1
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Kumar K, Kumar S, Datta K, Fornace AJ, Suman S. High-LET-Radiation-Induced Persistent DNA Damage Response Signaling and Gastrointestinal Cancer Development. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5497-5514. [PMID: 37366899 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) dose, dose rate, and linear energy transfer (LET) determine cellular DNA damage quality and quantity. High-LET heavy ions are prevalent in the deep space environment and can deposit a much greater fraction of total energy in a shorter distance within a cell, causing extensive DNA damage relative to the same dose of low-LET photon radiation. Based on the DNA damage tolerance of a cell, cellular responses are initiated for recovery, cell death, senescence, or proliferation, which are determined through a concerted action of signaling networks classified as DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. The IR-induced DDR initiates cell cycle arrest to repair damaged DNA. When DNA damage is beyond the cellular repair capacity, the DDR for cell death is initiated. An alternative DDR-associated anti-proliferative pathway is the onset of cellular senescence with persistent cell cycle arrest, which is primarily a defense mechanism against oncogenesis. Ongoing DNA damage accumulation below the cell death threshold but above the senescence threshold, along with persistent SASP signaling after chronic exposure to space radiation, pose an increased risk of tumorigenesis in the proliferative gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium, where a subset of IR-induced senescent cells can acquire a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and potentially drive oncogenic signaling in nearby bystander cells. Moreover, DDR alterations could result in both somatic gene mutations as well as activation of the pro-inflammatory, pro-oncogenic SASP signaling known to accelerate adenoma-to-carcinoma progression during radiation-induced GI cancer development. In this review, we describe the complex interplay between persistent DNA damage, DDR, cellular senescence, and SASP-associated pro-inflammatory oncogenic signaling in the context of GI carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamendra Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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2
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The molecular basis and disease relevance of non-homologous DNA end joining. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:765-781. [PMID: 33077885 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) is the predominant repair mechanism of any type of DNA double-strand break (DSB) during most of the cell cycle and is essential for the development of antigen receptors. Defects in NHEJ result in sensitivity to ionizing radiation and loss of lymphocytes. The most critical step of NHEJ is synapsis, or the juxtaposition of the two DNA ends of a DSB, because all subsequent steps rely on it. Recent findings show that, like the end processing step, synapsis can be achieved through several mechanisms. In this Review, we first discuss repair pathway choice between NHEJ and other DSB repair pathways. We then integrate recent insights into the mechanisms of NHEJ synapsis with updates on other steps of NHEJ, such as DNA end processing and ligation. Finally, we discuss NHEJ-related human diseases, including inherited disorders and neoplasia, which arise from rare failures at different NHEJ steps.
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3
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Deutsch JL, Heath JL. MLLT10 in benign and malignant hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2020; 87:1-12. [PMID: 32569758 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-random chromosomal translocations involving the putative transcription factor Mixed Lineage Leukemia Translocated to 10 (MLLT10, also known as AF10) are commonly observed in both acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemias and are indicative of a poor prognosis. Despite the well-described actions of oncogenic MLLT10 fusion proteins, the role of wild-type MLLT10 in hematopoiesis is not well characterized. The protein structure and several interacting partners have been described and provide indications as to the potential functions of MLLT10. This review examines these aspects of MLLT10, contextualizing its function in benign and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Deutsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jessica L Heath
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT.
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4
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Urulangodi M, Mohanty A. DNA damage response and repair pathway modulation by non-histone protein methylation: implications in neurodegeneration. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:31-45. [PMID: 31749026 PMCID: PMC7176765 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) have emerged to be combinatorial, essential mechanisms used by eukaryotic cells to regulate local chromatin structure, diversify and extend their protein functions and dynamically coordinate complex intracellular signalling processes. Most common types of PTMs include enzymatic addition of small chemical groups resulting in phosphorylation, glycosylation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, nitrosylation, methylation, acetylation or covalent attachment of complete proteins such as ubiquitin and SUMO. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) enzymes catalyse the methylation of arginine and lysine residues in target proteins, respectively. Rapid progress in quantitative proteomic analysis and functional assays have not only documented the methylation of histone proteins post-translationally but also identified their occurrence in non-histone proteins which dynamically regulate a plethora of cellular functions including DNA damage response and repair. Emerging advances have now revealed the role of both histone and non-histone methylations in the regulating the DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, thereby modulating the DNA repair pathways both in proliferating and post-mitotic neuronal cells. Defects in many cellular DNA repair processes have been found primarily manifested in neuronal tissues. Moreover, fine tuning of the dynamicity of methylation of non-histone proteins as well as the perturbations in this dynamic methylation processes have recently been implicated in neuronal genomic stability maintenance. Considering the impact of methylation on chromatin associated pathways, in this review we attempt to link the evidences in non-histone protein methylation and DDR with neurodegenerative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusoodanan Urulangodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, PIN-695011, India.
| | - Abhishek Mohanty
- Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, PIN-110085, India.
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5
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Nicolai S, Mahen R, Raschellà G, Marini A, Pieraccioli M, Malewicz M, Venkitaraman AR, Melino G. ZNF281 is recruited on DNA breaks to facilitate DNA repair by non-homologous end joining. Oncogene 2020; 39:754-766. [PMID: 31570788 PMCID: PMC6976523 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is of critical importance for cell survival. Although non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the most used DSBs repair pathway in the cells, how NHEJ factors are sequentially recruited to damaged chromatin remains unclear. Here, we identify a novel role for the zinc-finger protein ZNF281 in participating in the ordered recruitment of the NHEJ repair factor XRCC4 at damage sites. ZNF281 is recruited to DNA lesions within seconds after DNA damage through a mechanism dependent on its DNA binding domain and, at least in part, on poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) activity. ZNF281 binds XRCC4 through its zinc-finger domain and facilitates its recruitment to damaged sites. Consequently, depletion of ZNF281 impairs the efficiency of the NHEJ repair pathway and decreases cell viability upon DNA damage. Survival analyses from datasets of commonly occurring human cancers show that higher levels of ZNF281 correlate with poor prognosis of patients treated with DNA-damaging therapies. Thus, our results define a late ZNF281-dependent regulatory step of NHEJ complex assembly at DNA lesions and suggest additional possibilities for cancer patients' stratification and for the development of personalised therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nicolai
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Robert Mahen
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Alberto Marini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Marco Pieraccioli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Michal Malewicz
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Chen YF, Liang YX, Yang JA, Yuan DZ, Li J, Zheng SS, Wan YP, Wang B, Han ZD, Zhong WD. Upregulation of Holliday junction recognition protein predicts poor prognosis and biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6697-6703. [PMID: 31814851 PMCID: PMC6888104 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of Holliday junction recognition protein (HJURP) in several types of tumor cells plays a vital role in the formation and progression of tumors. Few studies have investigated the role of HJURP in prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to analyze the expression levels of HJURP in PCa and to establish the association with clinicopathological data. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis were used to detect the expression levels of HJURP in benign and PCa prostate tissues. The Taylor dataset was statistically analyzed to determine if HJURP expression levels were associated with PCa clinicopathological data. HJURP was overexpressed in PCa tissues compared with benign prostate tissues. Statistical analysis of the Taylor dataset indicated that upregulation of HJURP was significantly associated with positive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (P=0.004), high Gleason score (P=0.005), advanced pathological stage (P=0.007), metastasis (P<0.001) and PSA failure (P<0.001). Higher HJURP mRNA expression levels were significantly associated with shorter biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival (P<0.001). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of HJURP upregulation in PCa tissues. Upregulation of HJURP may predict BCR-free survival and HJURP may be an oncogene that impacts the prognosis of patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Jian-An Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Zhang Yuan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Shun-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ping Wan
- Department of Urology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Dong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Wei-De Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
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7
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Liu T, Zuo L, Guo D, Chai X, Xu J, Cui Z, Wang Z, Hou C. Ginsenoside Rg3 regulates DNA damage in non-small cell lung cancer cells by activating VRK1/P53BP1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109483. [PMID: 31629252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main ingredient of Ginseng which is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It has been found to enhance the efficiency of chemotherapy thereby reducing its side effects. Previous studies found that ginsenoside Rg3 can reduce the occurrence of NSCLC by inducing DNA damage. Yet, its anti-DNA damaging effects and mechanisms in tumor cells are still not fully understood. This study explored the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on DNA repair and VRK1/P53BP1 signaling pathway. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment significantly decreased the incidence and invasionin a mouse model of lung cancer induced by urethane. The results of cell survival assay and single cell gel electrophoresis showed that ginsenoside Rg3 protected lung adenocarcinoma cells from DNA damage as well as inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells. Ginsenoside Rg3 increased the mRNA and protein expression of VRK1 in NSCLC cells as measured by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. These findings suggests that ginsenoside Rg3 regulates VRK1 signaling. Immunofluorescence assays showed that P53BP1 and VRK1 protein level increased, and the VRK1 protein translocated between the nuclei and cytoplasm. Finally, this conclusion was confirmed by the reverse validation in VRK1-knockdown cells. Taken together, these results show that ginsenoside Rg3 upregulate VRK1 expression and P53BP1 foci formation in response to DNA damage thereby inhibiting the tumorigenesis and viability of cancer cells. These findings reveal the role of Rg3 in lung cancer and provides therapeutic targets for developing new drugs in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zuo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- School of Life science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlou Chai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaorui Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying Hou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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8
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Skalka G, Hall H, Somers J, Bushell M, Willis A, Malewicz M. Leucine zipper and ICAT domain containing (LZIC) protein regulates cell cycle transitions in response to ionizing radiation. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:963-975. [PMID: 30973299 PMCID: PMC6527300 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1601476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Common hallmarks of cancer include the dysregulation of cell cycle progression and the acquisition of genome instability. In tumors, G1 cell cycle checkpoint induction is often lost. This increases the reliance on a functional G2/M checkpoint to prevent progression through mitosis with damaged DNA, avoiding the introduction of potentially aberrant genetic alterations. Treatment of tumors with ionizing radiation (IR) utilizes this dependence on the G2/M checkpoint. Therefore, identification of factors which regulate this process could yield important biomarkers for refining this widely used cancer therapy. Leucine zipper and ICAT domain containing (LZIC) downregulation has been associated with the development of IR-induced tumors. However, despite LZIC being highly conserved, it has no known molecular function. We demonstrate that LZIC knockout (KO) cell lines show a dysregulated G2/M cell cycle checkpoint following IR treatment. In addition, we show that LZIC deficient cells competently activate the G1 and early G2/M checkpoint but fail to maintain the late G2/M checkpoint after IR exposure. Specifically, this defect was found to occur downstream of PIKK signaling. The LZIC KO cells demonstrated severe aneuploidy indicative of genomic instability. In addition, analysis of data from cancer patient databases uncovered a strong correlation between LZIC expression and poor prognosis in several cancers. Our findings suggest that LZIC is functionally involved in cellular response to IR, and its expression level could serve as a biomarker for patient stratification in clinical cancer practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Skalka
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Holly Hall
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanna Somers
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Martin Bushell
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
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9
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Ha GH, Ji JH, Chae S, Park J, Kim S, Lee JK, Kim Y, Min S, Park JM, Kang TH, Lee H, Cho H, Lee CW. Pellino1 regulates reversible ATM activation via NBS1 ubiquitination at DNA double-strand breaks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1577. [PMID: 30952868 PMCID: PMC6450972 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) signaling and repair are critical for genome integrity. They rely on highly coordinated processes including posttranslational modifications of proteins. Here we show that Pellino1 (Peli1) is a DSB-responsive ubiquitin ligase required for the accumulation of DNA damage response proteins and efficient homologous recombination (HR) repair. Peli1 is activated by ATM-mediated phosphorylation. It is recruited to DSB sites in ATM- and γH2AX-dependent manners. Interaction of Peli1 with phosphorylated histone H2AX enables it to bind to and mediate the formation of K63-linked ubiquitination of NBS1, which subsequently results in feedback activation of ATM and promotes HR repair. Collectively, these results provide a DSB-responsive factor underlying the connection between ATM kinase and DSB-induced ubiquitination. Occurrence of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is important for genome integrity. Here, the authors reveal that Pellino1 is a DSB-responsive ubiquitin ligase required for promoting the accumulation of ATM and MRN complex at DSB sites via NBS1 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ji
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunyoung Chae
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Min
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Park
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hong Kang
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Raschellà G, Melino G, Gambacurta A. Cell death in cancer in the era of precision medicine. Genes Immun 2018; 20:529-538. [PMID: 30341419 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-018-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumors constitute a large class of diseases that affect different organs and cell lineages. The molecular characterization of cancers of a given type has revealed an extraordinary heterogeneity in terms of genetic alterations and DNA mutations; heterogeneity that is further highlighted by single-cell DNA sequencing of individual patients. To address these issues, drugs that specifically target genes or altered pathways in cancer cells are continuously developed. Indeed, the genetic fingerprint of individual tumors can direct the modern therapeutic approaches to selectively hit the tumor cells while sparing the healthy ones. In this context, the concept of precision medicine finds a vast field of application. In this review, we will briefly list some classes of target drugs (Bcl-2 family modulators, Tyrosine Kinase modulators, PARP inhibitors, and growth factors inhibitors) and discuss the application of immunotherapy in tumors (T cell-mediated immunotherapy and CAR-T cells) that in recent years has drastically changed the prognostic outlook of aggressive cancers. We will also consider how apoptosis could represent a primary end point in modern cancer therapy and how "classic" chemotherapeutic drugs that induce apoptosis are still utilized in therapeutic schedules that involve the use of target drugs or immunotherapy to optimize the antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Raschellà
- ENEA Research Center Casaccia, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Cambridge, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Alessandra Gambacurta
- Department of Experimental Medicine TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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11
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PAXX and its paralogs synergistically direct DNA polymerase λ activity in DNA repair. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3877. [PMID: 30250067 PMCID: PMC6155126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PAXX is a recently identified component of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway. The molecular mechanisms of PAXX action remain largely unclear. Here we characterise the interactomes of PAXX and its paralogs, XLF and XRCC4, to show that these factors share the ability to interact with DNA polymerase λ (Pol λ), stimulate its activity and are required for recruitment of Pol λ to laser-induced DNA damage sites. Stimulation of Pol λ activity by XRCC4 paralogs requires a direct interaction between the SP/8 kDa domain of Pol λ and their N-terminal head domains to facilitate recognition of the 5′ end of substrate gaps. Furthermore, PAXX and XLF collaborate with Pol λ to promote joining of incompatible DNA ends and are redundant in supporting Pol λ function in vivo. Our findings identify Pol λ as a novel downstream effector of PAXX function and show XRCC4 paralogs act in synergy to regulate polymerase activity in NHEJ. PAXX functions as part of the nonhomologous end-joining pathway to repair double-strand DNA breaks. Here the authors show PAXX and its paralogs interact with polymerase lambda to promote joining of incompatible ends.
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12
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Campillo-Marcos I, Lazo PA. Implication of the VRK1 chromatin kinase in the signaling responses to DNA damage: a therapeutic target? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2375-2388. [PMID: 29679095 PMCID: PMC5986855 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage causes a local distortion of chromatin that triggers the sequential processes that participate in specific DNA repair mechanisms. This initiation of the repair response requires the involvement of a protein whose activity can be regulated by histones. Kinases are candidates to regulate and coordinate the connection between a locally altered chromatin and the response initiating signals that lead to identification of the type of lesion and the sequential steps required in specific DNA damage responses (DDR). This initiating kinase must be located in chromatin, and be activated independently of the type of DNA damage. We review the contribution of the Ser-Thr vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) chromatin kinase as a new player in the signaling of DNA damage responses, at chromatin and cellular levels, and its potential as a new therapeutic target in oncology. VRK1 is involved in the regulation of histone modifications, such as histone phosphorylation and acetylation, and in the formation of γH2AX, NBS1 and 53BP1 foci induced in DDR. Induction of DNA damage by chemotherapy or radiation is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Therefore, novel treatments can be targeted to proteins implicated in the regulation of DDR, rather than by directly causing DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Campillo-Marcos
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro A Lazo
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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13
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George VC, Ansari SA, Chelakkot VS, Chelakkot AL, Chelakkot C, Menon V, Ramadan W, Ethiraj KR, El-Awady R, Mantso T, Mitsiogianni M, Panagiotidis MI, Dellaire G, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP. DNA-dependent protein kinase: Epigenetic alterations and the role in genomic stability of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 780:92-105. [PMID: 31395353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a member of phosphatidylinositol-kinase family, is a key protein in mammalian DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair that helps to maintain genomic integrity. DNA-PK also plays a central role in immune cell development and protects telomerase during cellular aging. Epigenetic deregulation due to endogenous and exogenous factors may affect the normal function of DNA-PK, which in turn could impair DNA repair and contribute to genomic instability. Recent studies implicate a role for epigenetics in the regulation of DNA-PK expression in normal and cancer cells, which may impact cancer progression and metastasis as well as provide opportunities for treatment and use of DNA-PK as a novel cancer biomarker. In addition, several small molecules and biological agents have been recently identified that can inhibit DNA-PK function or expression, and thus hold promise for cancer treatments. This review discusses the impact of epigenetic alterations and the expression of DNA-PK in relation to the DNA repair mechanisms with a focus on its differential levels in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vazhappilly Cijo George
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shabbir Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Vipin Shankar Chelakkot
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | - Chaithanya Chelakkot
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Varsha Menon
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa Ramadan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Raafat El-Awady
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute and College of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Melina Mitsiogianni
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mihalis I Panagiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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14
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Chakraborty S, Pandita RK, Hambarde S, Mattoo AR, Charaka V, Ahmed KM, Iyer SP, Hunt CR, Pandita TK. SMARCAD1 Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination Are Required for Resection during DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. iScience 2018; 2:123-135. [PMID: 29888761 PMCID: PMC5993204 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodeling factor SMARCAD1, an SWI/SNF ATPase family member, has a role in 5' end resection at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to produce single-strand DNA (ssDNA), a critical step for subsequent checkpoint and repair factor loading to remove DNA damage. However, the mechanistic details of SMARCAD1 coupling to the DNA damage response and repair pathways remains unknown. Here we report that SMARCAD1 is recruited to DNA DSBs through an ATM-dependent process. Depletion of SMARCAD1 reduces ionizing radiation (IR)-induced repairosome foci formation and DSB repair by homologous recombination (HR). IR induces SMARCAD1 phosphorylation at a conserved T906 by ATM kinase, a modification essential for SMARCAD1 recruitment to DSBs. Interestingly, T906 phosphorylation is also important for SMARCAD1 ubiquitination by RING1 at K905. Both these post-translational modifications are critical for regulating the role of SMARCAD1 in DNA end resection, HR-mediated repair, and cell survival after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Chakraborty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Raj K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shashank Hambarde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abid R Mattoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vijaya Charaka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kazi M Ahmed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Swaminathan P Iyer
- Department of Hematology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Clayton R Hunt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Turcotte CA, Sloat SA, Rigothi JA, Rosenkranse E, Northrup AL, Andrews NP, Checchi PM. Maintenance of Genome Integrity by Mi2 Homologs CHD-3 and LET-418 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2018; 208:991-1007. [PMID: 29339410 PMCID: PMC5844346 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination depends upon the tightly coordinated regulation of chromosome dynamics and is essential for the production of haploid gametes. Central to this process is the formation and repair of meiotic double-stranded breaks (DSBs), which must take place within the constraints of a specialized chromatin architecture. Here, we demonstrate a role for the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex in orchestrating meiotic chromosome dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans Our data reveal that the conserved Mi2 homologs Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein (CHD-3) and its paralog LET-418 facilitate meiotic progression by ensuring faithful repair of DSBs through homologous recombination. We discovered that loss of either CHD-3 or LET-418 results in elevated p53-dependent germ line apoptosis, which relies on the activation of the conserved checkpoint kinase CHK-1 Consistent with these findings, chd-3 and let-418 mutants produce a reduced number of offspring, indicating a role for Mi2 in forming viable gametes. When Mi2 function is compromised, persisting recombination intermediates are detected in late pachytene nuclei, indicating a failure in the timely repair of DSBs. Intriguingly, our data indicate that in Mi2 mutant germ lines, a subset of DSBs are repaired by nonhomologous end joining, which manifests as chromosomal fusions. We find that meiotic defects are exacerbated in Mi2 mutants lacking CKU-80, as evidenced by increased recombination intermediates, corpses, and defects in chromosomal integrity. Taken together, our findings support a model wherein the C. elegans Mi2 complex maintains genomic integrity through reinforcement of a chromatin landscape suitable for homology-driven repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solomon A Sloat
- Department of Biology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601
| | - Julia A Rigothi
- Department of Biology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601
| | | | | | | | - Paula M Checchi
- Department of Biology, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601
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16
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Nikitaki Z, Pavlopoulou A, Holá M, Donà M, Michalopoulos I, Balestrazzi A, Angelis KJ, Georgakilas AG. Bridging Plant and Human Radiation Response and DNA Repair through an In Silico Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E65. [PMID: 28587301 PMCID: PMC5483884 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of response to radiation exposure are conserved in plants and animals. The DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are the predominant molecular pathways activated upon exposure to radiation, both in plants and animals. The conserved features of DDR in plants and animals might facilitate interdisciplinary studies that cross traditional boundaries between animal and plant biology in order to expand the collection of biomarkers currently used for radiation exposure monitoring (REM) in environmental and biomedical settings. Genes implicated in trans-kingdom conserved DDR networks often triggered by ionizing radiation (IR) and UV light are deposited into biological databases. In this study, we have applied an innovative approach utilizing data pertinent to plant and human genes from publicly available databases towards the design of a 'plant radiation biodosimeter', that is, a plant and DDR gene-based platform that could serve as a REM reliable biomarker for assessing environmental radiation exposure and associated risk. From our analysis, in addition to REM biomarkers, a significant number of genes, both in human and Arabidopsis thaliana, not yet characterized as DDR, are suggested as possible DNA repair players. Last but not least, we provide an example on the applicability of an Arabidopsis thaliana-based plant system monitoring the role of cancer-related DNA repair genes BRCA1, BARD1 and PARP1 in processing DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharenia Nikitaki
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35100 Lamia, Greece.
| | - Marcela Holá
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Na Karlovce 1, 16000 Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Mattia Donà
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI) Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Karel J Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Na Karlovce 1, 16000 Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
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