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Coca-Hidalgo JJ, Recillas-Mota M, Fernández-Quiroz D, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Peniche-Covas C, Goycoolea FM, Argüelles-Monal WM. Study of the Thermal Phase Transition of Poly( N,N-diethylacrylamide- co- N-ethylacrylamide) Random Copolymers in Aqueous Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1575. [PMID: 38891521 PMCID: PMC11175111 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
N-alkyl-substituted polyacrylamides exhibit a thermal coil-to-globule transition in aqueous solution driven by an increase in hydrophobic interactions with rising temperature. With the aim of understanding the role of N-alkyl substituents in the thermal transition, this study focuses on the molecular interactions underlying the phase transition of poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide-co-N-ethylacrylamide) random copolymers. Poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAm), poly(N-ethylacrylamide) (PNEAm), and their random copolymers were synthesized by free radical polymerization and their chemical structure characterized spectroscopically. It was found that the values of the cloud-point temperature increased with PNEAm content, and particle aggregation processes took place, increasing the negative charge density on their surface. The cloud-point temperature of each copolymer decreased with respect to the theoretical values calculated assuming an absence of interactions. It is attributed to the formation of intra- and interchain hydrogen bonding in aqueous solutions. These interactions favor the formation of more hydrophobic macromolecular segments, thereby promoting the cooperative nature of the transition. These results definitively reveal the dominant mechanism occurring during the phase transition in the aqueous solutions of these copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Coca-Hidalgo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico; (J.J.C.-H.); (M.R.-M.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Maricarmen Recillas-Mota
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico; (J.J.C.-H.); (M.R.-M.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Daniel Fernández-Quiroz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Metalurgia, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico; (J.J.C.-H.); (M.R.-M.); (J.L.-M.)
| | | | | | - Waldo M. Argüelles-Monal
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico; (J.J.C.-H.); (M.R.-M.); (J.L.-M.)
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Ishihara H, Ikemoto R, Yamamoto M, Sanada Y, Watanabe K, Katsumoto Y. Phase-Separated Nanodroplets Formed below the Cloud Point for the Aqueous Solution of Stereo-Controlled Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12300-12306. [PMID: 36178492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between dehydration of polymer chains and the nanodroplet formation through the macroscopic liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has been investigated for the aqueous solution of stereocontrolled poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAm) and poly(N-diethylacrylamide) (PNdEAm). The fluorescent probe method reveals that the temperature range of dehydration for PNiPAm chains is much narrower than that for PNdEAm. The sharp dehydration of polymer chains may give rise to the characteristic thermoresponsive behavior of PNiPAm in water. For meso-rich PNiPAms, the dehydration point (Tdh), which is defined as the temperature where the single chains start assembling in the solution, locates far from the cloud point (Tc). That is, the dehydration of the chain occurs antecedently before the system undergoes a macroscopic LLPS. For PNdEAm, however, the dissociation between Tdh and Tc is not found. For the aqueous solution of PNiPAm with 52% of the meso content, the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy has revealed that nano-order droplets (ca. 45 nm of the hydration radius) are stabilized in the intermediate state between Tdh and Tc. The sharp dehydration of PNiPAm chains may enable an acute condensation of polymers in droplets, causing a viscoelastic hindrance in the coalescence of droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ishihara
- Graduate School of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka814-0180, Japan
| | - Reika Ikemoto
- Graduate School of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka814-0180, Japan
| | - Misato Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima739-8526, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sanada
- Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka814-0180, Japan
| | - Keisuke Watanabe
- Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka814-0180, Japan
| | - Yukiteru Katsumoto
- Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka814-0180, Japan
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Narumi A, Sato SI, Shen X, Kakuchi T. Precision synthesis for well-defined linear and/or architecturally controlled thermoresponsive poly(N-substituted acrylamide)s. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01449h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the progress in precision polymerizations of specific kinds of N-alkylacrylamides and N,N-dialkylacrylamides to produce polymers showing thermoresponsive properties in aqueous media, which representatively include the reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations...
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Haddow PJ, da Silva MA, Kaldybekov DB, Dreiss CA, Hoffman E, Hutter V, Khutoryanskiy VV, Kirton SB, Mahmoudi N, McAuley WJ, Cook MT. Polymer Architecture Effects on Poly(N,N-Diethyl Acrylamide)-b-Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-b-Poly(N,N-Diethyl Acrylamide) Thermoreversible Gels and Their Evaluation as a Healthcare Material. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100432. [PMID: 34859566 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermoreversible gels which transition between liquid-like and solid-like states when warmed have enabled significant novel healthcare technologies. Poly(N,N-diethyl acrylamide) (PDEA) is a thermoresponsive polymer which can be used as a trigger to form thermoreversible gels, however its use in these materials is limited and crucial design principles are unknown. Herein ABA copolymers with the structure PDEA-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-b-PDEA are synthesized to give four block copolymers with varied molecular weight of PDEA and PEG blocks. Rheometry on solutions of the block copolymers reveals that high molecular weight PEG blocks are required to form thermoreversible gels with predominantly solid-like behavior. Furthermore, small-angle X-ray scattering elucidates clear differences in the nanostructure of the copolymer library which can be linked to distinct rheological behaviors. A thermoreversible gel formulation based on PDEA (20 kDa)-b-PEG (10 kDa)-b-PDEA (20 kDa) is designed by optimizing the polymer concentration and ionic strength. It is found that the gel is mucoadhesive, stable, and non-toxic, as well as giving controlled release of a hydrophobic drug. Overall, this study provides insight into the effect of polymer architecture on the nanostructure and rheology of PDEA-b-PEG-b-PDEA and presents the development of a highly functional thermoreversible gel with high promise for healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Haddow
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Marcelo A da Silva
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Daulet B Kaldybekov
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6UR, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Cecile A Dreiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ewelina Hoffman
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Victoria Hutter
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6UR, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Stewart B Kirton
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - William J McAuley
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Michael T Cook
- Research Centre in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
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Otto S, Marina PF, Zhou F, Blencowe A. Thermoresponsive polysaccharides with tunable thermoresponsive properties via functionalisation with alkylamide groups. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117280. [PMID: 33357856 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides have been used widely in many industries, from food technology and mining to cosmetics and biomedical applications. Over recent years there has been growing interest in the development of responsive polysaccharides with unique and switchable properties, particularly systems that display lower-critical solution temperatures (LCSTs). Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate a novel strategy that would allow the conversion of non-responsive polysaccharides into thermoresponsive polysaccharides with tuneable LCSTs. Through the functionalisation of dextran with alkylamide groups (isopropyl amide, diethyl amide, piperidinyl and diisobutyl amide) using a carbodiimide coupling approach in conjunction with amic acid derivatives, we prepared a library of novel dextrans with various degrees of substitution (DS), which were characterised via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The alkylamide-functionalised dextrans were found to have good solubility in aqueous solutions, with the exception of those having a high DS of large hydrophobic substituents. Determination of the thermoresponsive characteristics of the polymer solutions via UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that the LCST of the alkylamide-functionalised dextrans was highly dependent on the type of alkylamide group and the DS and could be tuned over a large range (5-35 °C). Above the LCST, all of the thermoresponsive alkylamide-functionalised dextrans formed colloidal dispersions with particles sizes ranging from 400 -600 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, the polymers were found to exhibit a fast and reversible phase transition in solution with narrow hysteresis (∼ 1-5 °C). Finally, the injectability and biocompatibility of the novel thermoresponsive dextrans was confirmed in vivo via subcutaneous and intracranial ventricle injections, with no local or systemic toxicity noted over a 14 d period. Overall, the alkylamide-functionalised dextrans display interesting thermoresponsive properties and trends that may make them useful in biomedical applications, such as drug-delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Otto
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Paula Facal Marina
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Fiona Zhou
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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Poly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)acrylamide), a thermoresponsive non-ionic polymer combining the amide and the ethyleneglycolether motifs. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPoly(N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)acrylamide) (PbMOEAm) featuring two classical chemical motifs from non-ionic water-soluble polymers, namely, the amide and ethyleneglycolether moieties, was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This tertiary polyacrylamide is thermoresponsive exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)–type phase transition. A series of homo- and block copolymers with varying molar masses but low dispersities and different end groups were prepared. Their thermoresponsive behavior in aqueous solution was analyzed via turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cloud points (CP) increased with increasing molar masses, converging to 46 °C for 1 wt% solutions. This rise is attributed to the polymers’ hydrophobic end groups incorporated via the RAFT agents. When a surfactant-like strongly hydrophobic end group was attached using a functional RAFT agent, CP was lowered to 42 °C, i.e., closer to human body temperature. Also, the effect of added salts, in particular, the role of the Hofmeister series, on the phase transition of PbMOEAm was investigated, exemplified for the kosmotropic fluoride, intermediate chloride, and chaotropic thiocyanate anions. A pronounced shift of the cloud point of about 10 °C to lower or higher temperatures was observed for 0.2 M fluoride and thiocyanate, respectively. When PbMOEAm was attached to a long hydrophilic block of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm), the cloud points of these block copolymers were strongly shifted towards higher temperatures. While no phase transition was observed for PDMAm-b-pbMOEAm with short thermoresponsive blocks, block copolymers with about equally sized PbMOEAm and PDMAm blocks underwent the coil-to-globule transition around 60 °C.
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Li J, Mizutani S, Sato SI, Narumi A, Haba O, Kawaguchi S, Kikuchi M, Kakuchi T, Shen X. Thermoresponsive properties of poly(N-isopropyl,N-methylacrylamide) and its statistical and block copolymers with poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) prepared by B(C6F5)3-catalyzed group transfer polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
B(C6F5)3-catalyzed GTP synthesis of poly(N-isopropyl,N-methylacrylamide) as a new thermoresponsive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Research Center for Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Jilin
- China
| | - Shunsuke Mizutani
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Sato
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Narumi
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | - Osamu Haba
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | - Seigou Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa
- Japan
| | | | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Research Center for Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Jilin
- China
| | - Xiande Shen
- Research Center for Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Jilin
- China
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Kihara N, Yanaze K, Yokoyama S, Kaneko M. Dissolution of a transparent cross-linked polymer monolith in water by oxidative de-crosslinking. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herfurth C, Laschewsky A, Noirez L, von Lospichl B, Gradzielski M. Thermoresponsive (star) block copolymers from one-pot sequential RAFT polymerizations and their self-assembly in aqueous solution. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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