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Lung SCC, Tsou MCM, Cheng CHC, Setyawati W. Peaks, sources, and immediate health impacts of PM 2.5 and PM 1 exposure in Indonesia and Taiwan with microsensors. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00689-4. [PMID: 38806636 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsensors have been used for the high-resolution particulate matter (PM) monitoring. OBJECTIVES This study applies PM and health microsensors with the objective of assessing the peak exposure, sources, and immediate health impacts of PM2.5 and PM1 in two Asian countries. METHODS Exposure assessment and health evaluation were carried out for 50 subjects in 2018 and 2019 in Bandung, Indonesia and for 55 subjects in 2019 and 2020 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Calibrated AS-LUNG sets and medical-certified RootiRx® sensors were used to assess PM and heart-rate variability (HRV), respectively. RESULTS Overall, the 5-min mean exposure of PM2.5 and PM1 was 30.4 ± 20.0 and 27.0 ± 15.7 µg/m3 in Indonesia and 14.9 ± 11.2 and 13.9 ± 9.8 µg/m3 in Taiwan, respectively. The maximum 5-min peak PM2.5 and PM1 exposures were 473.6 and 154.0 µg/m3 in Indonesia and 467.4 and 217.7 µg/m3 in Taiwan, respectively. Community factories and mosquito coil burning are the two most important exposure sources, resulting in, on average, 4.73 and 5.82 µg/m3 higher PM2.5 exposure increments for Indonesian subjects and 10.1 and 9.82 µg/m3 higher PM2.5 exposure for Taiwanese subjects compared to non-exposure periods, respectively. Moreover, agricultural waste burning and incense burning were another two important exposure sources, but only in Taiwan. Furthermore, 5-min PM2.5 and PM1 exposure had statistically significantly immediate impacts on the HRV indices and heart rates of all subjects in Taiwan and the scooter subjects in Indonesia with generalized additive mixed models. The HRV change for a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM1 ranged from -0.9% to -2.5% except for ratio of low-high frequency, with greater impacts associated with PM1 than PM2.5 in both countries. IMPACT STATEMENT This work highlights the ability of microsensors to capture high peaks of PM2.5 and PM1, to identify exposure sources through the integration of activity records, and to assess immediate changes in heart rate variability for a panel of approximately 50 subjects in Indonesia and Taiwan. This study stands out as one of the few to demonstrate the immediate health impacts of peak PM, complementing to the short-term (days or weeks) or long-term effects (months or longer) assessed in most epidemiological studies. The technology/methodology employed offer great potential for researchers in the resource-limited countries with high PM2.5 and PM1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | - Wiwiek Setyawati
- Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kota Bandung, Indonesia
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Aniyikaiye TE, Piketh SJ, Edokpayi JN. A spatial approach to assessing PM 2.5 exposure level of a brickmaking community in South Africa. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024; 74:345-358. [PMID: 38512719 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2332227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Globally, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less poses a significant threat to human health. The first step in quantifying human health impacts caused by exposure to PM2.5 pollution is exposure assessment. Population-weighted exposure level (PWEL) estimation is one of the methods that provides a more precise exposure assessment since it incorporates the spatiotemporal distribution of population with the pollution concentration estimate. In this study, PM2.5 exposure levels in the local communities around brickmaking industries were investigated, using the population census data of the study area and 1-year data from nine PM2.5 monitoring stations installed in and around the brickmaking industries. The observed PM2.5 data was spatially interpolated using inverse distance weight (IDW). Data on PM2.5 levels across the study area were classified based on the World Health Organization interim target (IT) guidelines and the South African National ambient air quality standard (NAAQS). An annual PM2.5 population weighted exposure level of 27.6 µg/m3 was estimated for the study area. However, seasonal exposure levels of 28.9, 37.6, 26.5, and 20.7 µg/m3 were estimated for the autumn, winter, spring, and summer seasons, respectively. This implies that local communities around the brick kiln in the Vhembe District are exposed to high levels of PM2.5, especially in winter. The PM2.5 levels in the brickmaking industries as well as its other sources in the Vhembe District, therefore, need to be lowered. Findings from population exposure level to pollutants can provide valuable data for formulating policies and recommendations on exposure reduction and public health protection.Implications: PM2.5 concentration in any given environment has high spatial and temporal variability due to the presence of diffused sources in the environment. Using ambient air concentrations to directly estimate population exposure without taking into consideration the disproportionate spatial and temporal distribution of the pollutant and the population may not yield accurate results on human exposure levels. It is, therefore, important to assess the aggregated PM2.5 exposure of a populace within a given area. This study therefore examines the PM2.5 population-weighted-exposure level of the host communities of the brickmaking industry in Vhembe District, South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart J Piketh
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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3
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Jung CC, Huang CY, Su HJ, Chen NT, Yeh CL. Impact of agricultural activity on PM 2.5 and its compositions in elementary schools near corn and rice farms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167496. [PMID: 37778567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural activity is an important source of particulate matter <2.5 μm in size (PM2.5) in rural areas. In Taiwan, many elementary schools are surrounded by farms, and studies investigating the impact of agricultural activity on air quality in schools are required. We collected PM2.5 samples from the classrooms of elementary schools near corn and rice farms during the crop cultivation stages and analyzed their concentrations and compositions to investigate whether agricultural activity affects the schools' air quality. We found that the average ratio of PM2.5/PM10 (<10 μm in particle size) was <0.6 in the school near the corn farm, and that the indoor PM2.5/PM10 ratio was significantly associated (r = 0.93, p < 0.05) with the outdoor ratio. Moreover, the potassium (K) concentration in the school near the corn farm (189.2 ± 119 ng/m3) was higher than that near the rice farm (140.9 ± 116.0 ng/m3). There were higher concentrations of K and crustal elements, and a greater crustal elements/heavy metals ratio, in the school near the corn farm during the sowing and soil covering stages than during other cultivation stages. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) results indicate that agricultural activity was a predominant contributor of PM2.5 in the schools near corn and rice farms, however, PM2.5 from industrial and traffic emissions also affected schools' air quality. In summary, agricultural activity influenced the air quality of schools, especially near the corn farm. Governments should develop air quality management policies to reduce the risk of children suffering exposure to high particle concentrations in these schools and further suggest that the impact of industrial and traffic emissions on air quality also requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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4
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Novak R, Robinson JA, Frantzidis C, Sejdullahu I, Persico MG, Kontić D, Sarigiannis D, Kocman D. Integrated assessment of personal monitor applications for evaluating exposure to urban stressors: A scoping review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115685. [PMID: 36921791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban stressors pose a health risk, and individual-level assessments provide necessary and fine-grained insight into exposure. An ever-increasing amount of research literature on individual-level exposure to urban stressors using data collected with personal monitors, has called for an integrated assessment approach to identify trends, gaps and needs, and provide recommendations for future research. To this end, a scoping review of the respective literature was performed, as part of the H2020 URBANOME project. Moreover, three specific aims were identified: (i) determine current state of research, (ii) analyse literature according with a waterfall methodological framework and identify gaps and needs, and (iii) provide recommendations for more integrated, inclusive and robust approaches. Knowledge and gaps were extracted based on a systematic approach, e.g., data extraction questionnaires, as well as through the expertise of the researchers performing the review. The findings were assessed through a waterfall methodology of delineating projects into four phases. Studies described in the papers vary in their scope, with most assessing exposure in a single macro domain, though a trend of moving towards multi-domain assessment is evident. Simultaneous measurements of multiple stressors are not common, and papers predominantly assess exposure to air pollution. As urban environments become more diverse, stakeholders from different groups are included in the study designs. Most frequently (per the quadruple helix model), civil society/NGO groups are involved, followed by government and policymakers, while business or private sector stakeholders are less frequently represented. Participants in general function as data collectors and are rarely involved in other phases of the research. While more active involvement is not necessary, more collaborative approaches show higher engagement and motivation of participants to alter their lifestyles based on the research results. The identified trends, gaps and needs can aid future exposure research and provide recommendations on addressing different urban communities and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Novak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Johanna Amalia Robinson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Research and Development, Slovenian Institute for Adult Education, Ulica Ambrožiča Novljana 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christos Frantzidis
- Biomedical Engineering & Aerospace Neuroscience (BEAN), Laboratory of Medical Physics and Digital Innovation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Greek Aerospace Medical Association and Space Research (GASMA-SR), Greece
| | - Iliriana Sejdullahu
- Ambiente Italia Società a Responsabilità Limitata, Department of Adaptation and Resilience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Giovanni Persico
- Urban Resilience Department, City of Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Health Statistics and Biometrics, Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Davor Kontić
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Participatory Research, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimosthenis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School of Advanced Study IUSS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - David Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Wang J, Du W, Lei Y, Duan W, Mao K, Wang Z, Pan B. Impacts of household PM 2.5 pollution on blood pressure of rural residents: Implication for clean energy transition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163749. [PMID: 37120026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High blood pressure associated with PM2.5 exposure is of great concern, especially for rural residents exposed to high PM2.5 levels. However, the impact of short-term exposure to high PM2.5 on blood pressure (BP) has not been well elucidated. Thus, this study aims to focus on the association between short-term PM2.5 exposure with BP of rural residents and its variation between summer and winter. Our results showed that the summertime PM2.5 exposure concentration was 49.3 ± 20.6 μg/m3, among which, mosquito coil users had 1.5-folds higher PM2.5 exposure than non-mosquito coil users (63.6 ± 21.7 vs 43.0 ± 16.7 μg/m3, p < 0.05). The mean systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively) of rural participants were 122 ± 18.2 and 76.2 ± 11.2 mmHg in summer, respectively. The PM2.5 exposure, SBP, and DBP in summer were 70.7 μg/m3, 9.0 mmHg, and 2.8 mmHg lower than that in winter, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation between PM2.5 exposure and SBP was stronger in winter than that in summer, possibly due to higher PM2.5 exposure levels in winter. The transition of household energy from solid fuels in winter to clean fuels in summer would be benefit to the decline of PM2.5 exposure as well as BP. Results from this study suggested that the reduction of PM2.5 exposure would have positive effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Wang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenyan Duan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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6
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Shah RU, Padilla LE, Peters DR, Dupuy-Todd M, Fonseca ER, Ma GQ, Popoola OAM, Jones RL, Mills J, Martin NA, Alvarez RA. Identifying Patterns and Sources of Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter in London Using Mobile Measurements of Lung-Deposited Surface Area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:96-108. [PMID: 36548159 PMCID: PMC9835830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We performed more than a year of mobile, 1 Hz measurements of lung-deposited surface area (LDSA, the surface area of 20-400 nm diameter particles, deposited in alveolar regions of lungs) and optically assessed fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in central London. We spatially correlated these pollutants to two urban emission sources: major roadways and restaurants. We show that optical PM2.5 is an ineffective indicator of tailpipe emissions on major roadways, where we do observe statistically higher LDSA, BC, and NO2. Additionally, we find pollutant hot spots in commercial neighborhoods with more restaurants. A low LDSA (15 μm2 cm-3) occurs in areas with fewer major roadways and restaurants, while the highest LDSA (25 μm2 cm-3) occurs in areas with more of both sources. By isolating areas that are higher in one source than the other, we demonstrate the comparable impacts of traffic and restaurants on LDSA. Ratios of hyperlocal enhancements (ΔLDSA:ΔBC and ΔLDSA:ΔNO2) are higher in commercial neighborhoods than on major roadways, further demonstrating the influence of restaurant emissions on LDSA. We demonstrate the added value of using particle surface in identifying hyperlocal patterns of health-relevant PM components, especially in areas with strong vehicular emissions where the high LDSA does not translate to high PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh U. Shah
- Environmental
Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, #1300, Austin, Texas78701, United
States
| | - Lauren E. Padilla
- Environmental
Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, #1300, Austin, Texas78701, United
States
| | - Daniel R. Peters
- Environmental
Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, #1300, Austin, Texas78701, United
States
| | - Megan Dupuy-Todd
- Environmental
Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, #1300, Austin, Texas78701, United
States
| | | | - Geoffrey Q. Ma
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K.
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, U.K.
| | | | - Roderic L. Jones
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jim Mills
- ACOEM UK Ltd., TewkesburyGL20 8GD, U.K.
| | - Nicholas A. Martin
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Ramón A. Alvarez
- Environmental
Defense Fund, 301 Congress Avenue, #1300, Austin, Texas78701, United
States
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Xie Q, Dai Y, Zhu X, Hui F, Fu X, Zhang Q. High contribution from outdoor air to personal exposure and potential inhaled dose of PM 2.5 for indoor-active university students. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114225. [PMID: 36063909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
People spend most of their time indoors, isolated from the outdoor environment where serious air pollution usually occurs. To what extent outdoor air pollution contributes to their daily personal exposure and inhaled dose? To fill this knowledge gap, an exposure assessment study was conducted for indoor-active university students during a wintertime period of hazy and non-hazy (clear) days in Beijing. Indoor and outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected at six indoor microenvironments, and two outdoor environments representing traffic and ambient exposure in the university, respectively, to estimate the personal exposure of students. The average daily personal exposure and poteantial inhaled dose on hazy days (124.8 ± 72.3 μg m-3 and 2.74 ± 1.53 mg) were much higher than that on clear days (57.5 ± 31.9 μg m-3 and 1.26 ± 0.59 mg), indicating a significant influence from the ambient air quality. The indoor PM2.5 concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the outdoor ones (r = 0.67-0.96) with an FINF (infiltration factor) range of 0.44-0.81 during sampling periods. The outdoor-origin air contributed 68%-95% to the total indoor PM2.5, the average of which was higher during haze events (87%) than clear periods (73%). Correspondingly, outdoor-origin PM2.5 contributed around 105.4 μg m-3 and 2.41 mg (85% and 89%) to the daily exposure and inhaled dose of college students on hazy days, respectively, compared to just 39.2 μg m-3 and 0.95 mg (68% and 75%) on clear days. Our results highlight the significant contribution of outdoor-origin PM2.5 occurred indoor to both the daily personal exposure and inhaled dose due to air pollution filtration between outdoor and indoor environments. These also suggest a continuous effort not only on ambient air quality improvements, but also on environmental friendly building for public health protection with lower exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorong Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuqing Dai
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xianlei Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Fan Hui
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xianqiang Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Qiangbin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
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8
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Russell HS, Kappelt N, Fessa D, Frederickson LB, Bagkis E, Apostolidis P, Karatzas K, Schmidt JA, Hertel O, Johnson MS. Particulate air pollution in the Copenhagen metro part 2: Low-cost sensors and micro-environment classification. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107645. [PMID: 36434885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels throughout the Copenhagen metro system are measured for the first time and found to be ∼10 times the roadside levels in Copenhagen. In this Part 2 article, low-cost sensor (LCS) nodes designed for personal-exposure monitoring are tested against a conventional mid-range device (TSI DustTrak), and gravimetric methods. The nodes were found to be effective for personal exposure measurements inside the metro system, with R2 values of > 0.8 at 1-min and > 0.9 at 5-min time-resolution, with an average slope of 1.01 in both cases, in comparison to the reference, which is impressive for this dynamic environment. Micro-environment (ME) classification techniques are also developed and tested, involving the use of auxiliary sensors, measuring light, carbon dioxide, humidity, temperature and motion. The output from these sensors is used to distinguish between specific MEs, namely, being aboard trains travelling above- or under- ground, with 83 % accuracy, and determining whether sensors were aboard a train or stationary at a platform with 92 % accuracy. This information was used to show a 143 % increase in mean PM2.5 concentration for underground sections relative to overground, and 22 % increase for train vs. platform measurements. The ME classification method can also be used to improve calibration models, assist in accurate exposure assessment based on detailed time-activity patterns, and facilitate field studies that do not require personnel to record time-activity diaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo S Russell
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; AirLabs, Nannasgade 28, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Niklas Kappelt
- AirLabs, Nannasgade 28, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dafni Fessa
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Louise B Frederickson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; AirLabs, Nannasgade 28, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Evangelos Bagkis
- Environmental Informatics Research Group, School of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Apostolidis
- Environmental Informatics Research Group, School of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Karatzas
- Environmental Informatics Research Group, School of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Ole Hertel
- Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matthew S Johnson
- AirLabs, Nannasgade 28, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Lung SCC, Thi Hien T, Cambaliza MOL, Hlaing OMT, Oanh NTK, Latif MT, Lestari P, Salam A, Lee SY, Wang WCV, Tsou MCM, Cong-Thanh T, Cruz MT, Tantrakarnapa K, Othman M, Roy S, Dang TN, Agustian D. Research Priorities of Applying Low-Cost PM 2.5 Sensors in Southeast Asian Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031522. [PMID: 35162543 PMCID: PMC8835170 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The low-cost and easy-to-use nature of rapidly developed PM2.5 sensors provide an opportunity to bring breakthroughs in PM2.5 research to resource-limited countries in Southeast Asia (SEA). This review provides an evaluation of the currently available literature and identifies research priorities in applying low-cost sensors (LCS) in PM2.5 environmental and health research in SEA. The research priority is an outcome of a series of participatory workshops under the umbrella of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project–Monsoon Asia and Oceania Networking Group (IGAC–MANGO). A literature review and research prioritization are conducted with a transdisciplinary perspective of providing useful scientific evidence in assisting authorities in formulating targeted strategies to reduce severe PM2.5 pollution and health risks in this region. The PM2.5 research gaps that could be filled by LCS application are identified in five categories: source evaluation, especially for the distinctive sources in the SEA countries; hot spot investigation; peak exposure assessment; exposure–health evaluation on acute health impacts; and short-term standards. The affordability of LCS, methodology transferability, international collaboration, and stakeholder engagement are keys to success in such transdisciplinary PM2.5 research. Unique contributions to the international science community and challenges with LCS application in PM2.5 research in SEA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (W.-C.V.W.); (M.-C.M.T.)
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27875908
| | - To Thi Hien
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (T.T.H.); (T.C.-T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza
- Department of Physics, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines;
- Air Quality Dynamics Laboratory, Manila Observatory, Quezon City 1108, Philippines;
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
- Environmental Engineering and Management, SERD, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Puji Lestari
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Shih-Yu Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (W.-C.V.W.); (M.-C.M.T.)
| | - Wen-Cheng Vincent Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (W.-C.V.W.); (M.-C.M.T.)
| | - Ming-Chien Mark Tsou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.-Y.L.); (W.-C.V.W.); (M.-C.M.T.)
| | - Tran Cong-Thanh
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (T.T.H.); (T.C.-T.)
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | | | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (Lestari), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Shatabdi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Tran Ngoc Dang
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Dwi Agustian
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40171, Indonesia;
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10
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Kumar P, Omidvarborna H, Tiwari A, Morawska L. The nexus between in-car aerosol concentrations, ventilation and the risk of respiratory infection. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106814. [PMID: 34411759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the trade-offs between in-car aerosol concentrations, ventilation and respiratory infection transmission under three ventilation settings: windows open (WO); windows closed with air-conditioning on ambient air mode (WC-AA); and windows closed with air-conditioning on recirculation (WC-RC). Forty-five runs, covering a total of 324 km distance on a 7.2-km looped route, were carried out three times a day (morning, afternoon, evening) to monitor aerosols (PM2.5; particulate matter < 2.5 μm and PNC; particle number concentration), CO2 and environmental conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Ideally, higher ventilation rates would give lower in-car pollutant concentrations due to dilution from outdoor air. However, in-car aerosol concentrations increased with ventilation (WO > WC-AA > WC-RC) due to the ingress of polluted outdoor air on urban routes. A clear trade-off, therefore, exists for the in-car air quality (icAQ) versus ventilation; for example, WC-RC showed the least aerosol concentrations (i.e. four-times lower compared with WO), but corresponded to elevated CO2 levels (i.e. five-times higher compared with WO) in 20 mins. We considered COVID-19 as an example of respiratory infection transmission. The probability of its transmission from an infected occupant in a five-seater car was estimated during different quanta generation rates (2-60.5 quanta hr-1) using the Wells-Riley model. In WO, the probability with 50%-efficient and without facemasks under normal speaking (9.4 quanta hr-1) varied only by upto 0.5%. It increased by 2-fold in WC-AA (<1.1%) and 10-fold in WC-RC (<5.2%) during a 20 mins trip. Therefore, a wise selection of ventilation settings is needed to balance in-car exposure in urban areas affected by outdoor air pollution and that by COVID-19 transmission. We also successfully developed and assessed the feasibility of using sensor units in static and dynamic environments to monitor icAQ and potentially infer COVID-19 transmission. Further research is required to develop automatic-alarm systems to help reduce both pollutant exposure and infection from respiratory COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hamid Omidvarborna
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind Tiwari
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath, WHO Collaborating Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Fanti G, Borghi F, Spinazzè A, Rovelli S, Campagnolo D, Keller M, Cattaneo A, Cauda E, Cavallo DM. Features and Practicability of the Next-Generation Sensors and Monitors for Exposure Assessment to Airborne Pollutants: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4513. [PMID: 34209443 PMCID: PMC8271362 DOI: 10.3390/s21134513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, the issue of exposure assessment of airborne pollutants has been on the rise, both in the environmental and occupational fields. Increasingly severe national and international air quality standards, indoor air guidance values, and exposure limit values have been developed to protect the health of the general population and workers; this issue required a significant and continuous improvement in monitoring technologies to allow the execution of proper exposure assessment studies. One of the most interesting aspects in this field is the development of the "next-generation" of airborne pollutants monitors and sensors (NGMS). The principal aim of this review is to analyze and characterize the state of the art and of NGMS and their practical applications in exposure assessment studies. A systematic review of the literature was performed analyzing outcomes from three different databases (Scopus, PubMed, Isi Web of Knowledge); a total of 67 scientific papers were analyzed. The reviewing process was conducting systematically with the aim to extrapolate information about the specifications, technologies, and applicability of NGMSs in both environmental and occupational exposure assessment. The principal results of this review show that the use of NGMSs is becoming increasingly common in the scientific community for both environmental and occupational exposure assessment. The available studies outlined that NGMSs cannot be used as reference instrumentation in air monitoring for regulatory purposes, but at the same time, they can be easily adapted to more specific applications, improving exposure assessment studies in terms of spatiotemporal resolution, wearability, and adaptability to different types of projects and applications. Nevertheless, improvements needed to further enhance NGMSs performances and allow their wider use in the field of exposure assessment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Fanti
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Francesca Borghi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Sabrina Rovelli
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Davide Campagnolo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Marta Keller
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Emanuele Cauda
- Center for Direct Reading and Sensor Technologies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA;
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA
| | - Domenico Maria Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy; (A.S.); (S.R.); (D.C.); (M.K.); (A.C.); (D.M.C.)
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12
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Lung SC, Tsou MM, Hu S, Hsieh Y, Wang WV, Shui C, Tan C. Concurrent assessment of personal, indoor, and outdoor PM 2.5 and PM 1 levels and source contributions using novel low-cost sensing devices. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:755-768. [PMID: 33047373 PMCID: PMC8247015 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intensity, frequency, duration, and contribution of distinct PM2.5 sources in Asian households have seldom been assessed; these are evaluated in this work with concurrent personal, indoor, and outdoor PM2.5 and PM1 monitoring using novel low-cost sensing (LCS) devices, AS-LUNG. GRIMM-comparable observations were acquired by the corrected AS-LUNG readings, with R2 up to 0.998. Twenty-six non-smoking healthy adults were recruited in Taiwan in 2018 for 7-day personal, home indoor, and home outdoor PM monitoring. The results showed 5-min PM2.5 and PM1 exposures of 11.2 ± 10.9 and 10.5 ± 9.8 µg/m3 , respectively. Cooking occurred most frequently; cooking with and without solid fuel contributed to high PM2.5 increments of 76.5 and 183.8 µg/m3 (1 min), respectively. Incense burning had the highest mean PM2.5 indoor/outdoor (1.44 ± 1.44) ratios at home and on average the highest 5-min PM2.5 increments (15.0 µg/m3 ) to indoor levels, among all single sources. Certain events accounted for 14.0%-39.6% of subjects' daily exposures. With the high resolution of AS-LUNG data and detailed time-activity diaries, the impacts of sources and ventilations were assessed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih‐Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental ChangesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Shu‐Chuan Hu
- Research Center for Environmental ChangesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Hui Hsieh
- Research Center for Environmental ChangesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Chen‐Kai Shui
- Research Center for Environmental ChangesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chee‐Hong Tan
- Research Center for Environmental ChangesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
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