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Li Y, Sui S, Goel A. Extracellular vesicles associated microRNAs: Their biology and clinical significance as biomarkers in gastrointestinal cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 99:5-23. [PMID: 38341121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including colorectal, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, and liver, are associated with high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. One of the underlying reasons for the poor survival outcomes in patients with these malignancies is late disease detection, typically when the tumor has already advanced and potentially spread to distant organs. Increasing evidence indicates that earlier detection of these cancers is associated with improved survival outcomes and, in some cases, allows curative treatments. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the development of molecular biomarkers that offer promise for screening, diagnosis, treatment selection, response assessment, and predicting the prognosis of these cancers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from cells containing a repertoire of biological molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most extensively studied non-coding RNAs, and the deregulation of miRNA levels is a feature of cancer cells. EVs miRNAs can serve as messengers for facilitating interactions between tumor cells and the cellular milieu, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and other tumor cells. Furthermore, recent years have witnessed considerable technological advances that have permitted in-depth sequence profiling of these small non-coding RNAs within EVs for their development as promising cancer biomarkers -particularly non-invasive, liquid biopsy markers in various cancers, including GI cancers. Herein, we summarize and discuss the roles of EV-associated miRNAs as they play a seminal role in GI cancer progression, as well as their promising translational and clinical potential as cancer biomarkers as we usher into the area of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Silei Sui
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, USA; Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, USA.
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Otmani K, Rouas R, Lewalle P. OncomiRs as noncoding RNAs having functions in cancer: Their role in immune suppression and clinical implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:913951. [PMID: 36189271 PMCID: PMC9523483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, microRNAs have been established as central players in tumorigenesis, but above all, they have opened an important door for our understanding of immune and tumor cell communication. This dialog is largely due to onco-miR transfer from tumor cells to cells of the tumor microenvironment by exosome. This review outlines recent advances regarding the role of oncomiRs in enhancing cancer and how they modulate the cancer-related immune response in the tumor immune microenvironment.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of noncoding RNA that are important posttranscriptional regulators of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation into proteins. By regulating gene expression, miRNAs enhance or inhibit cancer development and participate in several cancer biological processes, including proliferation, invasion metastasis, angiogenesis, chemoresistance and immune escape. Consistent with their widespread effects, miRNAs have been categorized as oncogenes (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressor (TS) miRNAs. MiRNAs that promote tumor growth, called oncomiRs, inhibit messenger RNAs of TS genes and are therefore overexpressed in cancer. In contrast, TS miRNAs inhibit oncogene messenger RNAs and are therefore underexpressed in cancer. Endogenous miRNAs regulate different cellular pathways in all cell types. Therefore, they are not only key modulators in cancer cells but also in the cells constituting their microenvironments. Recently, it was shown that miRNAs are also involved in intercellular communication. Indeed, miRNAs can be transferred from one cell type to another where they regulate targeted gene expression. The primary carriers for the transfer of miRNAs from one cell to another are exosomes. Exosomes are currently considered the primary carriers for communication between the tumor and its surrounding stromal cells to support cancer progression and drive immune suppression. Exosome and miRNAs are seen by many as a hope for developing a new class of targeted therapy. This review outlines recent advances in understanding the role of oncomiRs in enhancing cancer and how they promote its aggressive characteristics and deeply discusses the role of oncomiRs in suppressing the anticancer immune response in its microenvironment. Additionally, further understanding the mechanism of oncomiR-related immune suppression will facilitate the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for impaired antitumor immune function, making them ideal immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Otmani
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Hematology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Hematology Department, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Khalid Otmani,
| | - Redouane Rouas
- Hematology Department, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Hematological Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lewalle
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Hematology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Hematology Department, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Hematological Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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Cheng HY, Hsieh CH, Lin PH, Chen YT, Hsu DSS, Tai SK, Chu PY, Yang MH. Snail-regulated exosomal microRNA-21 suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activity to enhance cisplatin resistance. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004832. [PMID: 36002186 PMCID: PMC9413180 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with the precise targeting of drug-resistant mutant cancer cells, strategies for eliminating non-genetic adaptation-mediated resistance are limited. The pros and cons of the existence of inflammasomes in cancer have been reported. Nevertheless, the dynamic response of inflammasomes to therapies should be addressed. METHODS Tumor-derived exosomes were purified by differential ultracentrifugation and validated by nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. A proximity ligation assay and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level were used for detecting activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the exosomal RNAs. MIR21 knocked out human monocytic THP cells and mir21 knocked out murine oral cancer MTCQ1 cells were generated for confirming the exosomal delivery of microRNA (miR)-21. Syngeneic murine models for head and neck cancer (C57BLJ/6J), breast cancer (BALB/C) and lung cancer (C57BL/6J) were applied for examining the impact of Snail-miR21 axis on inflammasome activation in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used for analyzing the tumor-infiltrated immune cells. Head and neck patient samples were used for validating the findings in clinical samples. RESULTS We demonstrated that in cancer cells undergoing Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor cells suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activities of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in response to chemotherapy through the delivery of exosomal miR-21. Mechanistically, miR-21 represses PTEN and BRCC3 to facilitate NLRP3 phosphorylation and lysine-63 ubiquitination, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Furthermore, the Snail-miR-21 axis shapes the post-chemotherapy tumor microenvironment (TME) by repopulating TAMs and by activating CD8+ T cells. In patients with head and neck cancer, the Snail-high cases lacked post-chemotherapy IL-1β surge and were correlated with a worse response. CONCLUSIONS This finding reveals the mechanism of EMT-mediated resistance beyond cancer stemness through modulation of post-treatment inflammasome activity. It also highlights the dynamic remodeling of the TME throughout metastatic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shyh-Kuan Tai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Yuan Chu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan .,Institute of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Divsion of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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MicroRNA-21 is immunosuppressive and pro-metastatic via separate mechanisms. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:38. [PMID: 35821197 PMCID: PMC9276829 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-21 was identified as a gene whose expression correlated with the extent of metastasis of murine mammary tumours. Since miR-21 is recognised as being associated with poor prognosis in cancer, we investigated its contribution to mammary tumour growth and metastasis in tumours with capacity for spontaneous metastasis. Unexpectedly, we found that suppression of miR-21 activity in highly metastatic tumours resulted in regression of primary tumour growth in immunocompetent mice but did not impede growth in immunocompromised mice. Analysis of the immune infiltrate of the primary tumours at the time when the tumours started to regress revealed an influx of both CD4+ and CD8+ activated T cells and a reduction in PD-L1+ infiltrating monocytes, providing an explanation for the observed tumour regression. Loss of anti-tumour immune suppression caused by decreased miR-21 activity was confirmed by transcriptomic analysis of primary tumours. This analysis also revealed reduced expression of genes associated with cell cycle progression upon loss of miR-21 activity. A second activity of miR-21 was the promotion of metastasis as shown by the loss of metastatic capacity of miR-21 knockdown tumours established in immunocompromised mice, despite no impact on primary tumour growth. A proteomic analysis of tumour cells with altered miR-21 activity revealed deregulation of proteins known to be associated with tumour progression. The development of therapies targeting miR-21, possibly via targeted delivery to tumour cells, could be an effective therapy to combat primary tumour growth and suppress the development of metastatic disease.
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Gramantieri L, Fornari F, Giovannini C, Trerè D. MicroRNAs at the Crossroad between Immunoediting and Oncogenic Drivers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070930. [PMID: 35883486 PMCID: PMC9313100 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, treatments enhancing the antitumor immune response have revealed a new promising approach for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Beside favorable results in about one third of patients, much still remains to be done to face primary nonresponse, early, and late disease reactivation. Understanding the mechanisms underneath immune system modulation by immune checkpoint inhibitors in HCC might give additional opportunities for patient selection and combined approaches. MicroRNAs have emerged as relevant modulators of cancer cell hallmarks, including aberrant proliferation, invasion and migration capabilities, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and glycolytic metabolism. At the same time, they contribute to the immune system development, response, and programs activation, with particular regard towards regulatory functions. Thus, miRNAs are relevant not only in cancer cells’ biology, but also in the immune response and interplay between cancer, microenvironment, and immune system. Abstract Treatments aimed to reverse the tumor-induced immune tolerance represent a promising approach for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notwithstanding, primary nonresponse, early, and late disease reactivation still represent major clinical challenges. Here, we focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) acting both as modulators of cancer cell hallmarks and immune system response. We outlined the bidirectional function that some oncogenic miRNAs play in the differentiation and program activation of the immune system development and, at the same time, in the progression of HCC. Indeed, the multifaceted spectrum of miRNA targets allows the modulation of both immune-associated factors and oncogenic or tumor suppressor drivers at the same time. Understanding the molecular changes contributing to disease onset, progression, and resistance to treatments might help to identify possible novel biomarkers for selecting patient subgroups, and to design combined tailored treatments to potentiate antitumor approaches. Preliminary findings seem to argue in favor of a bidirectional function of some miRNAs, which enact an effective modulation of molecular pathways driving oncogenic and immune-skipping phenotypes associated with cancer aggressiveness. The identification of these miRNAs and the characterization of their ‘dual’ role might help to unravel novel biomarkers identifying those patients more likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors and to identify possible therapeutic targets with both antitumor and immunomodulatory functions. In the present review, we will focus on the restricted panel of miRNAs playing a bidirectional role in HCC, influencing oncogenic and immune-related pathways at once. Even though this field is still poorly investigated in HCC, it might represent a source of candidate molecules acting as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the setting of immune-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gramantieri
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Fornari
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research-CRBA, University of Bologna, IRCCS St. Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Catia Giovannini
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research-CRBA, University of Bologna, IRCCS St. Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Trerè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Departmental Program in Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Circulating MicroRNAs as a Tool for Diagnosis of Liver Disease Progression in People Living with HIV-1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061118. [PMID: 35746590 PMCID: PMC9227922 DOI: 10.3390/v14061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding specific cell mRNA targets, preventing their translation. miRNAs are implicated in the regulation of important physiological and pathological pathways. Liver disease, including injury, fibrosis, metabolism dysregulation, and tumor development disrupts liver-associated miRNAs. In addition to their effect in the originating tissue, miRNAs can also circulate in body fluids. miRNA release is an important form of intercellular communication that plays a role in the physiological and pathological processes underlying multiple diseases. Circulating plasma levels of miRNAs have been identified as potential disease biomarkers. One of the main challenges clinics face is the lack of available noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting the different stages of liver disease (e.g., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), particularly among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Liver disease is a leading cause of death unrelated to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Here, we review and discuss the utility of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of liver disease in PLWH. Remarkably, the identification of dysregulated miRNA expression may also identify targets for new therapeutics.
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Lai CH, Lee CL, Vu CA, Vu VT, Tsai YH, Chen WY, Cheng CM. Paper-Based Devices for Capturing Exosomes and Exosomal Nucleic Acids From Biological Samples. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:836082. [PMID: 35497368 PMCID: PMC9039228 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.836082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanovesicles derived from cells, contain a variety of biomolecules that can be considered biomarkers for disease diagnosis, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Given knowledge and demand, inexpensive, robust, and easy-to-use tools that are compatible with downstream nucleic acid detection should be developed to replace traditional methodologies for point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. This study deploys a paper-based extraction kit for exosome and exosomal miRNA analytical system with some quantifying methods to serve as an easy sample preparation for a possible POCT process. Exosomes concentrated from HCT116 cell cultures were arrested on paper-based immunoaffinity devices, which were produced by immobilizing anti-CD63 antibodies on Whatman filter paper, before being subjected to paper-based silica devices for nucleic acids to be trapped by silica nanoparticles adsorbed onto Whatman filter paper. Concentrations of captured exosomes were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), demonstrating that paper-based immunoaffinity devices succeeded in capturing and determining exosome levels from cells cultured in both neutral and acidic microenvironments, whereas microRNA 21 (miR-21), a biomarker for various types of cancers and among the nucleic acids absorbed onto the silica devices, was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to prove that paper-based silica devices were capable of trapping exosomal nucleic acids. The developed paper-based kit and the devised procedure was successfully exploited to isolate exosomes and exosomal nucleic acids from different biological samples (platelet-poor plasma and lesion fluid) as clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cao-An Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Van-Truc Vu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hung Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chao-Min Cheng, ; Wen-Yih Chen,
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chao-Min Cheng, ; Wen-Yih Chen,
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Papaioannou E, González-Molina MDP, Prieto-Muñoz AM, Gámez-Reche L, González-Martín A. Regulation of Adaptive Tumor Immunity by Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225651. [PMID: 34830805 PMCID: PMC8616131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunology research has mainly focused on the role of protein-coding genes in regulating immune responses to tumors. However, despite more than 70% of the human genome is transcribed, less than 2% encodes proteins. Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been identified as critical regulators of immune cell development and function, suggesting that they might play important roles in orchestrating immune responses against tumors. In this review, we summarize the scientific advances on the role of ncRNAs in regulating adaptive tumor immunity, and discuss their potential therapeutic value in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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Sempere LF, Azmi AS, Moore A. microRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2021; 12:e1662. [PMID: 33998154 PMCID: PMC8519065 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been almost two decades since the first link between microRNAs and cancer was established. In the ensuing years, this abundant class of short noncoding regulatory RNAs has been studied in virtually all cancer types. This tremendously large body of research has generated innovative technological advances for detection of microRNAs in tissue and bodily fluids, identified the diagnostic, prognostic, and/or predictive value of individual microRNAs or microRNA signatures as potential biomarkers for patient management, shed light on regulatory mechanisms of RNA-RNA interactions that modulate gene expression, uncovered cell-autonomous and cell-to-cell communication roles of specific microRNAs, and developed a battery of viral and nonviral delivery approaches for therapeutic intervention. Despite these intense and prolific research efforts in preclinical and clinical settings, there are a limited number of microRNA-based applications that have been incorporated into clinical practice. We review recent literature and ongoing clinical trials that highlight most promising approaches and standing challenges to translate these findings into viable microRNA-based clinical tools for cancer medicine. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo F. Sempere
- Department of Radiology, Precision Health ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of OncologyWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichiganUSA
- Karmanos Cancer InstituteDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Anna Moore
- Departments of Radiology and Physiology, Precision Health ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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De Silva S, Tennekoon KH, Karunanayake EH. Interaction of Gut Microbiome and Host microRNAs with the Occurrence of Colorectal and Breast Cancer and Their Impact on Patient Immunity. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:5115-5129. [PMID: 34712050 PMCID: PMC8548058 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s329383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and colorectal cancers are two primary malignancies on which most of the research done worldwide investigates the potential genetic and environmental risk factors and thereby tries to develop therapeutic methods to improve prognosis. Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer type in women, while colorectal cancer is diagnosed in males as the third most and females as the second most cancer type. Though these two cancer types are predominantly seen in adult patients worldwide, in the current context, these malignancies are diagnosed at a younger age with a significant rate of incidents than previous. Such early-onset cancers are generally present at an advanced stage of the most aggressive type with a poor prognosis. In the past, the focus of the research was mainly on studying possible candidate genes to understand the onset. However, it is now recognized that genetics, epigenetics, and other environmental factors play a pivotal role in cancer susceptibility. Thus, most studies were diversified to study the behavior of host microRNAs, and the involvement of gut microbiota and good communication between them surfaced in the occurrence and state of the disease. It is understood that the impact of these factors affects the outcome of the disease. Out of the adverse outcomes identified relating to the disease, immunosuppression is one of the most concerning outcomes in the current world, where such individuals remain vulnerable to infections. Recent studies revealed that microbiome and microRNA could create a considerable impact on immunosuppression. This review focused on the behavior of host microRNAs and gut microbiome for the onset of the disease and progression, thereby influencing an individual's immunosuppression. Understanding the interactions among microRNA, microbiome, presentation of the disease, and impact on the immune system will be immensely useful for developing future therapeutic strategies based on targeting host microRNA and the patient's gut microbiome. Therapies such as inhibitory-miRNA therapies, miRNA mimic-based therapeutics, immune checkpoint blockade therapies, and bacteria-assisted tumor-targeted therapies help modulate cancer. At the same time, it paid equal attention to potential noninvasive biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics in both cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumadee De Silva
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Eric Hamilton Karunanayake
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, 03, Sri Lanka
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Mir-21 Suppression Promotes Mouse Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194983. [PMID: 34638467 PMCID: PMC8508272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent cancer of the liver with limited therapeutic options. MicroRNAs are a class of small molecules regulating a wide range of cellular processes that are important for cancer development. Among these microRNAs, miR-21 is strongly upregulated in almost all human cancers including HCC, and is considered as a strong driver of cancer development, suggesting that its pharmacological inhibition might represent a potential therapy. In this study, we show that deletion of miR-21 in genetically engineered mice promotes instead the development of HCC in several mouse models of this liver cancer. We further show that the lack of miR-21 is associated with increases in the expression of oncogenes such as Cdc25a, subtle deregulations of the MAPK, HiPPO, and STAT3 signaling pathways, as well as alterations of the inflammatory/immune anti-tumoral responses in the liver, which overtime contribute to enhanced tumorigenesis and progression toward malignancy. These results call for cautiousness when considering miR-21 inhibition for therapeutic purposes in HCC. Abstract The microRNA 21 (miR-21) is upregulated in almost all known human cancers and is considered a highly potent oncogene and potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In the liver, miR-21 was reported to promote hepatic steatosis and inflammation, but whether miR-21 also drives hepatocarcinogenesis remains poorly investigated in vivo. Here we show using both carcinogen (Diethylnitrosamine, DEN) or genetically (PTEN deficiency)-induced mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), total or hepatocyte-specific genetic deletion of this microRNA fosters HCC development—contrasting the expected oncogenic role of miR-21. Gene and protein expression analyses of mouse liver tissues further indicate that total or hepatocyte-specific miR-21 deficiency is associated with an increased expression of oncogenes such as Cdc25a, subtle deregulations of the MAPK, HiPPO, and STAT3 signaling pathways, as well as alterations of the inflammatory/immune anti-tumoral responses in the liver. Together, our data show that miR-21 deficiency promotes a pro-tumoral microenvironment, which over time fosters HCC development via pleiotropic and complex mechanisms. These results question the current dogma of miR-21 being a potent oncomiR in the liver and call for cautiousness when considering miR-21 inhibition for therapeutic purposes in HCC.
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12
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Fedeli M, Kuka M, Finardi A, Albano F, Viganò V, Iannacone M, Furlan R, Dellabona P, Casorati G. miR-21 sustains CD28 signalling and low-affinity T-cell responses at the expense of self-tolerance. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1321. [PMID: 34584693 PMCID: PMC8454917 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective miR-21 is highly expressed in iNKT and activated T cells, but its T-cell autonomous functions are poorly defined. We sought to investigate the role of miR-21 in the development and functions of T and iNKT cells, representing adaptive and innate-like populations, respectively. Methods We studied mice with a conditional deletion of miR-21 in all mature T lymphocytes. Results Thymic and peripheral T and iNKT compartments were normal in miR-21 KO mice. Upon activation in vitro, miR-21 depletion reduced T-cell survival, TH17 polarisation and, remarkably, T- and iNKT cell ability to respond to low-affinity antigens, without altering their response to high-affinity ones. Mechanistically, miR-21 sustained CD28-dependent costimulation pathways required to lower the T-cell activation threshold, inhibiting its repressors in a positive feedback circuit, in turn increasing T-cell sensitivity to antigenic stimulation and survival. Upon immunisation with the low-affinity self-epitope MOG35-55, miR-21 KO mice were indeed less susceptible than WT animals to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas they mounted normal T-cell responses against high-affinity viral epitopes generated upon lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Conclusion The induction of T-cell responses to weak antigens (signal 1) depends on CD28 costimulation (signal 2). miR-21 sustains CD28 costimulation, decreasing the T-cell activation threshold and increasing their sensitivity to antigenic stimulation and survival, broadening the immune surveillance range. This occurs at the cost of unleashing autoimmunity, resulting from the recognition of weak self-antigens by autoreactive immune responses. Thus, miR-21 fine-tunes T-cell response and self-/non-self-discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Fedeli
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit Institute of Experimental Neurology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Albano
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Valentina Viganò
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy.,Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit Institute of Experimental Neurology IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
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13
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Xing Y, Wang Z, Lu Z, Xia J, Xie Z, Jiao M, Liu R, Chu Y. MicroRNAs: immune modulators in cancer immunotherapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab006. [PMID: 35919742 PMCID: PMC9327120 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous small non-coding RNA of 18–25 nucleotides and plays regulatory roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence support that miRNAs function as immune modulators in tumors. MiRNAs as tumor suppressors or oncogenes are also found to be able to modulate anti-tumor immunity or link the crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells surrounding. Based on the specific regulating function, miRNAs can be used as predictive, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets in immunotherapy. Here, we review new findings about the role of miRNAs in modulating immune responses, as well as discuss mechanisms underlying their dysregulation, and their clinical potentials as indicators of tumor prognosis or to sensitize cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xia
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhangjuan Xie
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mengxia Jiao
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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14
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Lone SN, Bhat AA, Wani NA, Karedath T, Hashem S, Nisar S, Singh M, Bagga P, Das BC, Bedognetti D, Reddy R, Frenneaux MP, El-Rifai W, Siddiqi MA, Haris M, Macha MA. miRNAs as novel immunoregulators in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 124:3-14. [PMID: 33926791 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a well-known vital regulator of tumor growth, and one of the main hallmarks of cancer is evading the immune system. Immune system deregulation can lead to immune surveillance evasion, sustained cancer growth, proliferation, and metastasis. Tumor-mediated disruption of the immune system is accomplished by different mechanisms that involve extensive crosstalk with the immediate microenvironment, which includes endothelial cells, immune cells, and stromal cells, to create a favorable tumor niche that facilitates the development of cancer. The essential role of non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) in the mechanism of cancer cell immune evasion has been highlighted in recent studies. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate a wide range of post-transcriptional gene expression in a cell. Recent studies have focused on the function that miRNAs play in controlling the expression of target proteins linked to immune modulation. Studies show that miRNAs modulate the immune response in cancers by regulating the expression of different immune-modulatory molecules associated with immune effector cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells, as well as those present in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review explores the relationship between miRNAs, their altered patterns of expression in tumors, immune modulation, and the functional control of a wide range of immune cells, thereby offering detailed insights on the crosstalk of tumor-immune cells and their use as prognostic markers or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saife N Lone
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nissar A Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Sheema Hashem
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (BRAIRCH), AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bhudev Chandra Das
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunogenomics, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mushtaq A Siddiqi
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.
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15
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Opejin A, Surnov A, Misulovin Z, Pherson M, Gross C, Iberg CA, Fallahee I, Bourque J, Dorsett D, Hawiger D. A Two-Step Process of Effector Programming Governs CD4 + T Cell Fate Determination Induced by Antigenic Activation in the Steady State. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108424. [PMID: 33238127 PMCID: PMC7714042 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various processes induce and maintain immune tolerance, but effector T cells still arise under minimal perturbations of homeostasis through unclear mechanisms. We report that, contrary to the model postulating primarily tolerogenic mechanisms initiated under homeostatic conditions, effector programming is an integral part of T cell fate determination induced by antigenic activation in the steady state. This effector programming depends on a two-step process starting with induction of effector precursors that express Hopx and are imprinted with multiple instructions for their subsequent terminal effector differentiation. Such molecular circuits advancing specific terminal effector differentiation upon re-stimulation include programmed expression of interferon-γ, whose production then promotes expression of T-bet in the precursors. We further show that effector programming coincides with regulatory conversion among T cells sharing the same antigen specificity. However, conventional type 2 dendritic cells (cDC2) and T cell functions of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) increase effector precursor induction while decreasing the proportion of T cells that can become peripheral Foxp3+ regulatory T (pTreg) cells. The mechanisms in the steady state that govern the formation of effector T cells with potentially autoimmune functions remain unclear. Opejin et al. reveal a two-step process starting with induction of effector precursors that express Hopx and are imprinted with multiple instructions for their subsequent terminal effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleye Opejin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexey Surnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ziva Misulovin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle Pherson
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy Gross
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney A Iberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ian Fallahee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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16
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Schipper J, Westerhuis JJ, Beddows I, Madaj Z, Monsma D, Hostetter G, Kiupel M, Conejo-Garcia JR, Sempere LF. Loss of microRNA-21 leads to profound stromal remodeling and short survival in K-Ras-driven mouse models of pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2265-2278. [PMID: 32388866 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of pancreatic cancer adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly desmoplastic with distinct tumor-restraining and tumor-promoting fibroblast subpopulations. Re-education rather than indiscriminate elimination of these fibroblasts has emerged as a new strategy for combination therapy. Here, we studied the effects of global loss of profibrotic noncoding regulatory microRNA-21 (miR-21) in K-Ras-driven p53-deleted genetically engineered mouse models of PDAC. Strikingly, loss of miR-21 accelerated tumor initiation via mucinous cystic neoplastic lesions and progression to locally advanced invasive carcinoma from which animals precipitously succumbed at an early age. The absence of tumor-restraining myofibroblasts and a massive infiltrate of immune cells were salient phenotypic features of global miR-21 loss. Stromal miR-21 activity was required for induction of tumor-restraining myofibroblasts in in vivo isograft transplantation experiments. Low miR-21 expression negatively correlated with a fibroblast gene expression signature and positively with an immune cell gene expression signature in The Cancer Genome Atlas PDAC data set (n = 156) mirroring findings in the mouse models. Our results exposed an overall tumor-suppressive function of miR-21 in in vivo PDAC models. These results have important clinical implications for anti-miR-21-based inhibitory therapeutic approaches under consideration for PDAC and other cancer types. Mechanistic dissection of the cell-intrinsic role of miR-21 in cancer-associated fibroblasts and other cell types will be needed to inform best strategies for pharmacological modulation of miR-21 activity to remodel the tumor microenvironment and enhance treatment response in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Schipper
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Ian Beddows
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Zach Madaj
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - David Monsma
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lorenzo F Sempere
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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17
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Sahraei M, Chaube B, Liu Y, Sun J, Kaplan A, Price NL, Ding W, Oyaghire S, García-Milian R, Mehta S, Reshetnyak YK, Bahal R, Fiorina P, Glazer PM, Rimm DL, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Suppressing miR-21 activity in tumor-associated macrophages promotes an antitumor immune response. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5518-5536. [PMID: 31710308 PMCID: PMC6877327 DOI: 10.1172/jci127125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNA-21 (miR-21) is the most commonly upregulated miRNA in solid tumors. This cancer-associated microRNA (oncomiR) regulates various downstream effectors associated with tumor pathogenesis during all stages of carcinogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the function of miR-21 in noncancer cells of the tumor microenvironment to further evaluate its contribution to tumor progression. We report that the expression of miR-21 in cells of the tumor immune infiltrate, and in particular in macrophages, was responsible for promoting tumor growth. Absence of miR-21 expression in tumor- associated macrophages (TAMs), caused a global rewiring of their transcriptional regulatory network that was skewed toward a proinflammatory angiostatic phenotype. This promoted an antitumoral immune response characterized by a macrophage-mediated improvement of cytotoxic T-cell responses through the induction of cytokines and chemokines, including IL-12 and C-X-C motif chemokine 10. These effects translated to a reduction in tumor neovascularization and an induction of tumor cell death that led to decreased tumor growth. Additionally, using the carrier peptide pH (low) insertion peptide, we were able to target miR-21 in TAMs, which decreased tumor growth even under conditions where miR-21 expression was deficient in cancer cells. Consequently, miR-21 inhibition in TAMs induced an angiostatic and immunostimulatory activation with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Sahraei
- Department of Comparative Medicine.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT).,Department of Pathology
| | - Balkrishna Chaube
- Department of Comparative Medicine.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT).,Department of Pathology
| | | | - Jonathan Sun
- Department of Comparative Medicine.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT).,Department of Pathology
| | | | - Nathan L Price
- Department of Comparative Medicine.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT).,Department of Pathology
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Comparative Medicine.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT).,Department of Pathology
| | | | | | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Department of Comparative Medicine.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT).,Department of Pathology
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Department of Comparative Medicine.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism (ICSNM).,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT).,Department of Pathology
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18
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Wells AC, Pobezinskaya EL, Pobezinsky LA. Non-coding RNAs in CD8 T cell biology. Mol Immunol 2020; 120:67-73. [PMID: 32085976 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8 T cells are among the most vigorous soldiers of the immune system that fight viral infections and cancer. CD8 T cell development, maintenance, activation and differentiation are under the tight control of multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional networks. Over the last two decades it has become clear that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), have emerged as global biological regulators. While our understanding of the function of specific miRNAs has increased since the discovery of RNA interference, it is still very limited, and the field of lncRNAs is just starting to blossom. Here we will summarize our knowledge on the role of ncRNAs in CD8 T cell biology, including differentiation into memory and exhausted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria C Wells
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States.
| | - Elena L Pobezinskaya
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
| | - Leonid A Pobezinsky
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
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19
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circRIP2 accelerates bladder cancer progression via miR-1305/Tgf-β2/smad3 pathway. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:23. [PMID: 32019579 PMCID: PMC6998850 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidences indicate that circular RNAs exert critical function in regulating bladder cancer progression. However, the expressive patterns and roles of circular RNAs in bladder cancer remain less investigated. Methods circRIP2 was identified and evaluated by RNA-sequencing and qPCR; in vitro effects of circRIP2 were determined by CCK8, clone forming, wound healing and trans-well assays; while mice subcutaneous tumor model was designed for in vivo analysis. Western blot, RNA pulldown assay, miRNA capture and dual luciferase assessment were applied for mechanistic studies. Results circRIP2 was identified as a conserved and dramatically repressed circular RNA in bladder cancer. Patients that displayed higher circRIP2 expression negatively associate with the grade, stage, metastasis as well as outcome of bladder cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that circRIP2 enables to promote bladder cancer progression via inducing EMT. Regarding the mechanism, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis, RNA pulldown with biotin-labeled circRIP2-specific probe, dual luciferase reporter assay. It was found that circRIP2 enables to sponge miR-1305 to elevate Tgf-β2 in bladder cancer, and inducing EMT via Tgf-β2/smad3 pathway. Blocking Tgf-β2 in bladder cancer deprives circRIP2 induced cancer progression and EMT. Conclusions Taken together, our study provides the first evidence that circRIP2 expresses differentially in bladder cancer and negatively along with the cancer progression; effective circRIP2 activity accelerates bladder cancer progression via inducing EMT by activating miR-1305/Tgf-β2/smad3 pathway. The research implies that circRIP2 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer patients.
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20
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Li J, Lv H, Che YQ. Long non-coding RNA Gas5 potentiates the effects of microRNA-21 downregulation in response to ischaemic brain injury. Neuroscience 2020; 437:87-97. [PMID: 31982471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain ischaemia, which can cause severe nerve injury, is a global health challenge. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth-arrest specific 5 (Gas5) has been documented to exert tumour suppressive effects in several cancers. However, its role in cerebrovascular disease still requires further investigation. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the role of lncRNA regulatory signalling related to lncRNA Gas5 in ischaemic brain injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was employed as a model of ischaemic brain injury in rats. The expression of lncRNA Gas5 and microRNA-21 (miR-21) was altered in neurons to elucidate their effects in ischaemic brain injury and to identify the interactions among lncRNA Gas5, miR-21 and Pten. The neuronal survival rate, apoptosis and the expression of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway-related genes were also evaluated in vitro to determine the effects of lncRNA Gas5. In the brains of rats subjected to MCAO, the expression of lncRNA Gas5 and Pten was upregulated, while miR-21 was downregulated. LncRNA Gas5 inhibited miR-21 expression, leading to elevated levels of Pten. In vitro experiments revealed that lncRNA Gas5 depletion and miR-21 elevation resulted in the suppression of neuronal apoptosis, thus promoting neuronal survival via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. These findings demonstrate that lncRNA Gas5 increases miR-21 and activates Pten, contributing to the development of ischaemic brain injury, supporting the silencing of lncRNA Gas5 as a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of ischaemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, PR China
| | - Hui Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, PR China
| | - Yu-Qin Che
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, PR China.
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21
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Gjorgjieva M, Sobolewski C, Dolicka D, Correia de Sousa M, Foti M. miRNAs and NAFLD: from pathophysiology to therapy. Gut 2019; 68:2065-2079. [PMID: 31300518 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-318146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a thorough reprogramming of hepatic metabolism. Epigenetic mechanisms, in particular those associated with deregulation of the expressions and activities of microRNAs (miRNAs), play a major role in metabolic disorders associated with NAFLD and their progression towards more severe stages of the disease. In this review, we discuss the recent progress addressing the role of the many facets of complex miRNA regulatory networks in the development and progression of NAFLD. The basic concepts and mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation as well as the various setbacks encountered in basic and translational research in this field are debated. miRNAs identified so far, whose expressions/activities are deregulated in NAFLD, and which contribute to the outcomes of this pathology are further reviewed. Finally, the potential therapeutic usages in a short to medium term of miRNA-based strategies in NAFLD, in particular to identify non-invasive biomarkers, or to design pharmacological analogues/inhibitors having a broad range of actions on hepatic metabolism, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gjorgjieva
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dobrochna Dolicka
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marta Correia de Sousa
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Clément S, Sobolewski C, Gomes D, Rojas A, Goossens N, Conzelmann S, Calo N, Negro F, Foti M. Activation of the oncogenic miR-21-5p promotes HCV replication and steatosis induced by the viral core 3a protein. Liver Int 2019; 39:1226-1236. [PMID: 30938910 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS miR-21-5p is a potent oncogenic microRNA targeting many key tumour suppressors including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). We recently identified PTEN as a key factor modulated by hepatitis C virus (HCV) to promote virion egress. In hepatocytes, expression of HCV-3a core protein was sufficient to downregulate PTEN and to trigger lipid droplet accumulation. Here, we investigated whether HCV controls PTEN expression through miR-21-5p-dependent mechanisms to trigger steatosis in hepatocytes and to promote HCV life cycle. METHODS MiR-21-5p expression in HCV-infected patients was evaluated by transcriptome meta-analysis. HCV replication and viral particle production were investigated in Jc1-infected Huh-7 cells after miR-21-5p inhibition. PTEN expression and steatosis were assessed in HCV-3a core protein-expressing Huh-7 cells and in mouse primary hepatocytes having miR-21-5p inhibited or genetically deleted respectively. HCV-3a core-induced steatosis was assessed in vivo in Mir21a knockout mice. RESULTS MiR-21-5p expression was significantly increased in hepatic tissues from HCV-infected patients. Infection by HCV-Jc1, or transduction with HCV-3a core, upregulated miR-21-5p expression and/or activity in Huh-7 cells. miR-21-5p inhibition decreased HCV replication and release of infectious virions by Huh-7 cells. HCV-3a core-induced PTEN downregulation and steatosis were further prevented in Huh-7 cells following miR-21-5p inhibition or in Mir21a knockout mouse primary hepatocytes. Finally, steatosis induction by AAV8-mediated HCV-3a core expression was reduced in vivo in Mir21a knockout mice. CONCLUSION MiR-21-5p activation by HCV is a key molecular step, promoting both HCV life cycle and HCV-3a core-induced steatosis and may be among the molecular changes induced by HCV-3a to promote carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Clément
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diana Gomes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Rojas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Conzelmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Calo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Tang S, Liu B, Liu J, Wang J, Wang Y. A protein-mRNA feedback exists in miR-21-associated E-selectin expression. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:580-584. [PMID: 30633612 PMCID: PMC7500700 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1564082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study whether miR-21, an oncogene associated with lung tumorigenesis, affects immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cancer immune-related 786 mRNA expression was compared in lung tissue from wild-type and miR-21 knock-in mice using NanoString technology. The significantly changed genes were verified using real-time PCR. E-Selectin (Sele) was subsequently identified for further examination using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot in the same lung tissue. The mouse Sele 3'untranslated region (3'-UTR) was searched to identify a miR-21 matching sequence. The Sele level in miR-21 mimic transfected mouse lung bronchial epithelial (LBE) cells was examined. RESULTS We unexpectedly found that the Sele mRNA level significantly increased but the protein level significantly decreased in the lung tissue of miR-21 knock-in mice compared to the mRNA/protein levels in the lung tissue of wild-type mice. The mouse Sele 3'-UTR contains the key sequence that can be targeted by miR-21. The Sele levels decreased in mouse LBE cells after miR-21 mimic transfection. CONCLUSION Sele is a potential miR-21 target. The opposing Sele levels at mRNA and protein suggest a feedback-regulation from protein to mRNA. The feedback-regulation in miR-21-suppressed gene expression indicates that we should carefully evaluate any data from mRNA array since they may not reflect real protein expression status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Bailong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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24
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He W, Xu J, Huang Z, Zhang J, Dong L. MiRNAs in cancer therapy: focusing on their bi-directional roles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41544-019-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Rodríguez-Galán A, Fernández-Messina L, Sánchez-Madrid F. Control of Immunoregulatory Molecules by miRNAs in T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2148. [PMID: 30319616 PMCID: PMC6167432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MiRNA targeting of key immunoregulatory molecules fine-tunes the immune response. This mechanism boosts or dampens immune functions to preserve homeostasis while supporting the full development of effector functions. MiRNA expression changes during T cell activation, highlighting that their function is constrained by a specific spatiotemporal frame related to the signals that induce T cell-based effector functions. Here, we update the state of the art regarding the miRNAs that are differentially expressed during T cell stimulation. We also revisit the existing data on miRNA function in T cell activation, with a special focus on the modulation of the most relevant immunoregulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez-Galán
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Fernández-Messina
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Yang Q, Cao W, Wang Z, Zhang B, Liu J. Regulation of cancer immune escape: The roles of miRNAs in immune checkpoint proteins. Cancer Lett 2018; 431:73-84. [PMID: 29800685 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) are regulators of immune system. The ICP dysregulation silences the host immune response to cancer-specific antigens, contributing to the occurrence and progress of various cancers. MiRNAs are regulatory molecules and function in mRNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs that modulate the immunity via ICPs have received increasing attention. Many studies have shown that the expressions of ICPs are directly or indirectly repressed by miRNAs in multiple types of cancers. MiRNAs are also subject to regulation by ICPs. In this review, recent studies of the relationship between miRNAs and ICPs (including the PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, ICOS, B7-1, B7-2, B7-H2, B7-H3, CD27, CD70, CD40, and CD40L) in cancer immune escape are comprehensively discussed, which provide critical detailed mechanistic insights into the functions of the miRNA-ICP axes and their effects on immune escape, and will be beneficial for the potential applications of immune checkpoint therapy and miRNA-based guidance for personalized medicine as well as for predicting the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China; School of Medical Laboratory, Shao Yang University, Hunan Province, 422000, China
| | - Wenjie Cao
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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27
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MicroRNA-Based Drugs for Brain Tumors. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:222-238. [PMID: 29506672 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulatory elements encoded by the genome. A single miRNA can downregulate the expression of multiple genes involved in diverse functions. Because cancer is a disease with multiple gene aberrations, developing novel approaches to identify and modulate miRNA pathways may result in a breakthrough for cancer treatment. With a special focus on glioblastoma (GBM), this review provides an up-to-date summary of miRNA biogenesis, the role of miRNA in cancer resistance, and essential tools for modulating miRNA expression, as well as of clinically promising RNAi delivery systems and how they can be adapted for therapy.
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28
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Rothschild DE, McDaniel DK, Ringel-Scaia VM, Allen IC. Modulating inflammation through the negative regulation of NF-κB signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:10.1002/JLB.3MIR0817-346RRR. [PMID: 29389019 PMCID: PMC6135699 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-346rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system activation is essential to thwart the invasion of pathogens and respond appropriately to tissue damage. However, uncontrolled inflammation can result in extensive collateral damage underlying a diverse range of auto-inflammatory, hyper-inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. The NF-κB signaling pathway lies at the heart of the immune system and functions as a master regulator of gene transcription. Thus, this signaling cascade is heavily targeted by mechanisms designed to attenuate overzealous inflammation and promote resolution. Mechanisms associated with the negative regulation of NF-κB signaling are currently under intense investigation and have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms that negatively regulate NF-κB signaling through either attenuation of signal transduction, inhibition of posttranscriptional signaling, or interference with posttranslational modifications of key pathway components. While the regulators discussed for each group are far from comprehensive, they exemplify common mechanistic approaches that inhibit this critical biochemical signaling cascade. Despite their diversity, a commonality among these regulators is their selection of specific targets at key inflection points in the pathway, such as TNF-receptor-associated factor family members or essential kinases. A better understanding of these negative regulatory mechanisms will be essential to gain greater insight related to the maintenance of immune system homeostasis and inflammation resolution. These processes are vital elements of disease pathology and have important implications for targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Rothschild
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061
| | - Dylan K. McDaniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061
| | - Veronica M. Ringel-Scaia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
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29
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Tao H, Zhang JG, Qin RH, Dai C, Shi P, Yang JJ, Deng ZY, Shi KH. LncRNA GAS5 controls cardiac fibroblast activation and fibrosis by targeting miR-21 via PTEN/MMP-2 signaling pathway. Toxicology 2017; 386:11-18. [PMID: 28526319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in many diseases including cardiac fibrosis. LncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) is reported as a significant mediator in the control of cell proliferation and growth; however, the role and function in cardiac fibrosis remain unknown. In this study, we confirmed that GAS5 was lowly expressed in cardiac fibrosis tissues as well as activated cardiac fibroblast. Overexpression of GAS5 inhibited the proliferation of cardiac fibroblast. Moreover, microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been reported to be overexpressed in cardiac fibrosis tissues as well as activated cardiac fibroblast, which is responsible for the progression of cardiac fibrosis. We found that up-regulated GAS5 decreased the expression of miR-21 significantly. Furthermore, GAS5 that upregulated or downregulated the expression of PTEN through miR-21 in cardiac fibroblasts. Taken together, GAS5 plays a suppressive role in cardiac fibrosis via negative regulation of miR-21. These results indicated that GAS5 may be a novel therapeutic target for further research of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jia-Gui Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Run-He Qin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chen Dai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China, China
| | - Zi-Yu Deng
- Department of Scientific, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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