mutations such as MYCN amplification can induce retinoblastoma with proficient RB1. Previously, we established RB1-proficient MYCN-overexpressing retinoblastoma models both in human organoids and chicken. Here, we investigate the regulatory events in MYCN-induced retinoblastoma carcinogenesis based on the model in chicken. METHODS MYCN transformed retinal cells in culture were obtained from in vivo MYCN electroporated chicken embryo retina. The expression profiles were analysed by RNA sequencing. Chemical treatments, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, immunohisto- and immunocytochemistry and western blot were applied to study the properties and function of these cells. RESULTS The expression profile of MYCN-transformed retinal cells in culture showed cone photoreceptor progenitor signature and robustly increased levels of E2Fs. This expression profile was consistently observed in long-term culture. Chemical treatments confirmed RB1 proficiency in these cells. The cells were insensitive to p53 activation but inhibition of E2f efficiently induced cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, with proficient RB1, MYCN-induced high level of E2F expression dysregulates the cell cycle and contributes to retinoblastoma carcinogenesis. The increased level of E2f renders the cells to adopt a similar mechanistic phenotype to a RB1-deficient tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dardan Konjusha
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nima Rafati
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatsiana Tararuk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Finn Hallböök
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Zafar A, Khan MJ, Naeem A. MDM2- an indispensable player in tumorigenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6871-6883. [PMID: 37314603 PMCID: PMC10374471 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a well-recognized molecule for its oncogenic potential. Since its identification, various cancer-promoting roles of MDM2 such as growth stimulation, sustained angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, apoptosis evasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression have been established. Alterations in the expression levels of MDM2 occur in multiple types of cancers resulting in uncontrolled proliferation. The cellular processes are modulated by MDM2 through transcription, post-translational modifications, protein degradation, binding to cofactors, and subcellular localization. In this review, we discuss the precise role of deregulated MDM2 levels in modulating cellular functions to promote cancer growth. Moreover, we also briefly discuss the role of MDM2 in inducing resistance against anti-cancerous therapies thus limiting the benefits of cancerous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Zafar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 45550 Pakistan
| | | | - Aisha Naeem
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 20057 Washington, DC U.S
- Qatar University Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Rathore S, Verma A, Ratna R, Marwa N, Ghiya Y, Honavar SG, Tiwari A, Das S, Varshney A. Retinoblastoma: A review of the molecular basis of tumor development and its clinical correlation in shaping future targeted treatment strategies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:2662-2676. [PMID: 37417104 PMCID: PMC10491038 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3172_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that affects children and is the most prevalent intraocular tumor worldwide. Despite tremendous breakthroughs in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate progression of retinoblastoma, the development of targeted therapeutics for retinoblastoma has lagged. Our review highlights the current developments in the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic landscapes of retinoblastoma. We also discuss their clinical relevance and potential implications for future therapeutic development, with the aim to create a frontline multimodal therapy for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rathore
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Verma
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ria Ratna
- Ocular Genetics Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Navjot Marwa
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya Ghiya
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh G Honavar
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, Centre for Sight, Hyderbad, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sima Das
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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5
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Bhardwaj N, Das G, Srinivasan R. Neuroblastoma-derived v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene or MYCN gene. J Clin Pathol 2023:jcp-2022-208476. [PMID: 37221048 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The MYCN gene belongs to the MYC family of transcription factors. Amplification of MYCN, first discovered in neuroblastoma cells, ushered in the era of cancer genomics. The MYCN gene and MYCN protein are extensively studied in the context of neuroblastoma. As demonstrated in transgenic mouse models, MYCN gene shows a restricted spatiotemporal expression predominantly in the neural crest cells which explains the associated neoplasms including neuroblastoma and central nervous system tumours. In neuroblastoma, MYCN amplification is a marker of aggressive tumours with poor prognosis and survival and forms the basis of risk stratification classifications.MYCN dysregulated expression occurs by several mechanisms at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. These include massive gene amplification which occurs in an extrachromosomal location, upregulated transcription and stabilisation of the protein increasing its half-life. MYCN protein, a basic loop-helix-loop leucine zipper transcription factor, has many regions which bind to several proteins foremost of which is MAX forming the MYC:MAX heterodimer. Overall, MYCN controls multiple aspects of cell fate, foremost of which is cellular proliferation besides cell differentiation, apoptosis and cellular metabolism, all of which are the focus of this brief review. In addition to amplification, other mechanisms of MYCN overexpression include activating missense mutations as reported in basal cell carcinoma and Wilms tumour. A better understanding of this molecule will help in the discovery of novel strategies for its indirect targeting to improve the outcomes of patients with neuroblastoma and other MYCN-associated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gargi Das
- Medical Oncology (Pediatric Oncology), Cancer Institute-WIA, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zhang S, Xu H, Li W, Ji J, Jin Q, Chen L, Gan Q, Tao Q, Chai Y. MDM2 promotes cancer cell survival through regulating the expression of HIF-1α and pVHL in retinoblastoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610801. [PMID: 36741966 PMCID: PMC9892057 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important tumor feature and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master regulator of cell response to hypoxia. Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) promotes cancer cell survival in retinoblastoma (RB), with the underlying mechanism remaining elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of MDM2 and its relation to HIF-1α in RB. Expression analysis on primary human RB samples showed that MDM2 expression was positively correlated with that of HIF-1α while negatively correlated with von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL), the regulator of HIF-1α. In agreement, RB cells with MDM2 overexpression showed increased expression of HIF-1α and decreased expression of pVHL, while cells with MDM2 siRNA knockdown or MDM2-specific inhibitor showed the opposite effect under hypoxia. Further immuno-precipitation analysis revealed that MDM2 could directly interact with pVHL and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation, which consequently led to the increase of HIF-1α. Inhibition of MDM2 and/or HIF-1α with specific inhibitors induced RB cell death and decreased the stem cell properties of primary RB cells. Taken together, our study has shown that MDM2 promotes RB survival through regulating the expression of pVHL and HIF-1α, and targeting MDM2 and/or HIF-1α represents a potential effective approach for RB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianfeng Ji
- Department of Ultrasound, Joint Support Forces of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army 908 Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qifang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Leifeng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,*Correspondence: Qiang Tao, ; Yong Chai,
| | - Yong Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,*Correspondence: Qiang Tao, ; Yong Chai,
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Cuciniello R, Di Meo F, Sulli M, Demurtas OC, Tanori M, Mancuso M, Villano C, Aversano R, Carputo D, Baldi A, Diretto G, Filosa S, Crispi S. Aglianico Grape Seed Semi-Polar Extract Exerts Anticancer Effects by Modulating MDM2 Expression and Metabolic Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020210. [PMID: 36672146 PMCID: PMC9856309 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds are rich in polyphenols including proanthocyanidins, molecules with a variety of biological effects including anticancer action. We have previously reported that the grape seed semi-polar extract of Aglianico cultivar (AGS) was able to induce apoptosis and decrease cancer properties in different mesothelioma cell lines. Concomitantly, this extract resulted in enriched oligomeric proanthocyanidins which might be involved in determining the anticancer activity. Through transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, we investigated in detail the anticancer pathway induced by AGS. Transcriptomics analysis and functional annotation allowed the identification of the relevant causative genes involved in the apoptotic induction following AGS treatment. Subsequent biological validation strengthened the hypothesis that MDM2 could be the molecular target of AGS and that it could act in both a p53-dependent and independent manner. Finally, AGS significantly inhibited tumor progression in a xenograft mouse model of mesothelioma, confirming also in vivo that MDM2 could act as molecular player responsible for the AGS antitumor effect. Our findings indicated that AGS, exerting a pro-apoptotic effect by hindering MDM2 pathway, could represent a novel source of anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Cuciniello
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-UOS Naples CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Meo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-UOS Naples CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 W Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria Sulli
- Division of Biotechnology and Agroindustry, Biotechnology Laboratory, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia Costantina Demurtas
- Division of Biotechnology and Agroindustry, Biotechnology Laboratory, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mirella Tanori
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Clizia Villano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Domenico Carputo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alfonso Baldi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-UOS Naples CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81055 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Division of Biotechnology and Agroindustry, Biotechnology Laboratory, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefania Filosa
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-UOS Naples CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Stefania Crispi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-UOS Naples CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (S.C.)
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Bartolucci D, Montemurro L, Raieli S, Lampis S, Pession A, Hrelia P, Tonelli R. MYCN Impact on High-Risk Neuroblastoma: From Diagnosis and Prognosis to Targeted Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184421. [PMID: 36139583 PMCID: PMC9496712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroblastoma is one of the most diffuse and the deadliest cancer in children. While many advances have been made in the last few decades to improve patients’ outcome, high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) still shows a very aggressive pattern of development and poor prognosis, with only a 50% chance of 5-year survival. Moreover, while many factors contribute to defining the high-risk condition, MYCN status is well established as the major element in pathology disclosure. The aim of this review is to describe the current knowledge in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic approaches of HR-NB, particularly in relation to MYCN. The review highlights how MYCN influences the HR-NB scenario and the new therapeutic approaches that are currently proposed to target it, in consideration of MYCN as a highly relevant target for HR-NB patient management. Abstract Among childhood cancers, neuroblastoma is the most diffuse solid tumor and the deadliest in children. While to date, the pathology has become progressively manageable with a significant increase in 5-year survival for its less aggressive form, high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) remains a major issue with poor outcome and little survivability of patients. The staging system has also been improved to better fit patient needs and to administer therapies in a more focused manner in consideration of pathology features. New and improved therapies have been developed; nevertheless, low efficacy and high toxicity remain a staple feature of current high-risk neuroblastoma treatment. For this reason, more specific procedures are required, and new therapeutic targets are also needed for a precise medicine approach. In this scenario, MYCN is certainly one of the most interesting targets. Indeed, MYCN is one of the most relevant hallmarks of HR-NB, and many studies has been carried out in recent years to discover potent and specific inhibitors to block its activities and any related oncogenic function. N-Myc protein has been considered an undruggable target for a long time. Thus, many new indirect and direct approaches have been discovered and preclinically evaluated for the interaction with MYCN and its pathways; a few of the most promising approaches are nearing clinical application for the investigation in HR-NB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Montemurro
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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An immature, dedifferentiated, and lineage-deconstrained cone precursor origin of N-Myc-initiated retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200721119. [PMID: 35867756 PMCID: PMC9282279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200721119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most retinoblastomas develop from maturing cone precursors in response to biallelic RB1 loss and are dependent on cone maturation-related signaling. Additionally, ∼2% lack RB1 mutations but have MYCN amplification (MYCNA), N-Myc protein overexpression, and more rapid and invasive growth, yet the MYCNA retinoblastoma cell of origin and basis for its responses to deregulated N-Myc are unknown. Here, using explanted cultured retinae, we show that ectopic N-Myc induces cell cycle entry in cells expressing markers of several retinal types yet induces continuous proliferation and tumorigenesis only in cone precursors. Unlike the response to RB1 loss, both immature cone arrestin-negative (ARR3-) and maturing ARR3+ cone precursors proliferate, and maturing cone precursors rapidly dedifferentiate, losing ARR3 as well as L/M-opsin expression. N-Myc-overexpressing retinal cells also lose cell lineage constraints, occasionally coexpressing the cone-specific RXRγ with the rod-specific NRL or amacrine-specific AP2α and widely coexpressing RXRγ with the progenitor and Müller cell-specific SOX9 and retinal ganglion cell-specific BRN3 and GAP43. Mechanistically, N-Myc induced Cyclin D2 and CDK4 overexpression, pRB phosphorylation, and SOX9-dependent proliferation without a retinoma-like stage that characterizes pRB-deficient retinoblastoma, despite continuous p16INK4A expression. Orthotopic xenografts of N-Myc-overexpressing retinal cells formed tumors with retinal cell marker expression similar to those in MYCN-transduced retinae and MYCNA retinoblastomas in patients. These findings demonstrate the MYCNA retinoblastoma origin from immature and lineage-deconstrained cone precursors, reveal their opportunistic use of an undifferentiated retinal progenitor cell feature, and illustrate that different cancer-initiating mutations cooperate with distinct developmental stage-specific cell signaling circuitries to drive retinoblastoma tumorigenesis.
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The roles of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncoprotein in ocular diseases: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108910. [PMID: 34998788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and the primary negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, cooperates with its structural homolog MDM4/MDMX to control intracellular p53 level. In turn, overexpression of p53 upregulates and forms an autoregulatory feedback loop with MDM2. The MDM2-p53 axis plays a pivotal role in modulating cell cycle control and apoptosis. MDM2 itself is regulated by the PI3K-AKT and RB-E2F-ARF pathways. While amplification of the MDM2 gene or overexpression of MDM2 (due to MDM2 SNP T309G, for instance) is associated with various malignancies, numerous studies have shown that MDM2/p53 alterations may also play a part in the pathogenetic process of certain ocular disorders (Fig. 1). These include cancers (retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma), fibrocellular proliferative diseases (proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pterygium), neovascular diseases, degenerative diseases (cataract, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration) and infectious/inflammatory diseases (trachoma, uveitis). In addition, MDM2 is implicated in retinogenesis and regeneration after optic nerve injury. Anti-MDM2 therapy has shown potential as a novel approach to treating these diseases. Despite major safety concerns, there are high expectations for the clinical value of reformative MDM2 inhibitors. This review summarizes important findings about the role of MDM2 in ocular pathologies and provides an overview of recent advances in treating these diseases with anti-MDM2 therapies.
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11
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Li H, Fan D, Wang W, Zhang X, Song L, Huang Y. MiR-142-5p serves as a tumor suppressor in retinoblastoma cells by regulating MYCN. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 574:20-26. [PMID: 34425282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is an intraocular malignant tumor and generally occurred in childhood. Here, we intended to appraise the functional influence of microRNA-142-5p (miR-142-5p) in retinoblastoma. MiR-142-5p was declined, and MYCN was upregulated in retinoblastoma tissues and cells. Moreover, miR-142-5p restricted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and enhanced cell apoptosis in retinoblastoma cells. MYCN was adversely controlled by miR-142-5p. Besides, the inhibition of miR-142-5p-mediated effects on retinoblastoma progression were blocked by MYCN overexpression in retinoblastoma cells. This research illustrated that miR-142-5p restricted retinoblastoma progression via interacting with MYCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Ophthlmology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China.
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Ophthlmology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Wanli Wang
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Department of Ophthlmology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Lili Song
- Department of Ophthlmology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Department of Ophthlmology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
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Liu J, Ottaviani D, Sefta M, Desbrousses C, Chapeaublanc E, Aschero R, Sirab N, Lubieniecki F, Lamas G, Tonon L, Dehainault C, Hua C, Fréneaux P, Reichman S, Karboul N, Biton A, Mirabal-Ortega L, Larcher M, Brulard C, Arrufat S, Nicolas A, Elarouci N, Popova T, Némati F, Decaudin D, Gentien D, Baulande S, Mariani O, Dufour F, Guibert S, Vallot C, Rouic LLL, Matet A, Desjardins L, Pascual-Pasto G, Suñol M, Catala-Mora J, Llano GC, Couturier J, Barillot E, Schaiquevich P, Gauthier-Villars M, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Golmard L, Houdayer C, Brisse H, Bernard-Pierrot I, Letouzé E, Viari A, Saule S, Sastre-Garau X, Doz F, Carcaboso AM, Cassoux N, Pouponnot C, Goureau O, Chantada G, de Reyniès A, Aerts I, Radvanyi F. A high-risk retinoblastoma subtype with stemness features, dedifferentiated cone states and neuronal/ganglion cell gene expression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5578. [PMID: 34552068 PMCID: PMC8458383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intraocular malignancy in children, originating from a maturing cone precursor in the developing retina. Little is known on the molecular basis underlying the biological and clinical behavior of this cancer. Here, using multi-omics data, we demonstrate the existence of two retinoblastoma subtypes. Subtype 1, of earlier onset, includes most of the heritable forms. It harbors few genetic alterations other than the initiating RB1 inactivation and corresponds to differentiated tumors expressing mature cone markers. By contrast, subtype 2 tumors harbor frequent recurrent genetic alterations including MYCN-amplification. They express markers of less differentiated cone together with neuronal/ganglion cell markers with marked inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. The cone dedifferentiation in subtype 2 is associated with stemness features including low immune and interferon response, E2F and MYC/MYCN activation and a higher propensity for metastasis. The recognition of these two subtypes, one maintaining a cone-differentiated state, and the other, more aggressive, associated with cone dedifferentiation and expression of neuronal markers, opens up important biological and clinical perspectives for retinoblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Ottaviani
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
- Precision Medicine, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Meriem Sefta
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Céline Desbrousses
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Chapeaublanc
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Rosario Aschero
- Pathology Service, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nanor Sirab
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Gabriela Lamas
- Pathology Service, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laurie Tonon
- Synergie Lyon Cancer, Plateforme de Bioinformatique "Gilles Thomas", Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Dehainault
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Clément Hua
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul Fréneaux
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sacha Reichman
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Narjesse Karboul
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Biton
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U900, 75005, Paris, France
- Ecole des Mines ParisTech, 77305, Fontainebleau, France
- Institut Pasteur - Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Liliana Mirabal-Ortega
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Magalie Larcher
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Céline Brulard
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
- INSERM U930, CHU Bretonneau, 37000, Tours, France
| | - Sandrine Arrufat
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - André Nicolas
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nabila Elarouci
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Popova
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fariba Némati
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Didier Decaudin
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - David Gentien
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, NGS Platform, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Odette Mariani
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dufour
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Céline Vallot
- GeCo Genomics Consulting, Integragen, 91000, Evry, France
| | | | - Alexandre Matet
- Département de Chirurgie, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Desjardins
- Département de Chirurgie, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillem Pascual-Pasto
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Suñol
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Catala-Mora
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genoveva Correa Llano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Couturier
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U900, 75005, Paris, France
- Ecole des Mines ParisTech, 77305, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- Pathology Service, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marion Gauthier-Villars
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Golmard
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Brisse
- Département d'Imagerie Médicale, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, 75006, Paris, France
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, équipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Université Paris 13, Paris, France
| | - Alain Viari
- Synergie Lyon Cancer, Plateforme de Bioinformatique "Gilles Thomas", Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Simon Saule
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Sastre-Garau
- Département de Biologie des Tumeurs, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - François Doz
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- SIREDO Center (Care, Innovation and Research in Pediatric Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology), Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- Département de Chirurgie, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Celio Pouponnot
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3347, PSL Research University, 91405, Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U1021, 91405, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- Precision Medicine, Hospital J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France
- SIREDO Center (Care, Innovation and Research in Pediatric Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology), Institut Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, UMR144, 75005, Paris, France.
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13
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Price EA, Patel R, Scheimberg I, Kotiloglu Karaa E, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA, Onadim Z. MYCN amplification levels in primary retinoblastoma tumors analyzed by Multiple Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:604-611. [PMID: 34003079 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1923038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a childhood tumor of the developing retina where predisposition is caused by RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCN amplification (MYCNA) has been implicated in around 2% of sporadic unilateral Rb tumors with no detectable RB1 variants. We audited data from tumors collected between 1993 and 2019 to determine if this is the case for patients treated at Barts Health NHS Trust, and how often it occurred alongside RB1 variants. Materials and methods: Screening for MYCNA was carried out by Multiple Ligation Probe Analysis of tumor and blood samples collected for RB1 genetic screening. The cohort consisted of 149 tumors, of which 114 had matched blood samples. Results: 10/149 (6.7%) tumors were positive for MYCNA in a population containing a disproportionate number of cases negative for RB1 pathogenic variants. Of 65 unbiased tumors collected from 2014 to 2019, 2 (3.1%) had MYCNA. All MYCNA samples were from sporadic, unilateral patients and 3/10 (30%) had RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCNA was not detected in any blood sample. No MYCNA tumor had 6p gain which is usually a common alteration in Rbs. Conclusions: MYCNA occurs in a small fraction of Rbs and can occur in the presence of pathogenic RB1 variants. However, where it occurs alongside RB1 alterations, the age of onset appears to be later. MYCNA has yet to be seen as a heritable change. In sporadic cases with early diagnosis, Rbs with no RB1 pathogenic variant identified should be tested for MYCNA. Conversely, tumors with MYCNA should still be screened for RB1 pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Price
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Roopal Patel
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mandeep S Sagoo
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - M Ashwin Reddy
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zerrin Onadim
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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14
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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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15
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Hülsenbeck I, Frank M, Biewald E, Kanber D, Lohmann DR, Ketteler P. Introduction of a Variant Classification System for Analysis of Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Heritable Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071605. [PMID: 33807189 PMCID: PMC8037437 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heritable retinoblastoma is a genetic disease that predisposes to develop multiple retinoblastomas in childhood and other extraocular tumors later in life. It is caused by genetic variants in the RB1 gene. Here we present a new classification for genetic variants in the RB1 gene (REC) that focuses on the variant’s effect. The different classes, REC-I to -V, correlate with different risks of tumor predisposition. REC correlated with different clinical courses when applied in our study cohort. REC aims to facilitate risk estimation for physicians, patients and their families, and researchers and to improve the definition of the necessity of screening examination. Abstract Constitutional haploinsufficiency of the RB1 gene causes heritable retinoblastoma, a tumor predisposition syndrome. Patients with heritable retinoblastoma develop multiple retinoblastomas early in childhood and other extraocular tumors later in life. Constitutional pathogenic variants in RB1 are heterogeneous, and a few genotype-phenotype correlations have been described. To identify further genotype-phenotype relationships, we developed the retinoblastoma variant effect classification (REC), which considers each variant’s predicted effects on the common causal mediator, RB1 protein pRB. For validation, the RB1 variants of 287 patients were grouped according to REC. Multiple aspects of phenotypic expression were analyzed, known genotype-phenotype associations were revised, and new relationships were explored. Phenotypic expression of patients with REC-I, -II, and -III was distinct. Remarkably, the phenotype of patients with variants causing residual amounts of truncated pRB (REC-I) was more severe than patients with complete loss of RB1 (REC-II). The age of diagnosis of REC-I variants appeared to be distinct depending on truncation’s localization relative to pRB structure domains. REC classes identify genotype-phenotype relationships and, therefore, this classification framework may serve as a tool to develop tailored tumor screening programs depending on the type of RB1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hülsenbeck
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany;
- Eye Oncogenetics Research Group, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (D.K.); (D.R.L.)
| | - Mirjam Frank
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany;
| | - Eva Biewald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany;
| | - Deniz Kanber
- Eye Oncogenetics Research Group, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (D.K.); (D.R.L.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Dietmar R. Lohmann
- Eye Oncogenetics Research Group, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (D.K.); (D.R.L.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Ketteler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany;
- Eye Oncogenetics Research Group, University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (D.K.); (D.R.L.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Molecular Changes in Retinoblastoma beyond RB1: Findings from Next-Generation Sequencing. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010149. [PMID: 33466343 PMCID: PMC7796332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gene causing retinoblastoma was the first tumor suppressor cloned (1986) and because retinoblastoma is the classic example of autosomal dominant inheritance, there has been little research on non-RB1 alterations in tumors and the impact these alterations have on growth patterns in the eye, metastases and predilection for non-ocular cancers. This study interrogated enucleated retinoblastoma specimens using a MSK-IMPACT clinical next-generation sequencing panel with the aim to correlate them with clinicopathologic characteristics. We found that vitreous seeding (the main reason for eye removal) correlates with copy number variations, specifically 1q gains and 16q loss. We also found that somatic BCOR mutations correlate with propensity for metastasis and this offers a molecular pathway for monitoring high risk tumors. In addition, the finding that 11% of these retinoblastoma patients have additional germline mutations (on other chromosomes) that predispose them to a different host of cancers throughout their lives enables more targeted and specific screening strategies. Abstract This investigation uses hybridization capture-based next-generation sequencing to deepen our understanding of genetics that underlie retinoblastoma. Eighty-three enucleated retinoblastoma specimens were evaluated using a MSK-IMPACT clinical next-generation sequencing panel to evaluate both somatic and germline alterations. Somatic copy number variations (CNVs) were also identified. Genetic profiles were correlated to clinicopathologic characteristics. RB1 inactivation was found in 79 (97.5%) patients. All specimens had additional molecular alterations. The most common non-RB1 gene alteration was BCOR in 19 (22.9%). Five (11.0%) had pathogenic germline mutations in other non-RB1 cancer predisposition genes. Significant clinicopathologic correlations included: vitreous seeds associated with 1q gains and 16q loss of heterozygosity (BH-corrected p-value = 0.008, 0.004; OR = 12.6, 26.7, respectively). BCOR mutations were associated with poor prognosis, specifically metastases-free survival (MFS) (nominal p-value 0.03). Furthermore, retinoblastoma patients can have non-RB1 germline mutations in other cancer-associated genes. No two specimens had the identical genetic profile, emphasizing the individuality of tumors with the same clinical diagnosis.
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17
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Tran HN, Singh HP, Guo W, Cambier L, Riggan L, Shackleford GM, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Erdreich-Epstein A, Qi DL, Cobrinik D. Reciprocal Induction of MDM2 and MYCN in Neural and Neuroendocrine Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:563156. [PMID: 33425720 PMCID: PMC7793692 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.563156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC family oncoproteins MYC, MYCN, and MYCL are deregulated in diverse cancers and via diverse mechanisms. Recent studies established a novel form of MYCN regulation in MYCN-overexpressing retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma cells in which the MDM2 oncoprotein promotes MYCN translation and MYCN-dependent proliferation via a p53-independent mechanism. However, it is unclear if MDM2 also promotes expression of other MYC family members and has similar effects in other cancers. Conversely, MYCN has been shown to induce MDM2 expression in neuroblastoma cells, yet it is unclear if MYC shares this ability, if MYC family proteins upregulate MDM2 in other malignancies, and if this regulation occurs during tumorigenesis as well as in cancer cell lines. Here, we report that intrinsically high MDM2 expression is required for high-level expression of MYCN, but not for expression of MYC, in retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, and medulloblastoma cells. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of MYC as well as MYCN induced high-level MDM2 expression and gave rise to rapidly proliferating and MDM2-dependent cone-precursor-derived masses in a cultured retinoblastoma genesis model. These findings reveal a highly specific collaboration between the MDM2 and MYCN oncoproteins and demonstrate the origin of their oncogenic positive feedback circuit within a normal neuronal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Tran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hardeep P Singh
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linda Cambier
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Luke Riggan
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory M Shackleford
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dong-Lai Qi
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Surien O, Ghazali AR, Masre SF. Histopathological effect of pterostilbene as chemoprevention in N-nitroso-tri-chloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) mouse model. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1159-1170. [PMID: 32893871 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common types of lung cancer. Chemoprevention of lung cancer has gained increasing popularity as an alternative to treatment in reducing the burden of lung cancer. Pterostilbene (PS) may be developed as a chemopreventive agent due to its pharmacological activities, such as anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS on the development of lung SCC in the mouse model. METHODS A total of 24 seven-week-old female Balb/C mice were randomly categorised into four groups, including two control groups comprising the N-nitroso-trischloroethylurea (NTCU)-induced lung SCC and vehicle control (VC) groups and two treatment groups comprising the 10mg/kg PS (PS10) and 50mg/kg PS (PS50) groups. All lung organs were harvested at week 26 for histopathological analysis. RESULTS All PS treatment groups showed chemopreventive activity by inhibiting the progression of lung SCC formation with PS10, resulting in mild hyperplasia, and PS50 was completely reversed in the normal bronchial epithelium layer compared with the VC group. PS treatment also reduced the expression of cytokeratin 5/6 in the bronchial epithelium layer. Both PS10 and PS50 significantly reduced the epithelium thickness compared to the NTCU group (p<0.05). PS is a potential chemopreventive agent against lung SCC growth by suppressing the progression of pre-malignant lesions and reducing the thickness of the bronchial epithelium. CONCLUSIONS The underlying molecular mechanisms of PS in lung SCC should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omchit Surien
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur
| | - Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur
| | - Siti Fathiah Masre
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur.
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19
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Retinoblastoma: Etiology, Modeling, and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082304. [PMID: 32824373 PMCID: PMC7465685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that is initiated in response to biallelic loss of RB1 in almost all cases, together with other genetic/epigenetic changes culminating in the development of cancer. RB1 deficiency makes the retinoblastoma cell-of-origin extremely susceptible to cancerous transformation, and the tumor cell-of-origin appears to depend on the developmental stage and species. These are important to establish reliable preclinical models to study the disease and develop therapies. Although retinoblastoma is the most curable pediatric cancer with a high survival rate, advanced tumors limit globe salvage and are often associated with high-risk histopathological features predictive of dissemination. The advent of chemotherapy has improved treatment outcomes, which is effective for globe preservation with new routes of targeted drug delivery. However, molecularly targeted therapeutics with more effectiveness and less toxicity are needed. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning retinoblastoma genesis with particular attention to the genomic and transcriptomic landscapes with correlations to clinicopathological characteristics, as well as the retinoblastoma cell-of-origin and current disease models. We further discuss current treatments, clinicopathological correlations, which assist in guiding treatment and may facilitate globe preservation, and finally we discuss targeted therapeutics for future treatments.
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20
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Functional genomics identifies new synergistic therapies for retinoblastoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:5338-5357. [PMID: 32572160 PMCID: PMC7391301 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Local intravitreal or intra-arterial chemotherapy has improved therapeutic success for the pediatric cancer retinoblastoma (RB), but toxicity remains a major caveat. RB initiates primarily with RB1 loss or, rarely, MYCN amplification, but the critical downstream networks are incompletely understood. We set out to uncover perturbed molecular hubs, identify synergistic drug combinations to target these vulnerabilities, and expose and overcome drug resistance. We applied dynamic transcriptomic analysis to identify network hubs perturbed in RB versus normal fetal retina, and performed in vivo RNAi screens in RB1null and RB1wt;MYCNamp orthotopic xenografts to pinpoint essential hubs. We employed in vitro and in vivo studies to validate hits, define mechanism, develop new therapeutic modalities, and understand drug resistance. We identified BRCA1 and RAD51 as essential for RB cell survival. Their oncogenic activity was independent of BRCA1 functions in centrosome, heterochromatin, or ROS regulation, and instead linked to DNA repair. RAD51 depletion or inhibition with the small molecule inhibitor, B02, killed RB cells in a Chk1/Chk2/p53-dependent manner. B02 further synergized with clinically relevant topotecan (TPT) to engage this pathway, activating p53-BAX mediated killing of RB but not human retinal progenitor cells. Paradoxically, a B02/TPT-resistant tumor exhibited more DNA damage than sensitive RB cells. Resistance reflected dominance of the p53-p21 axis, which mediated cell cycle arrest instead of death. Deleting p21 or applying the BCL2/BCL2L1 inhibitor Navitoclax re-engaged the p53-BAX axis, and synergized with B02, TPT or both to override resistance. These data expose new synergistic therapies to trigger p53-induced killing in diverse RB subtypes.
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21
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Analysis of the p53 pathway in peripheral blood of retinoblastoma patients; potential biomarkers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234337. [PMID: 32502182 PMCID: PMC7274427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of retinoblastoma (RB) function in the cone cells during retina development is necessary but not sufficient for retinoblastoma development. It has been reported that in the absence of RB activity, a retinoma is generated, and the onset of retina cancer occurs until the p53 pathway is altered. Unlike other types of cancer, in retinoblastoma the p53 tumour suppressor is mostly wild type, although its two primary regulators, MDMX and MDM2, are commonly dysregulated. A mutated RB form is inherited in around 35% of the cases, but normally two, somatic mutations are needed to alter the RB function. Here we investigated the mRNA levels of RB, p53, MDMX and MDM2 in peripheral blood samples of retinoblastoma patients to monitor the pathway status of p53 in somatic cells. We sought to investigate the involvement of these genes in the development of retina cancer, with the aim of identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis of this disease.
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22
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Kamer I, Daniel-Meshulam I, Zadok O, Bab-Dinitz E, Perry G, Feniger-Barish R, Perelman M, Barshack I, Ben-Nun A, Onn A, Bar J. Stromal-MDM2 Promotes Lung Cancer Cell Invasion through Tumor-Host Feedback Signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:926-937. [PMID: 32169890 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-host interactions play a major role in malignancies' initiation and progression. We have reported in the past that tumor cells attenuate genotoxic stress-induced p53 activation in neighboring stromal cells. Herein, we aim to further elucidate cancer cells' impact on signaling within lung cancer stroma. Primary cancer-associated fibroblasts were grown from resected human lung tumors. Lung cancer lines as well as fresh cultures of resected human lung cancers were used to produce conditioned medium (CM) or cocultured with stromal cells. Invasiveness of cancer cells was evaluated by transwell assays, and in vivo tumor growth was tested in Athymic nude mice. We found CM of a large variety of cancer cell lines as well as ex vivo-cultured lung cancers to rapidly induce protein levels of stromal-MDM2. CM of nontransformed cells had no such effect. Mdm2 induction occurred through enhanced translation, was mTORC1-dependent, and correlated with activation of AKT and p70 S6 Kinase. AKT or MDM2 knockdown in fibroblasts reduced the invasion of neighboring cancer cells, independently of stromal-p53. MDM2 overexpression in fibroblasts enhanced cancer cells' invasion and growth of inoculated tumors in mice. Our results indicate that stromal-MDM2 participates in a p53-independent cancer-host feedback mechanism. Soluble cancer-originated signals induce enhanced translation of stromal-MDM2 through AKT/mTORC1 signaling, which in turn enhances the neighboring cancer cells' invasion ability. The role of these tumor-host interactions needs to be further explored. IMPLICATIONS: We uncovered a novel tumor-stroma signaling loop, which is a potentially new therapeutic target in lung cancer and possibly in additional types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kamer
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Oranit Zadok
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Elizabeta Bab-Dinitz
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gili Perry
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rotem Feniger-Barish
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Marina Perelman
- Institute of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Institute of Pathology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Ben-Nun
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amir Onn
- Institute of Pulmonology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jair Bar
- Institute of Oncology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Munier FL, Beck-Popovic M, Chantada GL, Cobrinik D, Kivelä TT, Lohmann D, Maeder P, Moll AC, Carcaboso AM, Moulin A, Schaiquevich P, Bergin C, Dyson PJ, Houghton S, Puccinelli F, Vial Y, Gaillard MC, Stathopoulos C. Conservative management of retinoblastoma: Challenging orthodoxy without compromising the state of metastatic grace. "Alive, with good vision and no comorbidity". Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73:100764. [PMID: 31173880 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is lethal by metastasis if left untreated, so the primary goal of therapy is to preserve life, with ocular survival, visual preservation and quality of life as secondary aims. Historically, enucleation was the first successful therapeutic approach to decrease mortality, followed over 100 years ago by the first eye salvage attempts with radiotherapy. This led to the empiric delineation of a window for conservative management subject to a "state of metastatic grace" never to be violated. Over the last two decades, conservative management of retinoblastoma witnessed an impressive acceleration of improvements, culminating in two major paradigm shifts in therapeutic strategy. Firstly, the introduction of systemic chemotherapy and focal treatments in the late 1990s enabled radiotherapy to be progressively abandoned. Around 10 years later, the advent of chemotherapy in situ, with the capitalization of new routes of targeted drug delivery, namely intra-arterial, intravitreal and now intracameral injections, allowed significant increase in eye preservation rate, definitive eradication of radiotherapy and reduction of systemic chemotherapy. Here we intend to review the relevant knowledge susceptible to improve the conservative management of retinoblastoma in compliance with the "state of metastatic grace", with particular attention to (i) reviewing how new imaging modalities impact the frontiers of conservative management, (ii) dissecting retinoblastoma genesis, growth patterns, and intraocular routes of tumor propagation, (iii) assessing major therapeutic changes and trends, (iv) proposing a classification of relapsing retinoblastoma, (v) examining treatable/preventable disease-related or treatment-induced complications, and (vi) appraising new therapeutic targets and concepts, as well as liquid biopsy potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L Munier
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Maja Beck-Popovic
- Unit of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo L Chantada
- Hemato-Oncology Service, Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tero T Kivelä
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Oncology and Pediatric Ophthalmology Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dietmar Lohmann
- Eye Oncogenetics Research Group, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philippe Maeder
- Unit of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annette C Moll
- UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angel Montero Carcaboso
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Moulin
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paula Schaiquevich
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hospital de Pediatria JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ciara Bergin
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susan Houghton
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Puccinelli
- Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Vial
- Materno-Fetal Medicine Unit, Woman-Mother-Child Department, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Claire Gaillard
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christina Stathopoulos
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Li Z, Qi DL, Singh HP, Zou Y, Shen B, Cobrinik D. A novel thyroid hormone receptor isoform, TRβ2-46, promotes SKP2 expression and retinoblastoma cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:2961-2969. [PMID: 30643022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac118.006041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a childhood retinal tumor that develops from cone photoreceptor precursors in response to inactivating RB1 mutations and loss of functional RB protein. The cone precursor's response to RB loss involves cell type-specific signaling circuitry that helps to drive tumorigenesis. One component of the cone precursor circuitry, the thyroid hormone receptor β2 (TRβ2), enables the aberrant proliferation of diverse RB-deficient cells in part by opposing the down-regulation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) by the more widely expressed and tumor-suppressive TRβ1. However, it is unclear how TRβ2 opposes TRβ1 to enable SKP2 expression and cell proliferation. Here, we show that in human retinoblastoma cells TRβ2 mRNA encodes two TRβ2 protein isoforms: a predominantly cytoplasmic 54-kDa protein (TRβ2-54) corresponding to the well-characterized full-length murine Trβ2 and an N-terminally truncated and exclusively cytoplasmic 46-kDa protein (TRβ2-46) that starts at Met-79. Whereas TRβ2 knockdown decreased SKP2 expression and impaired retinoblastoma cell cycle progression, re-expression of TRβ2-46 but not TRβ2-54 stabilized SKP2 and restored proliferation to an extent similar to that of ectopic SKP2 restoration. We conclude that TRβ2-46 is an oncogenic thyroid hormone receptor isoform that promotes SKP2 expression and SKP2-dependent retinoblastoma cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Li
- From The Vision Center and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, .,Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, and
| | - Dong-Lai Qi
- From The Vision Center and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Hardeep P Singh
- From The Vision Center and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, and
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - David Cobrinik
- From The Vision Center and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, and USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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25
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Ding H, Wen Z, Sun G. Silencing of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Gene Promotes Hepatoma Cell Growth by Reducing P53 Expression. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8015-8021. [PMID: 30409962 PMCID: PMC6238547 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effect of xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) silencing on the growth of hepatoma cells and assessed the mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS XPD gene was silenced by siRNA in hepatoma cells. The experiments were randomly divided into a control group, a liposome control group, a negative control (NC) group, an XPD siRNA group, and an XPD siRNA + P53 inhibitor group. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) was used to detect cell viability 24 h after gene silencing and treatments. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry were used to detect apoptosis. Invasive ability was detected by Transwell assay. Additionally, the expression of mouse double-minute 2 homolog (Mdm2), mouse double-minute 4 homolog (Mdm4), CyclinD1, P21, Bax, P53, C-sis, and Bcl-2 was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the NC group, XPD siRNA significantly reduced XPD expression at both mRNA and protein levels. XPD siRNA significantly promoted cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and promoted cell invasive ability. Expression of CyclinD1, Bcl-2, and C-sis increased significantly after XPD silencing, while the expression of P21, Mdm2, Mdm4, Bax, and P53 significantly decreased (vs. NC, P<0.05). Importantly, P53 inhibitor (1 μM bpV) further enhanced the effect of XPD silencing (vs. XPD silencing, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed that XPD silencing promoted growth of hepatoma cells by reducing P53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhili Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Guofang Sun
- Department of Electrocardiogram Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
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26
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Saengwimol D, Rojanaporn D, Chaitankar V, Chittavanich P, Aroonroch R, Boontawon T, Thammachote W, Jinawath N, Hongeng S, Kaewkhaw R. A three-dimensional organoid model recapitulates tumorigenic aspects and drug responses of advanced human retinoblastoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15664. [PMID: 30353124 PMCID: PMC6199308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent or recurrent retinoblastoma (RB) is associated with the presence of vitreous or/and subretinal seeds in advanced RB and represents a major cause of therapeutic failure. This necessitates the development of novel therapies and thus requires a model of advanced RB for testing candidate therapeutics. To this aim, we established and characterized a three-dimensional, self-organizing organoid model derived from chemotherapy-naïve tumors. The responses of organoids to drugs were determined and compared to relate organoid model to advanced RB, in terms of drug sensitivities. We found that organoids had histological features resembling retinal tumors and seeds and retained DNA copy-number alterations as well as gene and protein expression of the parental tissue. Cone signal circuitry (M/L+ cells) and glial tumor microenvironment (GFAP+ cells) were primarily present in organoids. Topotecan alone or the combined drug regimen of topotecan and melphalan effectively targeted proliferative tumor cones (RXRγ+ Ki67+) in organoids after 24-h drug exposure, blocking mitotic entry. In contrast, methotrexate showed the least efficacy against tumor cells. The drug responses of organoids were consistent with those of tumor cells in advanced disease. Patient-derived organoids enable the creation of a faithful model to use in examining novel therapeutics for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangporn Saengwimol
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangnate Rojanaporn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Bioinformatics Computational Biology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Pamorn Chittavanich
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rangsima Aroonroch
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatpong Boontawon
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerin Thammachote
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natini Jinawath
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rossukon Kaewkhaw
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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27
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Benedict B, van Harn T, Dekker M, Hermsen S, Kucukosmanoglu A, Pieters W, Delzenne-Goette E, Dorsman JC, Petermann E, Foijer F, te Riele H. Loss of p53 suppresses replication-stress-induced DNA breakage in G1/S checkpoint deficient cells. eLife 2018; 7:e37868. [PMID: 30322449 PMCID: PMC6221544 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, loss of G1/S control is often accompanied by p53 pathway inactivation, the latter usually rationalized as a necessity for suppressing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, we found an unanticipated effect of p53 loss in mouse and human G1-checkpoint-deficient cells: reduction of DNA damage. We show that abrogation of the G1/S-checkpoint allowed cells to enter S-phase under growth-restricting conditions at the expense of severe replication stress manifesting as decelerated DNA replication, reduced origin firing and accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. In this system, loss of p53 allowed mitogen-independent proliferation, not by suppressing apoptosis, but rather by restoring origin firing and reducing DNA breakage. Loss of G1/S control also caused DNA damage and activation of p53 in an in vivo retinoblastoma model. Moreover, in a teratoma model, loss of p53 reduced DNA breakage. Thus, loss of p53 may promote growth of incipient cancer cells by reducing replication-stress-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Benedict
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja van Harn
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marleen Dekker
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simone Hermsen
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Asli Kucukosmanoglu
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wietske Pieters
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elly Delzenne-Goette
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Josephine C Dorsman
- Department of Clinical GeneticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eva Petermann
- School of Cancer SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Floris Foijer
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of AgeingUniversity Medical Center GroningenAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hein te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Ding J, Lu X. Expression of miR-204 in pediatric retinoblastoma and its effects on proliferation and apoptosis of cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:7152-7157. [PMID: 30546451 PMCID: PMC6256316 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression, clinical significance and molecular mechanism of miR-204 in human retinoblastoma (RB) and para-carcinoma tissues were investigated. A total of 110 cases of RB tissues preserved after ophthalmectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (People's Hospital of Hunan Province) from April 2013 to June 2017 were collected along with 100 cases of para-carcinoma normal tissues. The expression of miR-204 in RB tissues was detected via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and its associations with clinicopathological features were analyzed. Y79 cells were transfected with miR-204 mimics. A total of 80 pmol/l miR-204 mimics and 10 µl Lipofectamine 2000 were added into the experimental group. Cell proliferation was detected via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, apoptosis was detected via flow cytometry at 48 h after transfection, and the relative expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) and Sirt1 mRNA were detected via RT-qPCR. The results of MTT assay revealed that the measured value of the optical density (OD) in the experimental group at 48 h was obviously lower than that in the negative control group (p<0.001). The proportion of apoptotic cells in the experimental group was remarkably higher than that in the negative control group (p<0.001). Compared with those in the negative control group, the relative expression levels of Bcl-2 and Sirt1 mRNAs in the experimental group were significantly decreased (p<0.001). miR-204 may be involved in the occurrence and development of RB, which is significantly associated with clinical tissue differentiation, neural infiltration and lymph node metastasis in patients. miR-204 may inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of RB cells through downregulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Sirt1 in RB. Therefore, miR-204 may become a new biological index for early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and biotherapy of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- Medical Administration Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (People's Hospital of Hunan Province), Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (People's Hospital of Hunan Province), Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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Developmental stage-specific proliferation and retinoblastoma genesis in RB-deficient human but not mouse cone precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9391-E9400. [PMID: 30213853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808903115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most retinoblastomas initiate in response to the inactivation of the RB1 gene and loss of functional RB protein. The tumors may form with few additional genomic changes and develop after a premalignant retinoma phase. Despite this seemingly straightforward etiology, mouse models have not recapitulated the genetic, cellular, and stage-specific features of human retinoblastoma genesis. For example, whereas human retinoblastomas appear to derive from cone photoreceptor precursors, current mouse models develop tumors that derive from other retinal cell types. To investigate the basis of the human cone-specific oncogenesis, we compared developmental stage-specific cone precursor responses to RB loss in human and murine retina cultures and in cone-specific Rb1-knockout mice. We report that RB-depleted maturing (ARR3+) but not immature (ARR3-) human cone precursors enter the cell cycle, proliferate, and form retinoblastoma-like lesions with Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes, then form low or nonproliferative premalignant retinoma-like lesions with fleurettes and p16INK4A and p130 expression, and finally form highly proliferative retinoblastoma-like masses. In contrast, in murine retina, only RB-depleted immature (Arr3-) cone precursors entered the cell cycle, and they failed to progress from S to M phase. Moreover, whereas intrinsically highly expressed MDM2 and MYCN contribute to RB-depleted maturing (ARR3+) human cone precursor proliferation, ectopic MDM2 and Mycn promoted only immature (Arr3-) murine cone precursor cell-cycle entry. These findings demonstrate that developmental stage-specific as well as species- and cell type-specific features sensitize to RB1 inactivation and reveal the human cone precursors' capacity to model retinoblastoma initiation, proliferation, premalignant arrest, and tumor growth.
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Yang D, Cheng D, Tu Q, Yang H, Sun B, Yan L, Dai H, Luo J, Mao B, Cao Y, Yu X, Jiang H, Zhao X. HUWE1 controls the development of non-small cell lung cancer through down-regulation of p53. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:3517-3529. [PMID: 30026863 PMCID: PMC6037029 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer type and the leading cause of tumor-associated deaths worldwide. TP53 is an important tumor suppressor gene and is frequently inactivated in lung cancer. E3 ligases targeting p53, such as MDM2, are involved in the development of lung cancer. The E3 ligase HUWE1, which targets many tumor-associated proteins including p53, has been reported to be highly expressed in lung cancer; however, its role in lung tumorigenesis is unclear. Methods: The expression of HUWE1 and p53 in lung cancer cells was modulated and the phenotypes were assessed by performing soft agar colony forming assays, cell cycle analysis, BrdU incorporation assays, and xenograft tumor growth assays. The effect on tumorigenesis in genetically-engineered mice was also analyzed. The mechanism through which HUWE1 sustained lung cancer cell malignancy was confirmed by western blotting. HUWE1 expression in clinical lung cancer was identified by immunohistochemistry and validated by analyzing lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous carcinoma samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Finally, we assessed the association between HUWE1 expression and patient outcome using online survival analysis software including survival information from the caBIG, GEO, and TCGA database. Results: Inactivation of HUWE1 in a human lung cancer cell line inhibited proliferation, colony-forming capacity, and tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, this phenotype was driven by increased p53, which was due to attenuated proteasomal degradation by HUWE1. Up-regulation of p53 inhibited cancer cell malignancy, mainly through the induction of p21 expression and the down-regulation of HIF1α. Huwe1 deletion completely abolished the development of EGFRVIII-induced lung cancer in Huwe1 conditional knockout mice. Furthermore, survival analysis of lung cancer patients showed that increased HUWE1 expression is significantly associated with worse prognosis. Conclusion: Our data suggest that HUWE1 plays a critical role in lung cancer and that the HUWE1-p53 axis might be a potential target for lung cancer therapy.
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Su Y, Lu S, Li J, Deng L. Shikonin-mediated up-regulation of miR-34a and miR-202 inhibits retinoblastoma proliferation. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:907-912. [PMID: 30310667 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is an ocular tumor that occurs mainly in children. The pathogenesis of RB is not well understood, and its treatment strategies are very limited. Shikonin is widely reported as an anti-tumor agent. However, its effect on RB is still unknown. MTT assay was performed to detect the proliferation ability of two RB cell lines, Y-79 and WERI-Rb-1, upon treatment with Shikonin. Colony formation assay was conducted to examine the clonogenic ability of Shikonin-treated cells. Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed for expression analysis of miRNAs and MYCN, respectively. Luciferase activity assay was conducted to test the inhibition mechanism of miR-34a and miR-202 on MYCN. Shikonin could effectively inhibit the proliferation of RB cells and upregulate the expressions of miR-34a and miR-202. MiR-34a and miR-202 could directly target the mRNA degradation of oncogene MYCN, and the inhibitory effect of Shikonin was largely weakened by restoring the MYCN protein expression. Shikonin-mediated up-regulation of miR-34a and miR-202 inhibits RB proliferation, partially mediated through MYCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Department of TCM Ophthalmology , Jinan Second People's Hospital , No. 148 Jingyi Road , Jinan 250001 , Shandong , China .
| | - Shiyou Lu
- Department of Acupuncture , Affiliated hospital of Shandong University of TCM , No. 42 Wenhua West Road , Jinan 250011 , Shandong , China
| | - Jincun Li
- Department of TCM , Shandong Provincial Western Hospital , No. 4 Duanxing West Road , Jinan 250022 , Shandong , China
| | - Liya Deng
- Department of TCM Ophthalmology , Jinan Second People's Hospital , No. 148 Jingyi Road , Jinan 250001 , Shandong , China .
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Elchuri SV, Rajasekaran S, Miles WO. RNA-Sequencing of Primary Retinoblastoma Tumors Provides New Insights and Challenges Into Tumor Development. Front Genet 2018; 9:170. [PMID: 29868118 PMCID: PMC5966869 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is rare tumor of the retina caused by the homozygous loss of the Retinoblastoma 1 tumor suppressor gene (RB1). Loss of the RB1 protein, pRB, results in de-regulated activity of the E2F transcription factors, chromatin changes and developmental defects leading to tumor development. Extensive microarray profiles of these tumors have enabled the identification of genes sensitive to pRB disruption, however, this technology has a number of limitations in the RNA profiles that they generate. The advent of RNA-sequencing has enabled the global profiling of all of the RNA within the cell including both coding and non-coding features and the detection of aberrant RNA processing events. In this perspective, we focus on discussing how RNA-sequencing of rare Retinoblastoma tumors will build on existing data and open up new area's to improve our understanding of the biology of these tumors. In particular, we discuss how the RB-research field may be to use this data to determine how RB1 loss results in the expression of; non-coding RNAs, causes aberrant RNA processing events and how a deeper analysis of metabolic RNA changes can be utilized to model tumor specific shifts in metabolism. Each section discusses new opportunities and challenges associated with these types of analyses and aims to provide an honest assessment of how understanding these different processes may contribute to the treatment of Retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja V. Elchuri
- Department of Nanotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Swetha Rajasekaran
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wayne O. Miles
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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UHRF1 depletion sensitizes retinoblastoma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs via downregulation of XRCC4. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:164. [PMID: 29415984 PMCID: PMC5833858 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1) is highly expressed in various human cancers including retinoblastoma, and associated with tumor-promoting effects such as inhibition of apoptosis and high proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor-promoting functions of UHRF1 in retinoblastoma still remain elusive. Here, we show that stable knockdown of UHRF1 renders retinoblastoma cells sensitized to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as etoposide and camptothecin, resulting in enhanced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. We found that UHRF1-depleted retinoblastoma cells can recognize DNA damages normally but have markedly low expression of XRCC4 (X-ray repair cross complementing 4) among the components of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair complex. Conversely, overexpression of UHRF1 increased the XRCC4 expression and stable knockdown of XRCC4 sensitized retinoblastoma cells to etoposide treatment, suggesting that XRCC4 is a key mediator for the drug sensitivity upon UHRF1 depletion in retinoblastoma cells. Consistent with the findings, chromatin association of DNA ligase IV in response to acute DNA damage was found to be significantly reduced in UHRF1-depleted retinoblastoma cells and functional complementation for XRCC4 in UHRF1-depleted cells attenuated the drug sensitivity, demonstrating that XRCC4 downregulation in UHRF1-depleted cells impaired DNA repair and consequently induced robust apoptosis upon genotoxic drug treatment. In human primary retinoblastoma, high expression of UHRF1 and XRCC4 could be detected, and elevated XRCC4 expression correlated with reduced apoptosis markers, implying that UHRF1-mediated XRCC4 upregulation under pathophysiological conditions triggered by RB1 gene inactivation may confer protection against endogenous DNA damages that arise during retinoblastoma development. Taken together, these results present a new mechanistic insight into how UHRF1 mediates its tumor-promoting functions in retinoblastoma, and also provide a basis for UHRF1 targeting to improve the efficacy of current chemotherapy for retinoblastoma treatment.
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Zhang MG, Lee JY, Gallo RA, Tao W, Tse D, Doddapaneni R, Pelaez D. Therapeutic targeting of oncogenic transcription factors by natural products in eye cancer. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:365-374. [PMID: 29203441 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis has a multifactorial etiology, and the underlying molecular pathogenesis is still not entirely understood, especially for eye cancers. Primary malignant intraocular neoplasms are relatively rare, but delayed detection and inappropriate management contribute to poor outcomes. Conventional treatment, such as orbital exenteration, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, alone results in high mortality for many of these malignancies. Recent sequential multimodal therapy with a combination of high-dose chemotherapy, followed by appropriate surgery, radiotherapy, and additional adjuvant chemotherapy has helped dramatically improve management. Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by modulating the synthesis of mRNA. Since transcription is a dominant control point in the production of many proteins, transcription factors represent key regulators for numerous cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, making them compelling targets for drug development. Natural compounds have been studied for their potential to be potent yet safe chemotherapeutic drugs. Since the ancient times, plant-derived bioactive molecules have been used to treat dreadful diseases like cancer, and several refined pharmaceutics have been developed from these compounds. Understanding targeting mechanisms of oncogenic transcription factors by natural products can add to our oncologic management toolbox. This review summarizes the current findings of natural products in targeting specific oncogenic transcription factors in various types of eye cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Zhang
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - John Y Lee
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ryan A Gallo
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Wensi Tao
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - David Tse
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Dr Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
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Han NR, Moon PD, Ryu KJ, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. Phenethyl isothiocyanate decreases thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced inflammatory reactions in mast cells. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Center for Converging Humanities; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Ka-Jung Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Research Institute for Basic Science; Hoseo University; Chungnam 31499 Republic of Korea
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36
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The MYCN Protein in Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040113. [PMID: 28358317 PMCID: PMC5406860 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN is a member of the MYC family of proto-oncogenes. It encodes a transcription factor, MYCN, involved in the control of fundamental processes during embryonal development. The MYCN protein is situated downstream of several signaling pathways promoting cell growth, proliferation and metabolism of progenitor cells in different developing organs and tissues. Conversely, deregulated MYCN signaling supports the development of several different tumors, mainly with a childhood onset, including neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms’ tumor, but it is also associated with some cancers occurring during adulthood such as prostate and lung cancer. In neuroblastoma, MYCN-amplification is the most consistent genetic aberration associated with poor prognosis and treatment failure. Targeting MYCN has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these tumors and great efforts have allowed the development of direct and indirect MYCN inhibitors with potential clinical use.
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