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Li C, Yang Q, Zhang L. Identification of putative allosteric inhibitors of BCKDK via virtual screening and biological evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2290458. [PMID: 38059302 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2290458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can lead to metabolic diseases and cancers. Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) is a key negative regulator of BCAA catabolism, and targeting BCKDK provides a promising therapeutic approach for diseases caused by BCAA accumulation. Here, we screened PPHN and POAB as novel putative allosteric inhibitors by integrating allosteric binding site prediction, large-scale ligand database virtual screening, and bioactivity evaluation assays. Both of them showed a high binding affinity to BCKDK, with Kd values of 3.9 μM and 1.86 μM, respectively. In vivo experiments, the inhibitors demonstrated superior kinase inhibitory activity and notable antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on diverse cancer cells. Finally, bulk RNA-seq analysis revealed that PPHN and POAB suppressed cell growth through a range of signalling pathways. Taken together, our findings highlight two novel BCKDK inhibitors as potent therapeutic candidates for metabolic diseases and cancers associated with BCAA dysfunctional metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiong Li
- Genomics Center, Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Genomics Center, Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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2
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Staerz SD, Anamoah C, Tepe JJ. 20S proteasome enhancers prevent cytotoxic tubulin polymerization-promoting protein induced α-synuclein aggregation. iScience 2024; 27:110166. [PMID: 38974969 PMCID: PMC11225362 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a class of neurodegenerative diseases defined by the presence of α-synuclein inclusions. The location and composition of these α-synuclein inclusions directly correlate to the disease pattern. The inclusions in Multiple System Atrophy are located predominantly in oligodendrocytes and are rich in a second protein, p25α. P25α plays a key role in neuronal myelination by oligodendrocytes. In healthy oligodendrocytes, there is little to no α-synuclein present. If aberrant α-synuclein is present, p25α leaves the myelin sheaths and quickly co-aggregates with α-synuclein, resulting in the disruption of the cellular process and ultimately cell death. Herein, we report that p25α is susceptible for 20S proteasome-mediated degradation and that p25α induces α-synuclein aggregation, resulting in proteasome impairment and cell death. In addition, we identified small molecules 20S proteasome enhancers that prevent p25α induced α-synuclein fibrilization, restore proteasome impairment, and enhance cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia D. Staerz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Charles Anamoah
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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3
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Sian-Hulsmann J, Riederer P. The 'α-synucleinopathy syndicate': multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:585-595. [PMID: 37227594 PMCID: PMC11192696 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) are elite members of the α-synucleinopathy organization. Aberrant accumulations of the protein α-synuclein characterize them. A plethora of evidence indicates the involvement of these rogue inclusions in a cascade of events that disturb cellular homeostasis resulting in neuronal dysfunction. These two neurodegenerative diseases share many features both clinically and pathologically. Cytotoxic processes commonly induced by reactive free radical species have been associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, frequently reported in both diseases. However, it appears they have characteristic and distinct α-synuclein inclusions. It is glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the case of MSA while Lewy bodies manifest in PD. This is probably related to the etiology of the illness. At present, precise mechanism(s) underlying the characteristic configuration of neurodegeneration are unclear. Furthermore, the "prion-like" transmission from cell to cell prompts the suggestion that perhaps these α-synucleinopathies are prion-like diseases. The possibility of some underlying genetic foul play remains controversial. But as major culprits of pathological processes or even single triggers of PD and MSA are the same-like oxidative stress, iron-induced pathology, mitochondriopathy, loss of respiratory activity, loss of proteasomal function, microglial activation, neuroinflammation-it is not farfetched to assume that in sporadic PD and also in MSA a variety of combinations of susceptibility genes contribute to the regional specificity of pathological onset. These players of pathology, as mentioned above, in a synergistic combination, are responsible for driving the progression of PD, MSA and other neurodegenerative disorders. Elucidating the triggers and progression factors is vital for advocating disease modification or halting its progression in both, MSA and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, J.B. Winslows Vey 18, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
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Adam H, Gopinath SCB, Arshad MKM, Adam T, Subramaniam S, Hashim U. An Update on Parkinson's Disease and its Neurodegenerative Counterparts. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2770-2787. [PMID: 37016529 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230403085733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of diseases that cause nerve cell degeneration in the brain, resulting in a variety of symptoms and are not treatable with drugs. Parkinson's disease (PD), prion disease, motor neuron disease (MND), Huntington's disease (HD), spinal cerebral dyskinesia (SCA), spinal muscle atrophy (SMA), multiple system atrophy, Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) (ALS), pantothenate kinase-related neurodegeneration, and TDP-43 protein disorder are examples of neurodegenerative diseases. Dementia is caused by the loss of brain and spinal cord nerve cells in neurodegenerative diseases. BACKGROUND Even though environmental and genetic predispositions have also been involved in the process, redox metal abuse plays a crucial role in neurodegeneration since the preponderance of symptoms originates from abnormal metal metabolism. METHOD Hence, this review investigates several neurodegenerative diseases that may occur symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease to understand the differences and similarities between Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders based on reviewing previously published papers. RESULTS Based on the findings, the aggregation of alpha-synuclein occurs in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Other neurodegenerative diseases occur with different protein aggregation or mutations. CONCLUSION We can conclude that Parkinson's disease, Multiple system atrophy, and Dementia with Lewy bodies are closely related. Therefore, researchers must distinguish among the three diseases to avoid misdiagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy and Dementia with Lewy bodies with Parkinson's disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussaini Adam
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology (CCB), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, 11900 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M K Md Arshad
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Tijjani Adam
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
- Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Sreeramanan Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Georgetown, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology (CCB), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, 11900 Penang, Malaysia
- National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Uda Hashim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Wang M, Yan Z, Wang J, Yang Y, Deng Q, Han Y, Zhang L, Yang H, Pan J, Wang M. The characteristics and alteration of peripheral immune function in patients with multiple system atrophy. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1223076. [PMID: 37771450 PMCID: PMC10525398 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1223076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a degenerative disease. Immune dysfunction found to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of this disease in the literature, while the characteristics of peripheral immune function remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and alterations of peripheral immune function in patients with MSA. Methods A case-control study was conducted between January 2021 to December 2022 at SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. A total of 74 participants were recruited, including 47 MSA patients and 27 non-MSA participants. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant. A total of 29 types of immune cells were measured using the flow cytometry analysis technology. Single-factor analysis and multiple-factor analysis (multiple linear regression models) were performed to determine the differences and risk factors in immune cells between the MSA and non-MSA groups. Results Alterations of the count or percentage of CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD3-CD56+ B lymphocytes in MSA patients were found in this study. The reductions of the count and percentage of CD19+ B lymphocytes were still robust after adjusting for variables of age, gender, body mass index, albumin, and hemoglobin. Furthermore, the reductions in the count and percentage of CD19+ B lymphocytes in the MSA patients were more significant in women and individuals aged 60 years old or above than in the non-MSA participants. Conclusion Our findings suggested that MSA patients may be influenced by B lymphocytes, particularly CD19+ cells. Therefore, the reductions in immune cells should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of MSA. Further studies are warranted to confirm and expand upon these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Quaternary structure of patient-homogenate amplified α-synuclein fibrils modulates seeding of endogenous α-synuclein. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1040. [PMID: 36180728 PMCID: PMC9525671 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) are progressive and unremitting neurological diseases that are neuropathologically characterized by α-synuclein inclusions. Increasing evidence supports the aggregation of α-synuclein in specific brain areas early in the disease course, followed by the spreading of α-synuclein pathology to multiple brain regions. However, little is known about how the structure of α-synuclein fibrils influence its ability to seed endogenous α-synuclein in recipient cells. Here, we aggregated α-synuclein by seeding with homogenates of PD- and MSA-confirmed brain tissue, determined the resulting α-synuclein fibril structures by cryo-electron microscopy, and characterized their seeding potential in mouse primary oligodendroglial cultures. The combined analysis shows that the two patient material-amplified α-synuclein fibrils share a similar protofilament fold but differ in their inter-protofilament interface and their ability to recruit endogenous α-synuclein. Our study indicates that the quaternary structure of α-synuclein fibrils modulates the seeding of α-synuclein pathology inside recipient cells. It thus provides an important advance in the quest to understand the connection between the structure of α-synuclein fibrils, cellular seeding/spreading, and ultimately the clinical manifestations of different synucleinopathies.
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Taha HB, Kearney B, Bitan G. A minute fraction of α-synuclein in extracellular vesicles may be a major contributor to α-synuclein spreading following autophagy inhibition. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1001382. [PMID: 36245921 PMCID: PMC9554483 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian Kearney
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Gal Bitan
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Kwon DH, Hwang JS, Kim SG, Jang YE, Shin TH, Lee G. Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolome in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031879. [PMID: 35163800 PMCID: PMC8836409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) belong to the neurodegenerative group of synucleinopathies; differential diagnosis between PD and MSA is difficult, especially at early stages, owing to their clinical and biological similarities. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify metabolic biomarkers for these diseases. The metabolic profile of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is reported to be altered in PD and MSA; however, the altered metabolites remain unclear. We created a single network with altered metabolites in PD and MSA based on the literature and assessed biological functions, including metabolic disorders of the nervous system, inflammation, concentration of ATP, and neurological disorder, through bioinformatics methods. Our in-silico prediction-based metabolic networks are consistent with Parkinsonism events. Although metabolomics approaches provide a more quantitative understanding of biochemical events underlying the symptoms of PD and MSA, limitations persist in covering molecules related to neurodegenerative disease pathways. Thus, omics data, such as proteomics and microRNA, help understand the altered metabolomes mechanism. In particular, integrated omics and machine learning approaches will be helpful to elucidate the pathological mechanisms of PD and MSA. This review discusses the altered metabolites between PD and MSA in the CSF and omics approaches to discover diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyeon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.); (Y.E.J.)
| | - Ji Su Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.); (Y.E.J.)
| | - Seok Gi Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.); (Y.E.J.)
| | - Yong Eun Jang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.); (Y.E.J.)
| | - Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.H.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (D.H.K.); (J.S.H.); (S.G.K.); (Y.E.J.)
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.H.S.); (G.L.)
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9
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Usenko TS, Senkevich KA, Bezrukova AI, Baydakova GV, Basharova KS, Zhuravlev AS, Gracheva EV, Kudrevatykh AV, Miliukhina IV, Krasakov IV, Khublarova LA, Fursova IV, Zakharov DV, Timofeeva AA, Irishina YA, Palchikova EI, Zalutskaya NM, Emelyanov AK, Zakharova EY, Pchelina SN. Impaired Sphingolipid Hydrolase Activities in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Multiple System Atrophy. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2277-2287. [PMID: 35066761 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the oligomerization of alpha-synuclein protein in neurons or glial cells. Recent studies provide data that ceramide metabolism impairment may play a role in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies due to its influence on alpha-synuclein accumulation. The aim of the current study was to assess changes in activities of enzymes involved in ceramide metabolism in patients with different synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA)). The study enrolled 163 PD, 44 DLB, and 30 MSA patients as well as 159 controls. Glucocerebrosidase, alpha-galactosidase, acid sphingomyelinase enzyme activities, and concentrations of the corresponding substrates (hexosylsphingosine, globotriaosylsphingosine, lysosphingomyelin) were measured by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry in blood. Expression levels of GBA, GLA, and SMPD1 genes encoding glucoceresobridase, alpha-galactosidase, and acid sphingomyelinase enzymes, correspondently, were analyzed by real-time PCR with TaqMan assay in CD45 + blood cells. Increased hexosylsphingosine concentration was observed in DLB and MSA patients in comparison to PD and controls (p < 0.001) and it was associated with earlier age at onset (AAO) of DLB (p = 0.0008). SMPD1 expression was decreased in MSA compared to controls (p = 0.015). Acid sphingomyelinase activity was decreased in DLB, MSA patients compared to PD patients (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively), and in MSA compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Lower acid sphingomyelinase activity was associated with earlier AAO of PD (p = 0.012). Our data support the role of lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, namely, the pronounced alterations of lysosomal activities involved in ceramide metabolism in patients with MSA and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Usenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named By B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», 1, mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300, Gatchina, Russia. .,Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo str. 6-8, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - K A Senkevich
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named By B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», 1, mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300, Gatchina, Russia.,Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo str. 6-8, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A I Bezrukova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named By B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», 1, mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300, Gatchina, Russia
| | - G V Baydakova
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie str. 1, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - K S Basharova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named By B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», 1, mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300, Gatchina, Russia
| | - A S Zhuravlev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named By B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», 1, mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300, Gatchina, Russia
| | - E V Gracheva
- Institute of the Human Brain of RAS, 9, Pavlova str, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - A V Kudrevatykh
- Institute of the Human Brain of RAS, 9, Pavlova str, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - I V Miliukhina
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo str. 6-8, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of the Human Brain of RAS, 9, Pavlova str, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - I V Krasakov
- The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, Optikov str. 54, 197082, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L A Khublarova
- V.M. Bekhterevs National Medical Research Center Psychiatry and Neurology, 3 Bekhterev str., 192019, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Fursova
- V.M. Bekhterevs National Medical Research Center Psychiatry and Neurology, 3 Bekhterev str., 192019, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D V Zakharov
- V.M. Bekhterevs National Medical Research Center Psychiatry and Neurology, 3 Bekhterev str., 192019, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Timofeeva
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo str. 6-8, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Y A Irishina
- Institute of the Human Brain of RAS, 9, Pavlova str, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - E I Palchikova
- V.M. Bekhterevs National Medical Research Center Psychiatry and Neurology, 3 Bekhterev str., 192019, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N M Zalutskaya
- V.M. Bekhterevs National Medical Research Center Psychiatry and Neurology, 3 Bekhterev str., 192019, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A K Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named By B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», 1, mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300, Gatchina, Russia.,Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo str. 6-8, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Y Zakharova
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie str. 1, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - S N Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named By B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», 1, mkr. Orlova roshcha, 188300, Gatchina, Russia.,Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, L'va Tolstogo str. 6-8, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12, Acad. Pavlov Str, 197376, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Bargar C, De Luca CMG, Devigili G, Elia AE, Cilia R, Portaleone SM, Wang W, Tramacere I, Bistaffa E, Cazzaniga FA, Felisati G, Legname G, Di Fonzo A, Xu R, Gunzler SA, Giaccone G, Eleopra R, Chen SG, Moda F. Discrimination of MSA-P and MSA-C by RT-QuIC analysis of olfactory mucosa: the first assessment of assay reproducibility between two specialized laboratories. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:82. [PMID: 34895275 PMCID: PMC8665327 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of the pathological and disease-associated alpha-synuclein (αSynD) in the brain is required to formulate the definitive diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). We recently showed that αSynD can be detected in the olfactory mucosa (OM) of MSA and PD patients. For this reason, we have performed the first interlaboratory study based on α-synuclein Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (αSyn_RT-QuIC) analysis of OM samples collected from PD and MSA patients with the parkinsonian (MSA-P) and cerebellar (MSA-C) phenotypes. Methods OM samples were prospectively collected from patients with a probable diagnosis of MSA-P (n = 20, mean disease duration 4.4 years), MSA-C (n = 10, mean disease duration 4 years), PD (n = 13, mean disease duration 8 years), and healthy control subjects (HS) (n = 11). Each sample was analyzed by αSyn_RT-QuIC in two independent specialized laboratories, one located in Italy (ITA-lab) and one located in the USA (USA-lab). Both laboratories have developed and used harmonized αSyn_RT-QuIC analytical procedures. Results were correlated with demographic and clinical data. Results The αSyn_RT-QuIC analysis reached a 96% interrater agreement of results (IAR) between laboratories (Kappa = 0.93, 95% CI 0.83–1.00). In particular, αSyn_RT-QuIC seeding activity was found in the OM of 9/13 patients with PD (sensitivity 69%, IAR 100%) and 18/20 patients with MSA-P (sensitivity 90%, IAR 100%). Interestingly, samples collected from patients with MSA-C did not induce αSyn_RT-QuIC seeding activity, except for one subject in USA-lab. Therefore, we found that MSA-P and MSA-C induced opposite effects. Regardless of disease diagnosis, the αSyn_RT-QuIC seeding activity correlated with some clinical parameters, including the rigidity and postural instability. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that OM-αSynD may serve as a novel biomarker for accurate clinical diagnoses of PD, MSA-P, and MSA-C. Moreover, αSyn_RT-QuIC represents a reliable assay that can distinguish patients with MSA-P from those with MSA-C, and may lead to significant advancements in patients stratification and selection for emerging pharmacological treatments and clinical trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00491-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Bargar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chiara Maria Giulia De Luca
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Grazia Devigili
- Unit of Neurology 1 - Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Emanuele Elia
- Unit of Neurology 1 - Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cilia
- Unit of Neurology 1 - Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Maria Portaleone
- Department of Health Science, Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Irene Tramacere
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bistaffa
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Angelo Cazzaniga
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Felisati
- Department of Health Science, Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Unit of Neurology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven Alexander Gunzler
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- Unit of Neurology 1 - Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Shu Guang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Fabio Moda
- Unit of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
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11
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Han HF, Yen HC, Wu HC, Tan HY, Xu W, Jiang HS, Tsai PJ, Qian K, Wu YC, Chen CC. Ultrasensitive Detection of Alzheimer's Amyloids on a Plasmonic-Gold Platform. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57036-57042. [PMID: 34843217 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
More than 55 million people live with dementia worldwide in 2021, and there are nearly 10 million new cases every year. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Despite urgent need, early detection of AD and long-term monitoring of AD progression have been challenging. This is due to the limited availability of brain imaging facilities and the highly invasive procedure with the cerebrospinal fluid assay to assess the level of AD biomarkers, such as beta-amyloid (Aβ). Reliable measurements of AD biomarkers in blood samples are still difficult because of their very low abundance. Here, we develop a rapid, specific, and ultrasensitive immunoassay using plasmonic-gold nanoisland (pGOLD) chips with near-infrared fluorescence-enhanced detection for Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. We show step-by-step processes and results during the platform establishment, including antibody specificity and sensitivity tests, antibody pair examination, condition optimization, and procedure refinement. Finally, we demonstrate the platform performance with detection sensitivity at the subpicogram per milliliter level. This platform, therefore, has a great application potential for early detection of AD using blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fen Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Yen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Chest Hospital and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hang-Shiang Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Jui Tsai
- Department of Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Chest Hospital and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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12
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Malfertheiner K, Stefanova N, Heras-Garvin A. The Concept of α-Synuclein Strains and How Different Conformations May Explain Distinct Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurol 2021; 12:737195. [PMID: 34675870 PMCID: PMC8523670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.737195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, an increasing amount of studies primarily based on experimental models have investigated the existence of distinct α-synuclein strains and their different pathological effects. This novel concept could shed light on the heterogeneous nature of α-synucleinopathies, a group of disorders that includes Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, which share as their key-molecular hallmark the abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, a process that seems pivotal in disease pathogenesis according to experimental observations. However, the etiology of α-synucleinopathies and the initial events leading to the formation of α-synuclein aggregates remains elusive. Hence, the hypothesis that structurally distinct fibrillary assemblies of α-synuclein could have a causative role in the different disease phenotypes and explain, at least to some extent, their specific neurodegenerative, disease progression, and clinical presentation patterns is very appealing. Moreover, the presence of different α-synuclein strains might represent a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of these neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, the recent use of super resolution techniques and protein aggregation assays has offered the possibility, on the one hand, to elucidate the conformation of α-synuclein pathogenic strains and, on the other hand, to cyclically amplify to detectable levels low amounts of α-synuclein strains in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral tissue from patients. Thus, the inclusion of these techniques could facilitate the differentiation between α-synucleinopathies, even at early stages, which is crucial for successful therapeutic intervention. This mini-review summarizes the current knowledge on α-synuclein strains and discusses its possible applications and potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Malfertheiner
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Supruniuk E, Żebrowska E, Chabowski A. Branched chain amino acids-friend or foe in the control of energy substrate turnover and insulin sensitivity? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2559-2597. [PMID: 34542351 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1977910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and their derivatives are bioactive molecules with pleiotropic functions in the human body. Elevated fasting blood BCAA concentrations are considered as a metabolic hallmark of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, since increased BCAA amount is observed both in metabolically healthy and obese subjects, a question whether BCAA are mechanistic drivers of insulin resistance and its morbidities or only markers of metabolic dysregulation, still remains open. The beneficial effects of BCAA on body weight and composition, aerobic capacity, insulin secretion and sensitivity demand high catabolic potential toward amino acids and/or adequate BCAA intake. On the opposite, BCAA-related inhibition of lipogenesis and lipolysis enhancement may preclude impairment in insulin sensitivity. Thereby, the following review addresses various strategies pertaining to the modulation of BCAA catabolism and the possible roles of BCAA in energy homeostasis. We also aim to elucidate mechanisms behind the heterogeneity of ramifications associated with BCAA modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Supruniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Żebrowska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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14
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Campese N, Fanciulli A, Stefanova N, Haybaeck J, Kiechl S, Wenning GK. Neuropathology of multiple system atrophy: Kurt Jellinger`s legacy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1481-1494. [PMID: 34319460 PMCID: PMC8528766 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Its etiology and exact pathogenesis still remain poorly understood and currently no disease-modifying therapy is available to halt or slow down this detrimental neurodegenerative process. Hallmarks of the disease are α-synuclein rich glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). Neuropathologically, various degrees of striatonigral degeneration (SND) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) can be observed. Since the original descriptions of this multifaceted disorder, several steps forward have been made to clarify its neuropathological hallmarks and key pathophysiological mechanisms. The Austrian neuropathologist Kurt Jellinger substantially contributed to the understanding of the underlying neuropathology of this disease, to its standardized assessment and to a broad systematical clinic-pathological correlation. On the occasion of his 90th birthday, we reviewed the current state of the art in the field of MSA neuropathology, highlighting Prof. Jellinger’s substantial contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Campese
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alessandra Fanciulli
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Avrutsky MI, Troy CM. Caspase-9: A Multimodal Therapeutic Target With Diverse Cellular Expression in Human Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701301. [PMID: 34305609 PMCID: PMC8299054 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-9, a cysteine-aspartic protease known for its role as an initiator of intrinsic apoptosis, regulates physiological cell death and pathological tissue degeneration. Its nonapoptotic functions, including regulation of cellular differentiation/maturation, innate immunity, mitochondrial homeostasis, and autophagy, reveal a multimodal landscape of caspase-9 functions in health and disease. Recent work has demonstrated that caspase-9 can drive neurovascular injury through nonapoptotic endothelial cell dysfunction. CASP9 polymorphisms have been linked with various cancers, neurological disorders, autoimmune pathologies and lumbar disc disease. Clinical reports suggest alterations in caspase-9 expression, activity or function may be associated with acute and chronic neurodegeneration, retinal neuropathy, slow-channel myasthenic syndrome, lumbar disc disease, cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease. Healthy tissues maintain caspase-9 activity at low basal levels, rendering supraphysiological caspase-9 activation a tractable target for therapeutic interventions. Strategies for selective inhibition of caspase-9 include dominant negative caspase-9 mutants and pharmacological inhibitors derived from the XIAP protein, whose Bir3 domain is an endogenous highly selective caspase-9 inhibitor. However, the mechanistic implications of caspase-9 expression and activation remain indeterminate in many pathologies. By assembling clinical reports of caspase-9 genetics, signaling and cellular localization in human tissues, this review identifies gaps between experimental and clinical studies on caspase-9, and presents opportunities for further investigations to examine the consequences of caspase activity in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Avrutsky
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Carol M Troy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Yoon YS, Ahn WJ, Ricarte D, Ortiz D, Shin CY, Lee SJ, Lee HJ. Alpha-Synuclein Inclusion Formation in Human Oligodendrocytes. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:83-89. [PMID: 32536617 PMCID: PMC7771843 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by presence of α-synuclein-positive inclusions in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes. These glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) are considered an integral part of the pathogenesis of MSA, leading to demyelination and neuronal demise. What is most puzzling in the research fields of GCIs is the origin of α-synuclein aggregates in GCIs, since adult oligodendrocytes do not express high levels of α-synuclein. The most recent leading hypothesis is that GCIs form via transfer and accumulation of α-synuclein from neurons to oligodendrocytes. However, studies regarding this subject are limited due to the absence of proper human cell models, to demonstrate the entry and accumulation of neuronal α-synuclein in human oligodendrocytes. Here, we generated mature human oligodendrocytes that can take up neuron-derived α-synuclein and form GCI-like inclusions. Mature human oligodendrocytes are derived from neural stem cells via “oligosphere” formation and then into oligodendrocytes, treating the cells with the proper differentiation factors at each step. In the final cell preparations, oligodendrocytes consist of the majority population, while some astrocytes and unidentified stem cell-like cells were present as well. When these cells were exposed to α-synuclein proteins secreted from neuron-like human neuroblastoma cells, oligodendrocytes developed perinuclear inclusion bodies with α-synuclein immunoreactivity, resembling GCIs, while the stem cell-like cells showed α-synuclein-positive, scattered puncta in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, we have established a human oligodendrocyte model for the study of GCI formation, and the characterization and use of this model might pave the way for understanding the pathogenesis of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Seul Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Diadem Ricarte
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Darlene Ortiz
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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17
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Harms AS, Kordower JH, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sulzer D, Mach RH. Inflammation in Experimental Models of α-Synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2020; 36:37-49. [PMID: 33009855 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has long been associated with central nervous system pathology in α-synucleinopathy disorders including Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. In the past decade, research-focused efforts in preclinical and experimental models have rallied around this idea, and considerable effort has been made to delineate critical neuroinflammatory processes. In this article, we discuss challenges in preclinical research, notably the use of animal models to recapitulate and dissect disease phenotypes as well as the need for more sensitive, reliable radiotracers to detect on-target efficacy of immunomodulatory treatments in both human Parkinson's disease as well as preclinical models. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Harms
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Insights into the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy: focus on glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:7. [PMID: 32095235 PMCID: PMC7025408 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a debilitating and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. The disease severity warrants urgent development of disease-modifying therapy, but the disease pathogenesis is still enigmatic. Neurodegeneration in MSA brains is preceded by the emergence of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), which are insoluble α-synuclein accumulations within oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Thus, preventive strategies against GCI formation may suppress disease progression. However, although numerous studies have tried to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of GCI formation, difficulty remains in understanding the pathological interaction between the two pivotal aspects of GCIs; α-synuclein and OLGs. The difficulty originates from several enigmas: 1) what triggers the initial generation and possible propagation of pathogenic α-synuclein species? 2) what contributes to OLG-specific accumulation of α-synuclein, which is abundantly expressed in neurons but not in OLGs? and 3) how are OLGs and other glial cells affected and contribute to neurodegeneration? The primary pathogenesis of GCIs may involve myelin dysfunction and dyshomeostasis of the oligodendroglial cellular environment such as autophagy and iron metabolism. We have previously reported that oligodendrocyte precursor cells are more prone to develop intracellular inclusions in the presence of extracellular fibrillary α-synuclein. This finding implies a possibility that the propagation of GCI pathology in MSA brains is mediated through the internalization of pathological α-synuclein into oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In this review, in order to discuss the pathogenesis of GCIs, we will focus on the composition of neuronal and oligodendroglial inclusions in synucleinopathies. Furthermore, we will introduce some hypotheses on how α-synuclein pathology spreads among OLGs in MSA brains, in the light of our data from the experiments with primary oligodendrocyte lineage cell culture. While various reports have focused on the mysterious source of α-synuclein in GCIs, insights into the mechanism which regulates the uptake of pathological α-synuclein into oligodendroglial cells may yield the development of the disease-modifying therapy for MSA. The interaction between glial cells and α-synuclein is also highlighted with previous studies of post-mortem human brains, cultured cells, and animal models, which provide comprehensive insight into GCIs and the MSA pathomechanisms.
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