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Sharma P, Singh N, Sharma S. Polymorphisms in solute carrier genes (SLC19A1, SLCO1B1, and SLCO1B3) predicts survival and toxicity in North Indian lung cancer patients undergoing platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:2049-2067. [PMID: 35896189 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters are known mediators of drug disposition that facilitate the influx of substrates and various chemotherapeutic agents into cells. Polymorphisms in the SLC19A1, SLCO1B1, and SLCO1B3 gene influence the prognosis in the cancer patients, but little is known about their role in lung cancer in Asians. So, the current study aims to investigate the polymorphisms in SLC19A1, SLCO1B1, and SLCO1B3 genes in Northern Indian lung cancer patients. METHODS Patients with lung cancer who had a confirmed histology and cytology diagnosis were enrolled in the study. SLC polymorphisms were assessed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for variations in SLC19A1 (G80 A), SLCO1B1 (A388 G, T521 C), and SLCO1B3 (A1683-5676 G). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our results showed that mutant genotype for SLC19A1 G80 A polymorphism had higher median survival time (MST) compared to wild genotype. ADCC patients with mutant genotype showed better survival compared to wild genotype for SLC19A1 G80 A. SCLC patients G80 A polymorphism showed increased survival in patients with mutant genotype (p = 0.04). In SLCO1B3, A1683-5676 G patients carrying heterozygous alleles and administered with platinum and docetaxel showed inferior survival (p = 0.006). In T521 C variant, patients with carrier genotype had reduced chances of developing anaemia (p = 0.04). Patients with SLC19A1 and SLCO1B3 variants showed lower incidence of thrombocytopenia and nephrotoxicity. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Our findings imply that Solute Carrier gene polymorphisms modulate the overall survival in lung cancer patients undergoing platin-based doublet chemotherapy, also these polymorphisms have a modifying impact on the associated adverse events/toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
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Diurnal expression of MRP4 in bone marrow cells underlies the dosing-time dependent changes in the oxaliplatin-induced myelotoxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13484. [PMID: 32778717 PMCID: PMC7417537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression and function of some xenobiotic transporters varies according to the time of day, causing the dosing time-dependent changes in drug disposition and toxicity. Multidrug resistance-associated protein-4 (MRP4), an ATPbinding cassette (ABC) efflux transporter encoded by the Abcc4 gene, is highly expressed in bone marrow cells (BMCs) and protects them against xenobiotics, including chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we demonstrated that MRP4 was responsible for the extrusion of oxaliplatin (L-OHP), a platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapeutic drug, from BMCs of mice, and that the efflux transporter expression exhibited significant diurnal variation. Therefore, we investigated the relevance of the diurnal expression of MRP4 in BMCs for L-OHP-induced myelotoxicity in mice maintained under standardized light/dark cycle conditions. After intravenous injection of L-OHP, the Pt content in BMCs varied according to the injection time. Lower Pt accumulation in BMCs was detected in mice after injection of L-OHP at the mid-dark phase, during which the expression levels of MRP4 increased. Consistent with these observations, the myelotoxic effects of L-OHP were attenuated when mice were injected with L-OHP during the dark phase. This dosing schedule also alleviated the L-OHP-induced reduction of the peripheral white blood cell count. The present results suggest that the myelotoxicity of L-OHP is attenuated by optimizing the dosing schedule. Diurnal expression of MRP4 in BMCs is associated with the dosing time-dependent changes in L-OHP-induced myelotoxicity.
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Taguchi T, Masuo Y, Sakai Y, Kato Y. Short-lasting inhibition of hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1 by tyrosine kinase inhibitor pazopanib. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:372-379. [PMID: 31703927 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is an integral part of drug development, but the difficult aspects in DDI prediction include complex mechanism of OATP1B1 inhibition. Pazopanib, an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exhibits OATP1B1 inhibition and clinically interacts with some OATP1B1 substrates, although quantitative analysis of DDI potential has not yet been performed. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the inhibitory effect of pazopanib on OATP1B1-mediated transport. Inhibition by pazopanib of OATP1B1-mediated uptake of two typical substrates, [3H]estrone-3-sulfate (E1S) and [3H]estradiol-17β-glucuronide, assessed in HEK293/OATP1B1 cells, was more obvious after preincubation with pazopanib compared with no preincubation. The reduction in IC50 values was 3-7 times greater and was comparable with the preincubation effect of another long-lasting inhibitor, cyclosporine A (CsA). Preincubation with pazopanib and CsA tended to similarly reduce Vmax and increase Km values of E1S. However, the reduced OATP1B1 activity by preincubation with pazopanib was more rapidly recovered than CsA. In addition, R value, which predicts the maximum increase in the AUC ratio of victim drugs, was calculated to be 1.09. These results suggest that pazopanib is preincubation-dependent but a short-lasting inhibitor against OATP1B1 with low potential of OATP1B1-mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Taguchi
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 14, Shinomiya, Minamigawara-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8042, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1102, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1102, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1102, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1102, Japan.
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4
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Schulte RR, Ho RH. Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides: Emerging Roles in Cancer Pharmacology. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:490-506. [PMID: 30782852 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a superfamily of drug transporters involved in the uptake and disposition of a wide array of structurally divergent endogenous and exogenous substrates, including steroid hormones, bile acids, and commonly used drugs, such as anti-infectives, antihypertensives, and cholesterol lowering agents. In the past decade, OATPs, primarily OATP1A2, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3, have emerged as potential mediators of chemotherapy disposition, including drugs such as methotrexate, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan and its important metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, and certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, OATP family members are polymorphic and numerous studies have shown OATP variants to have differential uptake, disposition, and/or pharmacokinetics of numerous drug substrates with important implications for interindividual differences in efficacy and toxicity. Additionally, certain OATPs have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of human solid tumors, including breast, liver, colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers, suggesting potential roles for OATPs in tumor development and progression and as novel targets for cancer therapy. This review focuses on the emerging roles for selected OATPs in cancer pharmacology, including preclinical and clinical studies suggesting roles in chemotherapy disposition, the pharmacogenetics of OATPs in cancer therapy, and OATP overexpression in various tumor tissues with implications for OATPs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael R Schulte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard H Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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5
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Nakamura T, Toshimoto K, Lee W, Imamura CK, Tanigawara Y, Sugiyama Y. Application of PBPK Modeling and Virtual Clinical Study Approaches to Predict the Outcomes of CYP2D6 Genotype-Guided Dosing of Tamoxifen. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 7:474-482. [PMID: 29920987 PMCID: PMC6063740 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Tamoxifen Response by CYP2D6 Genotype‐based Treatment‐1 (TARGET‐1) study (n = 180) was conducted from 2012–2017 in Japan to determine the efficacy of tamoxifen dosing guided by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotypes. To predict its outcomes prior to completion, we constructed the comprehensive physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of tamoxifen and its metabolites and performed virtual TARGET‐1 studies. Our analyses indicated that the expected probability to achieve the end point (demonstrating the superior efficacy of the escalated tamoxifen dose over the standard dose in patients carrying CYP2D6 variants) was 0.469 on average. As the population size of this virtual clinical study (VCS) increased, the expected probability was substantially increased (0.674 for n = 260). Our analyses also informed that the probability to achieve the end point in the TARGET‐1 study was negatively impacted by a large variability in endoxifen levels. Our current efforts demonstrate the promising utility of the PBPK modeling and VCS approaches in prospectively designing effective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Nakamura
- DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chiyo K Imamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanigawara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Santos M, Niemi M, Hiratsuka M, Kumondai M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM, Rodríguez-Antona C. Novel copy-number variations in pharmacogenes contribute to interindividual differences in drug pharmacokinetics. Genet Med 2017; 20:622-629. [PMID: 29261188 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeVariability in pharmacokinetics and drug response is shaped by single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) as well as copy-number variants (CNVs) in genes with importance for drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). While SNVs have been extensively studied, a systematic assessment of the CNV landscape in ADME genes is lacking.MethodsWe integrated data from 2,504 whole genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project and 59,898 exomes from the Exome Aggregation Consortium to identify CNVs in 208 relevant pharmacogenes.ResultsWe describe novel exonic deletions and duplications in 201 (97%) of the pharmacogenes analyzed. The deletions are population-specific and frequencies range from singletons up to 1%, accounting for >5% of all loss-of-function alleles in up to 42% of the genes studied. We experimentally confirmed novel deletions in CYP2C19, CYP4F2, and SLCO1B3 by Sanger sequencing and validated their allelic frequencies in selected populations.ConclusionCNVs are an additional source of pharmacogenetic variability with important implications for drug response and personalized therapy. This, together with the important contribution of rare alleles to the variability of pharmacogenes, emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive next-generation sequencing-based genotype identification for an accurate prediction of the genetic variability of drug pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Santos
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Antona
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
When events lead to clinical problems, the mechanisms involved often remain unclear. This is true for medications and therapies, in addition to problems inherent in an underlying disease. However, the recent development of modeling and metric methods makes it possible to estimate the relationship between side effects and various factors to explain inter-individual differences, such as genetic polymorphisms, co-administered drugs, age, gender, dysfunction of the liver/kidney based upon the database for side effects [such as Food and Drug Administration-Adverse Event Reporting System (FDA-AERS)] and the database in a patient's medical records. Once the mechanisms for such clinical problems have been clarified, and after revisiting preclinical studies (animal models, in vitro cell systems, etc.), those outcomes may lead to drug discovery, the development of new therapies, and methods to prevent unique drug induced side effects. Reverse translational research (rTR) is such an approach, and a worthy aim of pharmaceutical scientists skilled at basic research. In this presentation, I would like to share with you our following recent studies: (1) rTR aimed at a therapy for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis 2 (PFIC 2). (2) rTR aimed at developing methods to predict drug-induced side effects based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) information and a patient's medical records database. And (3) rTR aimed at predicting drug-drug interactions in which clinical outcomes have not been obtained, yet based upon previous clinically relevant drug interaction databases.
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Patel M, Taskar KS, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ. Importance of Hepatic Transporters in Clinical Disposition of Drugs and Their Metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S23-39. [PMID: 27385177 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a practical clinical perspective on the relevance of hepatic transporters in pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Special emphasis is placed on transporters with clear relevance to clinical DDIs, efficacy, and safety. Basolateral OATP1B1 and 1B3 emerged as important hepatic drug uptake pathways, sites for systemic DDIs, and sources of pharmacogenetic variability. As the first step in hepatic drug removal from the circulation, OATPs are an important determinant of systemic pharmacokinetics, specifically influencing systemic absorption, clearance, and hepatic distribution for subsequent metabolism and/or excretion. Biliary excretion of parent drugs is a less prevalent clearance pathway than metabolism or urinary excretion, but BCRP and MRP2 are critically important to biliary/fecal elimination of drug metabolites. Inhibition of biliary excretion is typically not apparent at the level of systemic pharmacokinetics but can markedly increase liver exposure. Basolateral efflux transporters MRP3 and MRP4 mediate excretion of parent drugs and, more commonly, polar metabolites from hepatocytes into blood. Basolateral excretion is an area in need of further clinical investigation, which will necessitate studies more complex than just systemic pharmacokinetics. Clinical relevance of hepatic uptake is relatively well appreciated, and clinical consequences of hepatic excretion (biliary and basolateral) modulation remain an active research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Kunal S Taskar
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
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9
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Virtual Clinical Studies to Examine the Probability Distribution of the AUC at Target Tissues Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Application to Analyses of the Effect of Genetic Polymorphism of Enzymes and Transporters on Irinotecan Induced Side Effects. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1584-1600. [PMID: 28397089 PMCID: PMC5498655 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To establish a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for analyzing the factors associated with side effects of irinotecan by using a computer-based virtual clinical study (VCS) because many controversial associations between various genetic polymorphisms and side effects of irinotecan have been reported. Methods To optimize biochemical parameters of irinotecan and its metabolites in the PBPK modeling, a Cluster Newton method was introduced. In the VCS, virtual patients were generated considering the inter-individual variability and genetic polymorphisms of enzymes and transporters. Results Approximately 30 sets of parameters of the PBPK model gave good reproduction of the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and its metabolites. Of these, 19 sets gave relatively good description of the effect of UGT1A1 *28 and SLCO1B1 c.521T>C polymorphism on the SN-38 plasma concentration, neutropenia, and diarrhea observed in clinical studies reported mainly by Teft et al. (Br J Cancer. 112(5):857-65, 20). VCS also indicated that the frequency of significant association of biliary index with diarrhea was higher than that of UGT1A1 *28 polymorphism. Conclusion The VCS confirmed the importance of genetic polymorphisms of UGT1A1 *28 and SLCO1B1 c.521T>C in the irinotecan induced side effects. The VCS also indicated that biliary index is a better biomarker of diarrhea than UGT1A1 *28 polymorphism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-017-2153-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Shen H, Lai Y, Rodrigues AD. Organic Anion Transporter 2: An Enigmatic Human Solute Carrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:228-236. [PMID: 27872146 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the solute carrier 22A (SLC22A) family, organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2; SLC22A7) is emerging as an important drug transporter because of its expression in both the liver and kidney, two major eliminating organs, and its ability to transport not only a wide variety of xenobiotics but also numerous physiologically important endogenous compounds, like creatinine and cGMP. However, OAT2 has received relatively little attention compared with other OATs and solute carriers (SLCs), like organic cation transporters, sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins, and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Overall, the literature describing OAT2 is rapidly evolving, with numerous publications contradicting each other regarding the transport mechanism, tissue distribution, and transport of creatinine and cGMP, two important endogenous OAT2 substrates. Despite its status as a liver and kidney SLC, tools for assessing its activity and inhibition are lacking, and its role in drug disposition and elimination remains to be defined. The current review focuses on the available and emerging literature describing OAT2. We envision that OAT2 will gain more prominence as its expression, substrate, and inhibitor profile is investigated further and compared with other SLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.L.), and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (A.D.R.)
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Sahota T, Danhof M, Della Pasqua O. Pharmacology-based toxicity assessment: towards quantitative risk prediction in humans. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:359-74. [PMID: 26970519 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts to better understand the mechanisms underlying safety and toxicity, ~30% of the attrition in drug discovery and development is still due to safety concerns. Changes in current practice regarding the assessment of safety and toxicity are required to reduce late stage attrition and enable effective development of novel medicines. This review focuses on the implications of empirical evidence generation for the evaluation of safety and toxicity during drug development. A shift in paradigm is needed to (i) ensure that pharmacological concepts are incorporated into the evaluation of safety and toxicity; (ii) facilitate the integration of historical evidence and thereby the translation of findings across species as well as between in vitro and in vivo experiments and (iii) promote the use of experimental protocols tailored to address specific safety and toxicity questions. Based on historical examples, we highlight the challenges for the early characterisation of the safety profile of a new molecule and discuss how model-based methodologies can be applied for the design and analysis of experimental protocols. Issues relative to the scientific rationale are categorised and presented as a hierarchical tree describing the decision-making process. Focus is given to four different areas, namely, optimisation, translation, analytical construct and decision criteria. From a methodological perspective, the relevance of quantitative methods for estimation and extrapolation of risk from toxicology and safety pharmacology experimental protocols, such as points of departure and potency, is discussed in light of advancements in population and Bayesian modelling techniques (e.g. non-linear mixed effects modelling). Their use in the evaluation of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships (PKPD) has enabled great insight into the dose rationale for medicines in humans, both in terms of efficacy and adverse events. Comparable benefits can be anticipated for the assessment of safety and toxicity profile of novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjinder Sahota
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meindert Danhof
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Della Pasqua
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands, Clinical Pharmacology, Modelling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, UK, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College London, London, UK
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Nagy A, Szalai R, Magyari L, Bene J, Toth K, Melegh B. Extreme differences in SLCO1B3 functional polymorphisms in Roma and Hungarian populations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:1246-1251. [PMID: 26005078 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Variants in SLCO1B3 transporter are linked to disposition and uptake of drugs and show high degree of heterogeneity between populations. A total of 467 Roma and 448 Hungarian subjects were genotyped for SLCO1B3 c.334T>G and c.1683-5676A>G variant alleles by PCR-RFLP assay and direct sequencing. We found significant differences in the frequencies of homozygous variant genotypes of SLCO1B3 334GG (41.54% vs. 8.04%, p<0.001) and 1683-5676GG (0.43% vs. 2.01%, p=0.028) between Romas and Hungarians. A significantly increased prevalence was found in SLCO1B3 1683-5676G allele frequency in Hungarians compared to the Roma population (15.07% vs. 3.43%, p≤0.001). The frequency of SLCO1B3 334G allele was significantly increased in Roma population compared to Hungarians (70.56% vs. 52.23%, p=0.001). The LD values between the examined SNPs were 80 and 90 in Roma and in Hungarian samples, respectively. Our results highlight notable pharmacogenetic differences between Roma and Hungarian populations, which may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Nagy
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 13, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Renata Szalai
- Clinical Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Human Genetic and Pharmacogenomic Research Group, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Lili Magyari
- Clinical Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Human Genetic and Pharmacogenomic Research Group, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Judit Bene
- Clinical Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Kalman Toth
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Ifjusag 13, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Bela Melegh
- Clinical Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, Human Genetic and Pharmacogenomic Research Group, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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Thakkar N, Lockhart AC, Lee W. Role of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs) in Cancer Therapy. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:535-45. [PMID: 25735612 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily of organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs, gene symbol SLCO) includes important transporters handling a variety of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates. Currently, 11 human OATPs are known and their substrates include endogenous hormones and their conjugates, anticancer drugs, and imaging agents. The contribution of OATPs to the in vivo disposition of these substrates has been extensively investigated. An accumulating body of evidence also indicates that the expression of some OATPs may be up- or downregulated in several types of cancers, suggesting potential pathogenic roles during the development and progression of cancer. Given that the role of OATPs in handling cancer therapeutics has been already covered by several excellent reviews, this review will focus on the recent progresses on the topic, in particular the role of OATPs in the disposition of anticancer drugs, the impact of OATP genetic variations on the function of OATPs, and the OATPs differentially expressed in cancer and their potential roles in cancer development, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Maeda K. Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3 as Important Regulators of the Pharmacokinetics of Substrate Drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:155-68. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
The University of Tokyo
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Zhang L, Yang Y, Song Y, Yang H, Zhou G, Xin Y, You Z, Xuan Y. Nanoparticle Delivery Systems Reduce the Reproductive Toxicity of Docetaxel in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various docetaxel (DTX)-loaded nanoparticle delivery systems have been designed to enhance the solubility and pharmacological effects of DTX. However, the toxicity changes of these nano-modified DTX (nano-DTX) are not yet clear enough. Herein, to compare the reproductive toxicity between conventional DTX and nano-DTX, we performed sperm toxicity test in mice, and fertility and early embryo-fetal developmental toxicity test in rats. It was found that DTX severely repressed spermatogenesis and sperm motility, and dramatically increased sperm abnormality in mice and rats. Moreover, DTX significantly decreased copulation, conception and fertility indexes in rats, and no positive pregnant female rat was obtained after treatment with DTX. However, nano-DTX significantly reduced DTX-induced toxicity to sperm. Most importantly, nano-DTX obviously converted DTX-induced fertility and early embryo-fetal developmental toxicity. Furthermore, organ weights and histopathology examination revealed DTX, but not nano-DTX, significantly decreased testis and epididymis weights, and induced obvious histopathological atrophy of testes and epididymides in rats. Further studies indicated that changed activity of lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4) in rodents testes was mainly responsible for the above observations. These results strongly support the idea that DTX-loaded nanoformulations have the potential to overcome the reproductive toxicity of DTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yisheng Song
- National Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhong Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Xin
- National Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqiang You
- National Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yaoxian Xuan
- National Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of New Drugs, Center of Safety Evaluation, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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