1
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Polymers Inspired by Heparin and Heparan Sulfate for Viral Targeting. Macromolecules 2022; 55:7957-7973. [PMID: 36186574 PMCID: PMC9520969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Hoffmann M, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Glycosaminoglycan Mimetic Precision Glycomacromolecules with Sequence-Defined Sulfation and Rigidity Patterns. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4004-4014. [PMID: 35959886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS) are structurally diverse linear polysaccharides that are involved in many biological processes and have gained interest as antiviral compounds. Their recognition is driven by a complex orchestra of structural parameters that are still under intense investigation. One distinct characteristic is the incorporation of sulfation patterns including highly sulfated and non-sulfated sequences that provide variations in flexibility and conformation, which in turn impact the biological function of sGAGs. However, these distinct features have not yet been fully realized in the synthetic preparation of sGAG mimetics. Here, we present the synthesis of three groups of sulfated glycomacromolecules as sGAG mimetics: (i) globally sulfated glycooligomers, (ii) glycooligomers with sequence-defined sulfation patterns, and (iii) a globally sulfated glycooligomer-oligo-L-proline hybrid structure. The complete synthesis, including chemical sulfation, was conducted on solid support, enabled by the introduction of a commercially available photocleavable linker allowing for the preservation of sensitive sulfates during cleavage of the products. Structures were obtained in good purity and with high degrees of sulfation demonstrating the wide applicability of this methodology to prepare tailor-made sulfated glycomacromolecules and similar sGAG mimetics. Structures were tested for their anticoagulant properties showing activity similar to their natural HS counterpart and significantly lower than HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoffmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Kaczor-Kamińska M, Kamiński K, Wróbel M. Heparan Sulfate, Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB and Sulfur Metabolism Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040678. [PMID: 35453363 PMCID: PMC9026333 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis, type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the N-alpha-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) gene resulting in decreased or absent enzyme activity. On the cellular level, the disorder is characterized by the massive lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate (HS)—one species of glycosaminoglycans. HS is a sulfur-rich macromolecule, and its accumulation should affect the turnover of total sulfur in cells; according to the studies presented here, it, indeed, does. The lysosomal degradation of HS in cells produces monosaccharides and inorganic sulfate (SO42−). Sulfate is a product of L-cysteine metabolism, and any disruption of its levels affects the entire L-cysteine catabolism pathway, which was first reported in 2019. It is known that L-cysteine level is elevated in cells with the Naglu−/− gene mutation and in selected tissues of individuals with MPS IIIB. The level of glutathione and the Naglu−/− cells’ antioxidant potential are significantly reduced, as well as the activity of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST, EC 2.8.1.2) and the level of sulfane sulfur-containing compounds. The direct reason is not yet known. This paper attempts to identify some of cause-and-effect correlations that may lead to this condition and identifies research directions that should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kaczor-Kamińska
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-422-7400
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Maria Wróbel
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
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4
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure-function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Yingle Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Materials meet Life, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xuyang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Nahain AA, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Tsanaktsidis J, Vamvounis G, Ferro V. Sulfonated RAFT Copolymers as Heparin Mimetics: Synthesis, Reactivity Ratios, and Anticoagulant Activity. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000110. [PMID: 32627962 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan heparin is a clinically important anticoagulant drug, primarily used to reduce the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) during surgery. Despite its importance in medicine and its continuous use over many decades, heparin suffers from several limitations associated with its heterogeneity and its extraction from animal tissues. In order to address these limitations, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization is utilized to prepare a library of heparin mimetic copolymers from the sulfonated monomers sodium 4-styrene sulfonate, potassium-3-sulfopropyl acrylate, potassium-3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, and sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonate. Copolymers are prepared using combinations of two different monomers in various ratios. Monomer reactivity ratios are also determined for some representative monomer combinations, and all polymers are characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The anticoagulant activities of the copolymers are determined by activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin clotting time assays and structure-activity relationships are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Nahain
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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6
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Miura Y. Controlled polymerization for the development of bioconjugate polymers and materials. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2010-2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02418b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugates of various biopolymers with synthetic polymers were preparedvialiving radical polymerization. The conjugates have precise structures and potential for novel biofunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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7
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Nahain AA, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Tsanaktsidis J, Vamvounis G, Ferro V. Anticoagulant Heparin Mimetics via RAFT Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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8
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Zhou C, Reesink HL, Putnam DA. Selective and Tunable Galectin Binding of Glycopolymers Synthesized by a Generalizable Conjugation Method. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3704-3712. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Bray C, Gurnani P, Mansfield EDH, Peltier R, Perrier S. Sulfonated Copolymers as Heparin-Mimicking Stabilizer of Fibroblast Growth Factor: Size, Architecture, and Monomer Distribution Effects. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:285-293. [PMID: 30543415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are involved in a wide range of biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. In living organisms, the binding of FGF to its receptors are mediated through electrostatic interactions between FGF and naturally occurring heparin. Despite its prevalent use in medicine, heparin carries notable limitations; namely, its extraction from natural sources (expensive, low yield and extensive purification), viral contamination, and batch-to-batch heterogeneity. In this work a range of synthetic homopolymers and copolymers of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate were evaluated as potential FGF stabilizers. This was studied by measuring the proliferation of BaF3-FR1c cells, as a model assay, and the results will be compared with the natural stabilization and activation of FGF by heparin. This study explores the structure-activity relationship of these polysulfonated polymers with a focus on the effect of molecular weight, comonomer type, charge dispersion, and polymer architecture on protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bray
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Pratik Gurnani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Edward D H Mansfield
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Raoul Peltier
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
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10
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Abstract
This review describes several general chemical approaches for the preparation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mimetic polymers based on different backbones and sidechains, and highlights the importance of these synthetic GAG-mimetic polymers in controlling key biofunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Gaojian Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
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11
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Loka RS, Yu F, Sletten ET, Nguyen HM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of heparan sulfate mimicking glycopolymers for inhibiting heparanase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:9163-9166. [PMID: 28766595 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an enzyme which cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix. It is a regulator of tumor behavior, plays a key role in kidney related diseases and autoimmune diabetes. We report herein the use of computational studies to extract the natural HS-heparanase interactions as a template for the design of HS mimicking glycopolymers. Upon evaluation, a glycopolymer with 12 repeating units was determined to be the most potent inhibitor and to have tight-binding characteristics. This glycopolymer also lacks anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Loka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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12
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Francis AP, Gurudevan S, Jayakrishnan A. Synthetic polymannose as a drug carrier: synthesis, toxicity and anti-fungal activity of polymannose-amphotericin B conjugates. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1529-1548. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1469186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arul Prakash Francis
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sneha Gurudevan
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - A. Jayakrishnan
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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13
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Nahain AA, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Tsanaktsidis J, Ferro V. Heparin mimetics with anticoagulant activity. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1582-1613. [PMID: 29446104 DOI: 10.1002/med.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family, has been widely used as an anticoagulant drug for decades and remains the most commonly used parenteral anticoagulant in adults and children. However, heparin has important clinical limitations and is derived from animal sources which pose significant safety and supply problems. The ever growing shortage of the raw material for heparin manufacturing may become a very significant issue in the future. These global limitations have prompted much research, especially following the recent well-publicized contamination scandal, into the development of alternative anticoagulants derived from non-animal and/or totally synthetic sources that mimic the structural features and properties of heparin. Such compounds, termed heparin mimetics, are also needed as anticoagulant materials for use in biomedical applications (e.g., stents, grafts, implants etc.). This review encompasses the development of heparin mimetics of various structural classes, including synthetic polymers and non-carbohydrate small molecules as well as sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides, and fondaparinux derivatives and conjugates, with a focus on developments in the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Nahain
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Tsanaktsidis
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Sletten ET, Loka RS, Yu F, Nguyen HM. Glycosidase Inhibition by Multivalent Presentation of Heparan Sulfate Saccharides on Bottlebrush Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3387-3399. [PMID: 28846389 PMCID: PMC6044434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the first-time exploration of the attachment of well-defined saccharide units onto a synthetic polymer backbone for the inhibition of a glycosidase. More specifically, glycopolymers endowed with heparan sulfate (HS) disaccharides were established to inhibit the glycosidase, heparanase, with an IC50 value in the low nanomolar range (1.05 ± 0.02 nm), a thousand-fold amplification over its monovalent counterpart. The monomeric moieties of these glycopolymers were designed in silico to manipulate the well-established glycotope of heparanase into an inhitope. Studies concluded that (1) the glycopolymers are hydrolytic stable toward heparanase, (2) longer polymer length provides greater inhibition, and (3) increased local saccharide density (monoantennary vs diantennary) is negligible due to hindered active site of heparanase. Furthermore, HS oligosaccharide and polysaccharide controls illustrate the enhanced potency of a multivalent scaffold. Overall, the results on these studies of the multivalent presentation of saccharides on bottlebrush polymers serve as the platform for the design of potent glycosidase inhibitors and have potential to be applied to other HS-degrading proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hien M. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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15
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Delbarre-Ladrat C, Salas ML, Sinquin C, Zykwinska A, Colliec-Jouault S. Bioprospecting for Exopolysaccharides from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Bacteria: Relationship between Bacterial Diversity and Chemical Diversity. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030063. [PMID: 28930185 PMCID: PMC5620654 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria biosynthesize structurally diverse exopolysaccharides (EPS) and excrete them into their surrounding environment. The EPS functional features have found many applications in industries such as cosmetics and pharmaceutics. In particular, some EPS produced by marine bacteria are composed of uronic acids, neutral sugars, and N-acetylhexosamines, and may also bear some functional sulfate groups. This suggests that they can share common structural features with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) like the two EPS (HE800 and GY785) originating from the deep sea. In an attempt to discover new EPS that may be promising candidates as GAG-mimetics, fifty-one marine bacterial strains originating from deep-sea hydrothermal vents were screened. The analysis of the EPS chemical structure in relation to bacterial species showed that Vibrio, Alteromonas, and Pseudoalteromonas strains were the main producers. Moreover, they produced EPS with distinct structural features, which might be useful for targeting marine bacteria that could possibly produce structurally GAG-mimetic EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delbarre-Ladrat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Corinne Sinquin
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Sylvia Colliec-Jouault
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies,Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
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16
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Liu Q, Lyu Z, Yu Y, Zhao ZA, Hu S, Yuan L, Chen G, Chen H. Synthetic Glycopolymers for Highly Efficient Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Neurons: Lipo- or Not? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11518-11527. [PMID: 28287262 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To realize the potential application of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, it is a prerequisite to develop an effective strategy for the neural differentiation of ESCs so as to obtain adequate amount of neurons. Considering the efficacy of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and their disadvantages (e.g., structure heterogeneity and impurity), GAG-mimicking glycopolymers (designed polymers containing functional units similar to natural GAG) with or without phospholipid groups were synthesized in the present work and their ability to promote neural differentiation of mouse ESCs (mESCs) was investigated. It was found that the lipid-anchored GAG-mimicking glycopolymers (lipo-pSGF) retained on the membrane of mESCs rather than being internalized by cells after 1 h of incubation. Besides, lipo-pSGF showed better activity in promoting neural differentiation. The expression of the neural-specific maker β3-tubulin in lipo-pSGF-treated cells was ∼3.8- and ∼1.9-fold higher compared to natural heparin- and pSGF-treated cells at day 14. The likely mechanism involved in lipo-pSGF-mediated neural differentiation was further investigated by analyzing its effect on fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway which is important for neural differentiation of ESCs. Lipo-pSGF was found to efficiently bind FGF2 and enhance the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, thus promoting neural differentiation. These findings demonstrated that engineering of cell surface glycan using our synthetic lipo-glycopolymer is a highly efficient approach for neural differentiation of ESCs and this strategy can be applied for the regulation of other cellular activities mediated by cell membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglin Lyu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - You Yu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University , Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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Du AW, Lu H, Stenzel MH. Cationic glycopolymers through controlled polymerisation of a glucosamine-based monomer mimicking the behaviour of chitosan. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A newly synthesised glucosamine-based monomer was able to undergo controlled polymerisation and retain amine functionality. The resulting polymer had mucoadhesive properties similar to chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice W. Du
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemistry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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18
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FUKUDA T, MIURA Y. Biofunctional Characteristics of Dendritic Glycocluster Modified Surfaces. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2017. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro FUKUDA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Toyama College
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Yoshiko MIURA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University
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19
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Paluck S, Nguyen TH, Maynard HD. Heparin-Mimicking Polymers: Synthesis and Biological Applications. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3417-3440. [PMID: 27739666 PMCID: PMC5111123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a naturally occurring, highly sulfated polysaccharide that plays a critical role in a range of different biological processes. Therapeutically, it is mostly commonly used as an injectable solution as an anticoagulant for a variety of indications, although it has also been employed in other forms such as coatings on various biomedical devices. Due to the diverse functions of this polysaccharide in the body, including anticoagulation, tissue regeneration, anti-inflammation, and protein stabilization, and drawbacks of its use, analogous heparin-mimicking materials are also widely studied for therapeutic applications. This review focuses on one type of these materials, namely, synthetic heparin-mimicking polymers. Utilization of these polymers provides significant benefits compared to heparin, including enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects as a result of fine-tuning heparin-binding motifs and other molecular characteristics. The major types of the various polymers are summarized, as well as their applications. Because development of a broader range of heparin-mimicking materials would further expand the impact of these polymers in the treatment of various diseases, future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
J. Paluck
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thi H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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20
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TANAKA T. Recent Advances in Glycopolymers Based on Protecting-Group-Free Synthesis. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2016. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari TANAKA
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
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