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Chi J, Xu M, Sheng X, Zhou Y. Association detection between multiple traits and rare variants based on family data via a nonparametric method. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16040. [PMID: 37780393 PMCID: PMC10541022 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies allow people to analyze human complex diseases at the molecular level. It has been shown that rare variants play important roles for human diseases besides common variants. Thus, effective statistical methods need to be proposed to test for the associations between traits (e.g., diseases) and rare variants. Currently, more and more rare genetic variants are being detected throughout the human genome, which demonstrates the possibility to study rare variants. Yet complex diseases are usually measured as a variety of forms, such as binary, ordinal, quantitative, or some mixture of them. Therefore, the genetic mapping problem can be attributable to the association detection between multiple traits and multiple loci, with sufficiently considering the correlated structure among multiple traits. Methods In this article, we construct a new non-parametric statistic by the generalized Kendall's τ theory based on family data. The new test statistic has an asymptotic distribution, it can be used to study the associations between multiple traits and rare variants, which broadens the way to identify genetic factors of human complex diseases. Results We apply our method (called Nonp-FAM) to analyze simulated data and GAW17 data, and conduct comprehensive comparison with some existing methods. Experimental results show that the proposed family-based method is powerful and robust for testing associations between multiple traits and rare variants, even if the data has some population stratification effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Chi
- Department of Statistics, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Department of Statistics, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaona Sheng
- School of Information Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
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2
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Wang S, Chiu CY, Wilson AF, Bailey-Wilson JE, Agron E, Chew EY, Ahn J, Xiong M, Fan R. Gene-level association analysis of bivariate ordinal traits with functional regressions. Genet Epidemiol 2023; 47:409-431. [PMID: 37101379 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In genetic studies, many phenotypes have multiple naturally ordered discrete values. The phenotypes can be correlated with each other. If multiple correlated ordinal traits are analyzed simultaneously, the power of analysis may increase significantly while the false positives can be controlled well. In this study, we propose bivariate functional ordinal linear regression (BFOLR) models using latent regressions with cumulative logit link or probit link to perform a gene-based analysis for bivariate ordinal traits and sequencing data. In the proposed BFOLR models, genetic variant data are viewed as stochastic functions of physical positions, and the genetic effects are treated as a function of physical positions. The BFOLR models take the correlation of the two ordinal traits into account via latent variables. The BFOLR models are built upon functional data analysis which can be revised to analyze the bivariate ordinal traits and high-dimension genetic data. The methods are flexible and can analyze three types of genetic data: (1) rare variants only, (2) common variants only, and (3) a combination of rare and common variants. Extensive simulation studies show that the likelihood ratio tests of the BFOLR models control type I errors well and have good power performance. The BFOLR models are applied to analyze Age-Related Eye Disease Study data, in which two genes, CFH and ARMS2, are found to strongly associate with eye drusen size, drusen area, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) categories, and AMD severity scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chi-Yang Chiu
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander F Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elvira Agron
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Momiao Xiong
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruzong Fan
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Li N, Chen L, Zhou Y, Wei Q. A fast and efficient approach for gene-based association studies of ordinal phenotypes. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 2023; 22:sagmb-2021-0068. [PMID: 36724206 DOI: 10.1515/sagmb-2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many human disease conditions need to be measured by ordinal phenotypes, so analysis of ordinal phenotypes is valuable in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, existing association methods for dichotomous or quantitative phenotypes are not appropriate to ordinal phenotypes. Therefore, based on an aggregated Cauchy association test, we propose a fast and efficient association method to test the association between genetic variants and an ordinal phenotype. To enrich association signals of rare variants, we first use the burden method to aggregate rare variants. Then we respectively test the significance of the aggregated rare variants and other common variants. Finally, the combination of transformed variant-level P values is taken as test statistic, that approximately follows Cauchy distribution under the null hypothesis. Extensive simulation studies and analysis of GAW19 show that our proposed method is powerful and computationally fast as a gene-based method. Especially, in the presence of an extremely low proportion of causal variants in a gene, our method has better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxing Li
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Zhou
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Qianran Wei
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
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Chiu CY, Wang S, Zhang B, Luo Y, Simpson C, Zhang W, Wilson AF, Bailey-Wilson JE, Agron E, Chew EY, Zhang J, Xiong M, Fan R. Gene-level association analysis of ordinal traits with functional ordinal logistic regressions. Genet Epidemiol 2022; 46:234-255. [PMID: 35438198 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop functional ordinal logistic regression (FOLR) models to perform gene-based analysis of ordinal traits. In the proposed FOLR models, genetic variant data are viewed as stochastic functions of physical positions and the genetic effects are treated as a function of physical positions. The FOLR models are built upon functional data analysis which can be revised to analyze the ordinal traits and high dimension genetic data. The proposed methods are capable of dealing with dense genotype data which is usually encountered in analyzing the next-generation sequencing data. The methods are flexible and can analyze three types of genetic data: (1) rare variants only, (2) common variants only, and (3) a combination of rare and common variants. Simulation studies show that the likelihood ratio test statistics of the FOLR models control type I errors well and have good power performance. The proposed methods achieve the goals of analyzing ordinal traits directly, reducing high dimensionality of dense genetic variants, being computationally manageable, facilitating model convergence, properly controlling type I errors, and maintaining high power levels. The FOLR models are applied to analyze Age-Related Eye Disease Study data, in which two genes are found to strongly associate with four ordinal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yang Chiu
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bingsong Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Yutong Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Claire Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander F Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elvira Agron
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Momiao Xiong
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruzong Fan
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Zhou J, Li S, Zhou Y, Sheng X. A two-stage testing strategy for detecting genes×environment interactions in association studies. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6312559. [PMID: 34568910 PMCID: PMC8496220 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Identifying gene×environment (G×E) interactions, especially when rare variants are included in genome-wide association studies, is a major challenge in statistical genetics. However, the detection of G×E interactions is very important for understanding the etiology of complex diseases. Although currently some statistical methods have been developed to detect the interactions between genes and environment, the detection of the interactions for the case of rare variants is still limited. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a new method to detect the interactions between genes and environment for rare variants. In this study, we extend an existing method of adaptive combination of P-values (ADA) and design a novel strategy (called iSADA) for testing the effects of G×E interactions for rare variants. We propose a new two-stage test to detect the interactions between genes and environment in a certain region of a chromosome or even for the whole genome. First, the score statistic is used to test the associations between trait value and the interaction terms of genes and environment and obtain the original P-values. Then, based on the idea of the ADA method, we further construct a full test statistic via the P-values of the preliminary tests in the first stage, so that we can comprehensively test the interactions between genes and environment in the considered genome region. Simulation studies are conducted to compare our proposed method with other existing methods. The results show that the iSADA has higher power than other methods in each case. A GAW17 data set is also applied to illustrate the applicability of the new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhou
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Basic Course, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111000, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaona Sheng
- School of Information Engineering, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
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Liu L, Wang P, Meng J, Chen L, Zhu W, Ma W. A permutation method for detecting trend correlations in rare variant association studies. Genet Res (Camb) 2019; 101:e13. [PMID: 31831092 PMCID: PMC7044977 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672319000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in detecting disease-related rare variants in sequencing studies. Numerous studies have shown that common variants can only explain a small proportion of the phenotypic variance for complex diseases. More and more evidence suggests that some of this missing heritability can be explained by rare variants. Considering the importance of rare variants, researchers have proposed a considerable number of methods for identifying the rare variants associated with complex diseases. Extensive research has been carried out on testing the association between rare variants and dichotomous, continuous or ordinal traits. So far, however, there has been little discussion about the case in which both genotypes and phenotypes are ordinal variables. This paper introduces a method based on the γ-statistic, called OV-RV, for examining disease-related rare variants when both genotypes and phenotypes are ordinal. At present, little is known about the asymptotic distribution of the γ-statistic when conducting association analyses for rare variants. One advantage of OV-RV is that it provides a robust estimation of the distribution of the γ-statistic by employing the permutation approach proposed by Fisher. We also perform extensive simulations to investigate the numerical performance of OV-RV under various model settings. The simulation results reveal that OV-RV is valid and efficient; namely, it controls the type I error approximately at the pre-specified significance level and achieves greater power at the same significance level. We also apply OV-RV for rare variant association studies of diastolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Statistics of MOE, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Jingbo Meng
- Key Laboratory for Applied Statistics of MOE, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Lili Chen
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, China
| | - Wensheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Applied Statistics of MOE, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Weijun Ma
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, China
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7
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He J, Ma W, Zhou Y. Gene association detection via local linear regression method. J Hum Genet 2019; 65:115-123. [PMID: 31602004 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing technology has provided us with great convenience in genetic association studies and many effective analysis methods were proposed continuously. However, population stratification is still a major issue in current genetic association studies. Many existing methods have been developed to remove the bias due to population stratification for common variant association studies, but such methods may be not effective for rare variant, which will lead to power reduction. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a principal component analysis strategy (called PC-LLR) based on local linear regression method to eliminate population stratification effect in both rare variant and common variant association studies. Simulation results indicate that the new PC-LLR method can eliminate population stratification effect well. It has correct type I error rates in all cases and higher powers in most cases, while most existing methods have inflated type I error rates at least in some cases. We also demonstrate that the PC-LLR is more effective to eliminate population stratification effect through applying the PC-LLR to the whole-exome sequencing data set from genetic analysis workshop 19 (GAW19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli He
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Theory and Computation of Complex Systems, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Weijun Ma
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Theory and Computation of Complex Systems, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Theory and Computation of Complex Systems, Harbin, 150080, China.
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Guo Y, Zhou Y. A modified association test for rare and common variants based on affected sib-pair design. J Theor Biol 2019; 467:1-6. [PMID: 30707975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current genome-wide association analysis has identified a great number of rare and common variants associated with common complex traits, however, more effective approaches for detecting associations between rare and common variants with common diseases are still demanded. Approaches for detecting rare variant association analysis will compromise the power when detecting the effects of rare and common variants simultaneously. In this paper, we extend an existing method of testing for rare variant association based on affected sib pairs (TOW-sib) and propose a variable weight test for rare and common variants association based on affected sib pairs (abbreviated as VW-TOWsib). The VW-TOWsib can be used to achieve the purpose of detecting the association of rare and common variants with complex diseases. Simulation results in various scenarios show that our proposed method is more powerful than existing methods for detecting effects of rare and common variants. At the same time, the VW-TOWsib also performs well as a method for rare variant association analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Guo
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Theory and Computation of Complex Systems, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Heilongjiang University and Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Theory and Computation of Complex Systems, Harbin 150080, China.
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Morimoto Y, Shimada-Sugimoto M, Otowa T, Yoshida S, Kinoshita A, Mishima H, Yamaguchi N, Mori T, Imamura A, Ozawa H, Kurotaki N, Ziegler C, Domschke K, Deckert J, Umekage T, Tochigi M, Kaiya H, Okazaki Y, Tokunaga K, Sasaki T, Yoshiura KI, Ono S. Whole-exome sequencing and gene-based rare variant association tests suggest that PLA2G4E might be a risk gene for panic disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:41. [PMID: 29391400 PMCID: PMC5804028 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, subsequent anticipatory anxiety, and phobic avoidance. Recent epidemiological and genetic studies have revealed that genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. We performed whole-exome sequencing on one Japanese family, including multiple patients with panic disorder, which identified seven rare protein-altering variants. We then screened these genes in a Japanese PD case-control group (384 sporadic PD patients and 571 controls), resulting in the detection of three novel single nucleotide variants as potential candidates for PD (chr15: 42631993, T>C in GANC; chr15: 42342861, G>T in PLA2G4E; chr20: 3641457, G>C in GFRA4). Statistical analyses of these three genes showed that PLA2G4E yielded the lowest p value in gene-based rare variant association tests by Efficient and Parallelizable Association Container Toolbox algorithms; however, the p value did not reach the significance threshold in the Japanese. Likewise, in a German case-control study (96 sporadic PD patients and 96 controls), PLA2G4E showed the lowest p value but again did not reach the significance threshold. In conclusion, we failed to find any significant variants or genes responsible for the development of PD. Nonetheless, our results still leave open the possibility that rare protein-altering variants in PLA2G4E contribute to the risk of PD, considering the function of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Morimoto
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Translation Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan ,0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mihoko Shimada-Sugimoto
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Otowa
- grid.440938.2Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, Professional Degree Program in Clinical Psychology, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yoshida
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamaguchi
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Translation Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Akira Imamura
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Translation Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Translation Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kurotaki
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Translation Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christiane Ziegler
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- 0000 0001 1958 8658grid.8379.5Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tadashi Umekage
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDivision for Environment, Health and Safety, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tochigi
- 0000 0000 9239 9995grid.264706.1Department of Neuropsychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisanobu Kaiya
- Panic Disorder Research Center, Warakukai Med. Corp, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Koseikai Michino-o Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dDepartment of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh-ichiro Yoshiura
- 0000 0000 8902 2273grid.174567.6Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Ono
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Unit of Translation Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Aino-Ariake Hospital, Unzen, Nagasaki, Japan.
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