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An In Vitro Investigation into Cryoablation and Adjunctive Cryoablation/Chemotherapy Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Using the PANC-1 Cell Line. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020450. [PMID: 35203660 PMCID: PMC8962332 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to grow, so does the need for new strategies for treatment. One such area being evaluated is cryoablation. While promising, studies remain limited and questions surrounding basic dosing (minimal lethal temperature) coupled with technological issues associated with accessing PDAC tumors and tumor proximity to vasculature and bile ducts, among others, have limited the use of cryoablation. Additionally, as chemotherapy remains the first-line of attack for PDAC, there is limited information on the impact of combining freezing with chemotherapy. As such, this study investigated the in vitro response of a PDAC cell line to freezing, chemotherapy, and the combination of chemotherapy pre-treatment and freezing. PANC-1 cells and PANC-1 tumor models were exposed to cryoablation (freezing insult) and compared to non-frozen controls. Additionally, PANC-1 cells were exposed to varying sub-clinical doses of gemcitabine or oxaliplatin alone and in combination with freezing. The results show that freezing to −10 °C did not affect viability, whereas −15 °C and −20 °C resulted in a reduction in 1 day post-freeze viability to 85% and 20%, respectively, though both recovered to controls by day 7. A complete cell loss was found following a single freeze below −25 °C. The combination of 100 nM gemcitabine (1.1 mg/m2) pre-treatment and a single freeze at −15 °C resulted in near-complete cell death (<5% survival) over the 7-day assessment interval. The combination of 8.8 µM oxaliplatin (130 mg/m2) pre-treatment and a single −15 °C freeze resulted in a similar trend of increased PANC-1 cell death. In summary, these in vitro results suggest that freezing alone to temperatures in the range of −25 °C results in a high degree of PDAC destruction. Further, the data support a potential combinatorial chemo/cryo-therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PDAC. These results suggest that a reduction in chemotherapeutic dose may be possible when offered in combination with freezing for the treatment of PDAC.
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Gerstmeier J, Possmayer AL, Bozkurt S, Hoffmann ME, Dikic I, Herold-Mende C, Burger MC, Münch C, Kögel D, Linder B. Calcitriol Promotes Differentiation of Glioma Stem-Like Cells and Increases Their Susceptibility to Temozolomide. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143577. [PMID: 34298790 PMCID: PMC8303292 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells with a stem-like phenotype that are thought to be highly tumorigenic are commonly described in glioblastoma, the most common primary adult brain cancer. This phenotype comprises high self-renewal capacity and resistance against chemotherapy and radiation therapy, thereby promoting tumor progression and disease relapse. Here, we show that calcitriol, the hormonally active form of the “sun hormone” vitamin D3, effectively suppresses stemness properties in glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), supporting the hypothesis that calcitriol sensitizes them to additional chemotherapy. Indeed, a physiological organotypic brain slice model was used to monitor tumor growth of GSCs, and the effectiveness of combined treatment with temozolomide, the current standard-of-care, and calcitriol was proven. These findings indicate that further research on applying calcitriol, a well-known and safe drug, as a potential adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma is both justified and necessary. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor, with a very high rate of recurrence and a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis. Abundant evidence suggests that a certain sub-population of cancer cells harbors a stem-like phenotype and is likely responsible for disease recurrence, treatment resistance and potentially even for the infiltrative growth of GBM. GBM incidence has been negatively correlated with the serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3, while the low pH within tumors has been shown to promote the expression of the vitamin D3-degrading enzyme 24-hydroxylase, encoded by the CYP24A1 gene. Therefore, we hypothesized that calcitriol can specifically target stem-like glioblastoma cells and induce their differentiation. Here, we show, using in vitro limiting dilution assays, quantitative real-time PCR, quantitative proteomics and ex vivo adult organotypic brain slice transplantation cultures, that therapeutic doses of calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, reduce stemness to varying extents in a panel of investigated GSC lines, and that it effectively hinders tumor growth of responding GSCs ex vivo. We further show that calcitriol synergizes with Temozolomide ex vivo to completely eliminate some GSC tumors. These findings indicate that calcitriol carries potential as an adjuvant therapy for a subgroup of GBM patients and should be analyzed in more detail in follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gerstmeier
- Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.G.); (A.-L.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Anna-Lena Possmayer
- Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.G.); (A.-L.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Süleyman Bozkurt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Marina E. Hoffmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Michael C. Burger
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University Hospital, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Christian Münch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.B.); (M.E.H.); (I.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Donat Kögel
- Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.G.); (A.-L.P.); (D.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium DKTK Partner Site Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Linder
- Neuroscience Center, Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.G.); (A.-L.P.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-6930
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Alkhalifa H, Mohammed F, Taurin S, Greish K, Taha S, Fredericks S. Inhibition of aquaporins as a potential adjunct to breast cancer cryotherapy. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:458. [PMID: 33907568 PMCID: PMC8063341 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryoablation is an emerging type of treatment for cancer. The sensitization of tumors using cryosensitizing agents prior to treatment enhances ablation efficiency and may improve clinical outcomes. Water efflux, which is regulated by aquaporin channels, contributes to cancer cell damage achieved through cryoablation. An increase in aquaporin (AQP) 3 is cryoprotective, whereas its inhibition augments cryodamage. The present study aimed to investigate aquaporin (AQP1, AQP3 and AQP5) gene expression and cellular localization in response to cryoinjury. Cultured breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were exposed to freezing to induce cryoinjury. RNA and protein extracts were then analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Localization of aquaporins was studied using immunocytochemistry. Additionally, cells were transfected with small interfering RNA to silence aquaporin gene expression and cell viability was assessed using the Sulforhodamine B assay. Cryoinjury did not influence gene expression of AQPs, except for a 4-fold increase of AQP1 expression in MDA-MD-231 cells. There were no clear differences in AQP protein expression for either cell lines upon exposure to frozen and non-frozen temperatures, with the exception of fainter AQP5 bands for non-frozen MCF-7 cells. The exposure of cancer cells to freezing temperatures altered the localization of AQP1 and AQP3 proteins in both MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231 cells. The silencing of AQP1, AQP3 and AQP5 exacerbated MDA-MD-231 cell damage associated with freezing compared with control siRNA. This was also observed with AQP3 and AQP5 silencing in MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of aquaporins may potentially enhance cryoinjury. This cryosensitizing process may be used as an adjunct to breast cancer cryotherapy, especially in the border area targeted by cryoablation where freezing temperatures are not cold enough to induce cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Alkhalifa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Kingdom of Bahrain
- Department of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Mohammed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Segaya, Manama 328, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Khaled Greish
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Segaya, Manama 328, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Safa Taha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Segaya, Manama 328, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Salim Fredericks
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Kingdom of Bahrain
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Negri M, Gentile A, de Angelis C, Montò T, Patalano R, Colao A, Pivonello R, Pivonello C. Vitamin D-Induced Molecular Mechanisms to Potentiate Cancer Therapy and to Reverse Drug-Resistance in Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061798. [PMID: 32560347 PMCID: PMC7353389 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing interest in studying the role of vitamin D in cancer has been provided by the scientific literature during the last years, although mixed results have been reported. Vitamin D deficiency has been largely associated with various types of solid and non-solid human cancers, and the almost ubiquitous expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) has always led to suppose a crucial role of vitamin D in cancer. However, the association between vitamin D levels and the risk of solid cancers, such as colorectal, prostate and breast cancer, shows several conflicting results that raise questions about the use of vitamin D supplements in cancer patients. Moreover, studies on vitamin D supplementation do not always show improvements in tumor progression and mortality risk, particularly for prostate and breast cancer. Conversely, several molecular studies are in agreement about the role of vitamin D in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, growth and invasiveness, cell cycle arrest and inflammatory signaling, through which vitamin D may also regulate cancer microenvironment through the activation of different molecular pathways. More recently, a role in the regulation of cancer stem cells proliferation and short non-coding microRNA (miRNAs) expression has emerged, conferring to vitamin D a more crucial role in cancer development and progression. Interestingly, it has been shown that vitamin D is able not only to potentiate the effects of traditional cancer therapy but can even contribute to overcome the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance—often triggering tumor-spreading. At this regard, vitamin D can act at various levels through the regulation of growth of cancer stem cells and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as through the modulation of miRNA gene expression. The current review reconsiders epidemiological and molecular literature concerning the role of vitamin D in cancer risk and tumor development and progression, as well as the action of vitamin D supplementation in potentiating the effects of drug therapy and overcoming the mechanisms of resistance often triggered during cancer therapies, by critically addressing strengths and weaknesses of available data from 2010 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Annalisa Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Cristina de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Tatiana Montò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberta Patalano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.N.); (A.G.); (C.d.A.); (T.M.); (R.P.); (A.C.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Baust JG, Snyder KK, Santucci KL, Robilotto AT, Van Buskirk RG, Baust JM. Cryoablation: physical and molecular basis with putative immunological consequences. Int J Hyperthermia 2020; 36:10-16. [PMID: 31795837 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1647355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryoablation (CA) is unique as the singular energy deprivation therapy that impacts all cellular processes. CA is independent of cell cycle stage and degree of cellular stemness. Importantly, CA is typically applied as a non-repetitive (single session) treatment that does not support adaptative mutagenesis as do many repetitive therapies. CA is characterized by the launch of multiple forms of cell death including (a) ice-related physical damage, (b) initiation of cellular stress responses (kill switch activation) and launch of necrosis and apoptosis, (c) vascular stasis, and (d) likely activation of ablative immune responses. CA is not without limitation related to the thermal gradient formed between cryoprobe surface (∼-185°C) and the distal surface of the freeze zone (∼0°C) requiring freeze margin extension beyond the tumor boundary (up to ∼1 cm). This limitation is mitigated in part by commonly applied dual freeze thaw cycles and the use of freeze sensitizing adjuvants. This review will (1) identify the cascade of damaging effects of the freeze-thaw process, its physical and molecular-based relationships, (2) a likely immunological involvement (abscopic effect), and (3) explore the use of freeze-sensitizing adjuvants necessary to limit freezing beyond the tumor margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Baust
- State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Santucci KL, Baust JM, Snyder KK, Van Buskirk RG, Katz A, Corcoran A, Baust JG. Investigation of Bladder Cancer Cell Response to Cryoablation and Adjunctive Cisplatin Based Cryo/Chemotherapy. CLINICAL RESEARCH (MILPITAS, CALIF.) 2020; 6. [PMID: 35128225 PMCID: PMC8813088 DOI: 10.16966/2469-6714.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to a rising annual incidence of bladder cancer, there is a growing need for development of new strategies for treatment. In 2018, the World Cancer Research Fund and other groups reported that there were ~550,000 new cases worldwide of bladder cancer. It has been further estimated that >200,000 individuals die annually from bladder cancer worldwide. Various treatment options exist. However, many if not all remain suboptimal. While the preferred chemotherapeutic options have changed in the past few years there have been few advances in the bladder cancer medical device field. Cryoablation is now being evaluated as a new option for the treatment of bladder cancer. While several studies have shown cryoablation to be promising for the treatment of bladder cancer, a lack of basic information pertaining to dosing (minimal lethal temperature) necessary to destroy bladder cancer has limited its use as a primary therapeutic option. Concerns with bladder wall perforation and other side effects have also slowed adoption. In an effort to detail the effects of freezing on bladder cancer, two human bladder cancer cell lines, SCaBER and UMUC3, were evaluated in vitro. SCaBER, a basal subtype of muscle invasive bladder cancer, and UMUC3, an intermediate transitional cell carcinoma, are both difficult to treat but are reportedly responsive to most conventional treatments. SCaBER and UMUC3 cells were exposed to a range of freezing temperatures from −10 to −25°C and compared to non-frozen controls. The data show that a single 5 minute freeze to −10°C did not affect cell viability, whereas −15°C and −20°C results in a significant reduction in viability 1 day post freeze to <20%. These populations, however, were able to recover in culture. A complete loss of cell viability was found following a single freeze at −25°C. Application of a repeat (double) freeze resulted in complete cell death at −20°C. In addition to freezing alone, studies investigating the impact of adjunctive low dose (1 μM) cisplatin pre-treatment (30 minutes and 24 hours) in combination with freezing were conducted. The combination of 30 minute cisplatin pre-treatment and mild (−15°C) freezing resulted in complete cell death. This suggests that subclinical doses of cisplatin may be synergistically effective when combined with freezing. In summary, these in vitro results suggest that freezing to temperatures in the range of −20 to 25°C results in a high degree of bladder cancer cell destruction. Further, the data describe a potential combinatorial chemo/cryo therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert G Van Buskirk
- CPSI Biotech, Owego, USA.,Center for Translational Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Binghamton University, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, USA
| | - Aaron Katz
- Department of Urology, NYU Winthrop Hospital, US
| | | | - John G Baust
- Center for Translational Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Binghamton University, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, USA
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Baust JM, Rabin Y, Polascik TJ, Santucci KL, Snyder KK, Van Buskirk RG, Baust JG. Defeating Cancers' Adaptive Defensive Strategies Using Thermal Therapies: Examining Cancer's Therapeutic Resistance, Ablative, and Computational Modeling Strategies as a means for Improving Therapeutic Outcome. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818762207. [PMID: 29566612 PMCID: PMC5871056 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818762207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse thermal ablative therapies are currently in use for the treatment of cancer. Commonly applied with the intent to cure, these ablative therapies are providing promising success rates similar to and often exceeding "gold standard" approaches. Cancer-curing prospects may be enhanced by deeper understanding of thermal effects on cancer cells and the hosting tissue, including the molecular mechanisms of cancer cell mutations, which enable resistance to therapy. Furthermore, thermal ablative therapies may benefit from recent developments in computer hardware and computation tools for planning, monitoring, visualization, and education. METHODS Recent discoveries in cancer cell resistance to destruction by apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis are now providing an understanding of the strategies used by cancer cells to avoid destruction by immunologic surveillance. Further, these discoveries are now providing insight into the success of the diverse types of ablative therapies utilized in the clinical arena today and into how they directly and indirectly overcome many of the cancers' defensive strategies. Additionally, the manner in which minimally invasive thermal therapy is enabled by imaging, which facilitates anatomical features reconstruction, insertion guidance of thermal probes, and strategic placement of thermal sensors, plays a critical role in the delivery of effective ablative treatment. RESULTS The thermal techniques discussed include radiofrequency, microwave, high-intensity focused ultrasound, laser, and cryosurgery. Also discussed is the development of thermal adjunctive therapies-the combination of drug and thermal treatments-which provide new and more effective combinatorial physical and molecular-based approaches for treating various cancers. Finally, advanced computational and planning tools are also discussed. CONCLUSION This review lays out the various molecular adaptive mechanisms-the hallmarks of cancer-responsible for therapeutic resistance, on one hand, and how various ablative therapies, including both heating- and freezing-based strategies, overcome many of cancer's defenses, on the other hand, thereby enhancing the potential for curative approaches for various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Baust
- 1 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA.,2 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Yoed Rabin
- 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Polascik
- 4 Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly L Santucci
- 1 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA.,2 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Kristi K Snyder
- 1 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA.,2 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Van Buskirk
- 1 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA.,2 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,5 Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - John G Baust
- 2 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,5 Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Santucci KL, Baust JM, Snyder KK, Van Buskirk RG, Baust JG. Dose Escalation of Vitamin D 3 Yields Similar Cryosurgical Outcome to Single Dose Exposure in a Prostate Cancer Model. Cancer Control 2018; 25:1073274818757418. [PMID: 29480024 PMCID: PMC5933822 DOI: 10.1177/1073274818757418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is an effective adjunctive agent, enhancing the destructive effects of freezing in prostate cancer cryoablation studies. We investigated whether dose escalation of VD3 over several weeks, to model the increase in physiological VD3 levels if an oral supplement were prescribed, would be as or more effective than a single treatment 1 to 2 days prior to freezing. PC-3 cells in log phase growth to model aggressive, highly metabolically active prostate cancer were exposed to a gradually increasing dose of VD3 to a final dose of 80 nM over a 4-week period, maintained for 2 weeks at 80 nM, and then exposed to mild sublethal freezing temperatures. Results demonstrate that both acute 24-hour exposure to 80 nM VD3 and dose escalation resulted in enhanced cell death following freezing at −15°C or colder, with no significant differences between the 2 exposure regimes. Apoptotic analysis within the initial 24-hour period postfreeze revealed that VD3 treatment induced both caspase 8- and 9-mediated cell death, most notably in caspase 8 at 8-hour postfreeze. These results indicate that both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are involved in VD3 sensitization prior to freezing. Additionally, both acute and gradual dose escalation regimes of VD3 exposure increase prostate cancer cell sensitivity to mild freezing. Importantly, this study expands upon previous reports and suggests that the combination of VD3 and freezing may offer an effective treatment for both slow growth and highly aggressive prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Santucci
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,2 Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - John M Baust
- 2 Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - Kristi K Snyder
- 2 Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Van Buskirk
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,2 Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - John G Baust
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,2 Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Tay KJ, Schulman AA, Sze C, Tsivian E, Polascik TJ. New advances in focal therapy for early stage prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017. [PMID: 28635336 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1345630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate focal therapy offers men the opportunity to achieve oncological control while preserving sexual and urinary function. The prerequisites for successful focal therapy are to accurately identify, localize and completely ablate the clinically significant cancer(s) within the prostate. We aim to evaluate the evidence for current and upcoming technologies that could shape the future of prostate cancer focal therapy in the next five years. Areas covered: Current literature on advances in patient selection using imaging, biopsy and biomarkers, ablation techniques and adjuvant treatments for focal therapy are summarized. A literature search of major databases was performed using the search terms 'focal therapy', 'focal ablation', 'partial ablation', 'targeted ablation', 'image guided therapy' and 'prostate cancer'. Expert commentary: Advanced radiological tools such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), multiparametric ultrasound (mpUS), prostate-specific-membrane-antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA-PET) represent a revolution in the ability to understand cancer function and biology. Advances in ablative technologies now provide a menu of modalities that can be rationalized based on lesion location, size and perhaps in the near future, pre-determined resistance to therapy. However, these need to be carefully studied to establish their safety and efficacy parameters. Adjuvant strategies to enhance focal ablation are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Jack Tay
- a Department of Urology , Singapore General Hospital, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center , Singapore.,b Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,c Duke Cancer Institute , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Ariel A Schulman
- b Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,c Duke Cancer Institute , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Christina Sze
- b Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,c Duke Cancer Institute , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Efrat Tsivian
- b Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,c Duke Cancer Institute , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Thomas J Polascik
- b Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,c Duke Cancer Institute , Durham , NC , USA
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Baumann KW, Baust JM, Snyder KK, Baust JG, Van Buskirk RG. Characterization of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Thermal Response to Heat Ablation or Cryoablation. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 16:393-405. [PMID: 27340260 DOI: 10.1177/1533034616655658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most lethal carcinomas is pancreatic cancer. As standard treatment using chemotherapy and radiation has shown limited success, thermal regimens (cryotherapy or heat ablation) are emerging as viable alternatives. Although promising, our understanding of pancreatic cancer response to thermal ablation remains limited. In this study, we investigated the thermal responses of 2 pancreatic cancer cell lines in an effort to identify the minimum lethal temperature needed for complete cell death to provide guidance for in vivo applications. PANC-1 and BxPC-3 were frozen (-10°C to -25°C) or heated (45°C-50°C) in single and repeated exposure regimes. Posttreatment survival and recovery were analyzed using alamarBlue assay over a 7-day interval. Modes of cell death were assessed using fluorescence microscopy (calcein acetoxymethyl ester/propidium iodide) and flow cytometry (YO-PRO-1/propidium iodide). Freezing to -10°C resulted in minimal cell death. Exposure to -15°C had a mild impact on PANC-1 survival (93%), whereas BxPC-3 was more severely damaged (33%). Exposure to -20°C caused a significant reduction in viability (PANC-1 = 23%; BxPC-3 = 2%) whereas -25°C yielded complete death. Double freezing exposure was more effective than single exposure. Repeat exposure to -15°C resulted in complete death of BxPC-3, whereas -20°C severely impacted PANC-1 (7%). Heating to 45°C resulted in minimum cell death. Exposure to 48°C yielded a slight increase in cell loss (PANC-1 = 85%; BxPC-3 = 98%). Exposure to 50°C caused a significant decline (PANC-1 = 70%; BxPC-3 = 9%) with continued deterioration to 0%. Double heating to 45°C resulted in similar effects observed in single exposures, whereas repeated 48°C resulted in significant increases in cell death (PANC-1 = 68%; BxPC-3 = 29%). In conclusion, we observed that pancreatic cancer cells were completely destroyed at temperatures <-25°C or >50°C using single thermal exposures. Repeated exposures resulted in increased cell death at less extreme temperatures. Our data suggest that thermal ablation strategies (heat or cryoablation) may represent a viable technique for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Baumann
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - John M Baust
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - Kristi K Snyder
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - John G Baust
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Van Buskirk
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.,3 CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
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11
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Santucci KL, Baust JM, Snyder KK, Van Buskirk RG, Baust JG. Investigation of the Impact of Cell Cycle Stage on Freeze Response Sensitivity of Androgen-Insensitive Prostate Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 15:609-17. [PMID: 27161856 DOI: 10.1177/1533034616648059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryoablation, an effective means of ablating cancer, is often used in conjunction with adjuvants that target cancer cells in a specific cell cycle stage to increase treatment efficacy. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cell cycle stage on cancer freeze response as well as investigate the potential cellular kinetic effect of calcitriol, the active metabolic of vitamin D3, when used as a cryosensitizing adjuvant in order to maximize prostate cancer cell death. METHODS Cell cycle distribution of PC-3 cells was analyzed via flow cytometry to compare gap 1, synthesis, and gap 2/mitosis phase subpopulations pre- and postfreeze as well as changes elicited by calcitriol pretreatment. Distinct gap 1, synthesis, and gap 2/mitosis phase populations were obtained through fluorescence-activated cell sorting and synthesis phase thymidine synchronization. Posttreatment viability was assessed using alamarBlue and fluorescence microscopy to assess live, apoptotic, and necrotic subpopulations. RESULTS A small but statistically significant increase in synthesis phase and decrease in gap 2/mitosis phase populations was noted at 6 hours postfreeze in asynchronous samples. Synchronization in synthesis phase yielded an increase in cell death when combined with freezing to both -15°C and -20°C. Calcitriol pretreatment increased the gap 1 phase population by 20% and a synergistic decrease in viability following freezing. However, gap 1-sorted populations combined with calcitriol treatment did not exhibit this synergistic effect. Fluorescence microscopy of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-sorted cells revealed necrosis as the predominant form of cell death in all phases, though apoptosis did play a role. CONCLUSION Although initial results suggested a potential sensitivity, PC-3 cells exposed to freezing as sorted populations did not reveal significant differences in cell death. As such, the data from this study suggest that there is no difference in cell cycle stage sensitivity to freezing injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Santucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - John M Baust
- Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - Kristi K Snyder
- Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Van Buskirk
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY, USA
| | - John G Baust
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA Institute for Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
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12
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Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:365-408. [PMID: 26681795 PMCID: PMC4839493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1075] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Baust JG, Bischof JC, Jiang-Hughes S, Polascik TJ, Rukstalis DB, Gage AA, Baust JM. Re-purposing cryoablation: a combinatorial 'therapy' for the destruction of tissue. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2015; 18:87-95. [PMID: 25622539 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the tumor microenvironment creates a protective neo-tissue that isolates the tumor from the various defense strategies of the body. Evidence demonstrates that, with successive therapeutic attempts, cancer cells acquire resistance to individual treatment modalities. For example, exposure to cytotoxic drugs results in the survival of approximately 20-30% of the cancer cells as only dividing cells succumb to each toxic exposure. With follow-up treatments, each additional dose results in tumor-associated fibroblasts secreting surface-protective proteins, which enhance cancer cell resistance. Similar outcomes are reported following radiotherapy. These defensive strategies are indicative of evolved capabilities of cancer to assure successful tumor growth through well-established anti-tumor-protective adaptations. As such, successful cancer management requires the activation of multiple cellular 'kill switches' to prevent initiation of diverse protective adaptations. Thermal therapies are unique treatment modalities typically applied as monotherapies (without repetition) thereby denying cancer cells the opportunity to express defensive mutations. Further, the destructive mechanisms of action involved with cryoablation (CA) include both physical and molecular insults resulting in the disruption of multiple defensive strategies that are not cell cycle dependent and adds a damaging structural (physical) element. This review discusses the application and clinical outcomes of CA with an emphasis on the mechanisms of cell death induced by structural, metabolic, vascular and immune processes. The induction of diverse cell death cascades, resulting in the activation of apoptosis and necrosis, allows CA to be characterized as a combinatorial treatment modality. Our understanding of these mechanisms now supports adjunctive therapies that can augment cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Baust
- 1] Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - J C Bischof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S Jiang-Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - T J Polascik
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D B Rukstalis
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - A A Gage
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Medical School, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Phillips JM, Catarinicchia S, Krughoff K, Barqawi AB. Cryotherapy in prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415814521806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Review objectives: Cryotherapy use has increased due to technological advances. A review of the literature was performed to evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of whole gland, salvage and targeted focal cryotherapy in the management of prostate cancer. Review findings: Cryotherapy use has increased significantly over the last 10 years with a trend towards focal ablation. Whole gland cryotherapy, salvage cryotherapy and focal cryotherapy biochemical recurrence rates appear to be comparable to other treatment modalities for low risk disease, however biochemical failure remains difficult to compare across studies due to a lack of consensus regarding appropriate end points for evaluation of cryotherapy. Short-term focal cryotherapy outcomes are encouraging. Side effect profiles for cryotherapy have significantly improved with fourth generation systems while salvage cryotherapy continues to carry a slightly higher risk of incontinence than primary whole gland cryotherapy. The incidence of erectile dysfunction after focal cryotherapy is dramatically lower than that for whole gland ablation. Conclusions: Cryotherapy continues to have an active role in the primary and salvage treatment of prostate cancer. Targeted focal cryotherapy is a promising treatment with minimal morbidity. Further long-term data is needed to support targeted therapy in addition to direct comparison with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Al B Barqawi
- Division of Urology, University of Colorado, USA
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15
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Baust JG, Gage AA, Bjerklund Johansen TE, Baust JM. Mechanisms of cryoablation: clinical consequences on malignant tumors. Cryobiology 2013; 68:1-11. [PMID: 24239684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
While the destructive actions of a cryoablative freeze cycle are long recognized, more recent evidence has revealed a complex set of molecular responses that provides a path for optimization. The importance of optimization relates to the observation that the cryosurgical treatment of tumors yields success only equivalent to alternative therapies. This is also true of all existing therapies of cancer, which while applied with curative intent; provide only disease suppression for periods ranging from months to years. Recent research has led to an important new understanding of the nature of cancer, which has implications for primary therapies, including cryosurgical treatment. We now recognize that a cancer is a highly organized tissue dependent on other supporting cells for its establishment, growth and invasion. Further, cancer stem cells are now recognized as an origin of disease and prove resistant to many treatment modalities. Growth is dependent on endothelial cells essential to blood vessel formation, fibroblasts production of growth factors, and protective functions of cells of the immune system. This review discusses the biology of cancer, which has profound implications for the diverse therapies of the disease, including cryosurgery. We also describe the cryosurgical treatment of diverse cancers, citing results, types of adjunctive therapy intended to improve clinical outcomes, and comment briefly on other energy-based ablative therapies. With an expanded view of tumor complexity we identify those elements key to effective cryoablation and strategies designed to optimize cancer cell mortality with a consideration of the now recognized hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
| | - A A Gage
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Medical School, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | | | - J M Baust
- CPSI Biotech, Owego, NY 13827, United States
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16
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Wolden-Kirk H, Gysemans C, Verstuyf A, Mathieu C. Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:571-94. [PMID: 22877430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of vitamin D receptors in diverse tissues like immune cells, beta-cells in the pancreas, and cardiac myocytes has prompted research to evaluate the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the occurrence of immune diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The expression of receptors not only in normal cells, but also in cancer cells including breast, prostate, and colon cancer cells has moreover opened the path to therapeutic exploitation of vitamin D or its metabolites and hypocalcemic structural analogues as pharmaceutical tools in the fight against chronic non-communicable diseases like diabetes, CVD, and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/metabolism
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- Calcitriol/metabolism
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Dietary Supplements
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Immune System/drug effects
- Immune System/metabolism
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Calcitriol/deficiency
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vitamin D/metabolism
- Vitamin D/therapeutic use
- Vitamin D Deficiency/metabolism
- Vitamin D Deficiency/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wolden-Kirk
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University Leuven (KUL), O&N I Herestraat 49 - bus 902, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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17
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Combination treatments of tumors with thermoablation: principles and review of preclinical studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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