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Zhao R, Li X, Wang J, Zhang L, Gao Z. Evaluation of physical fitness and health of young children aged between 3 and 6 based on cluster and factor analyses. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:420. [PMID: 38336673 PMCID: PMC10854155 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As life improves and sedentary time increases, young children's physical fitness gradually declines. METHODS Multi-stage stratified whole cluster sampling was utilized to sample 5584 preschoolers. Young infants' morphology, function, and quality were revealed using cluster and factor analysis. RESULTS The cluster analysis separated 3-6-year-olds into two genders: 1,551 men in group A "high physical fitness" 1,499 men in group B "low physical fitness"; 1,213 women in group A and 1,321 women in group B. Young children's fitness was measured by standing long jump(1.00), weight(1.00), and height(1.00). A cluster analysis of 3-4-year-olds classified them into three groups: 272 "muscular strength," 75 "average physical fitness," and 250 "low agility." Young children's health depends on weight (1.00), height (0.57), and chest circumference (0.54). A cluster analysis of the 4-5-year-olds classified them into two groups: 1070 "balance" and 806 "muscular strength." Young children's health depends on weight (1.00), height (0.74), and chest circumference (0.71). A cluster analysis of the 5-6-year-olds divided them into three groups: 1762 "high physical fitness," 384 "obese," and 105 "low physical fitness." Young children's physical health depends on BMI (1.00), weight (1.00), and chest circumference (1.00). Factor analysis demonstrated that muscle strength, body shape, cardiovascular variables, and physical fitness composite components affected young children's health. CONCLUSION Women should focus on motor function and strength, while men on flexibility. Male group B "low physical fitness" should focus on strength, motor function, and balance, whereas male group A "high physical fitness" should focus on flexibility. Then, female group A "high physical fitness" should emphasize variety.2) For 3-4-year-olds, group A "muscular strength" should focus on flexibility, and group C "low agility" on motor function. 3) For 4-5-year-olds, group A "balanced" should focus on strength and motor function; 4) For 5-6-year-olds, group B "obese" should emphasize weight loss, and group C "low fitness" should emphasize strength, motor function, and flexibility; 5) Young children's physical fitness depends on muscle strength, body shape, cardiovascular factors, and physical fitness composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Junwei Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lanchuan Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhanle Gao
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, #2, Tiyuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Turcanu S, Gusetu G, Ciobanu DM, Istratoaie S, Rosu R, Alexandru MI, Muresan L, Lazea C, Pop D, Zdrenghea D, Cismaru G, Barsu C, Negru AG, Cismaru A, Cainap SS. Body size influences heart rate in children aged 6 to 18 years old. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32602. [PMID: 36701713 PMCID: PMC9857381 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research established age-related normal limits for children's heart rates (HRs). However, children of the same age can have significantly different HRs, depending on whether they are overweight or underweight, tall or short. Studies on children HR have failed to find a clear correlation between HR and body size. The goal of our study was to create Z scores for HR based on weight (W), height (H), body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) and compare them to normal age-related HR limits. Electrocardiograms were recorded from a total of 22,460 healthy children ranging in age from 6 to 18 years old using BTL machines. A comparison was made between different age groups, in function of W, H, BMI, and BSA, based on the HR that was automatically detected by using the digitally stored electrocardiogram. Z scores were computed for each of the categories that were mentioned. Incremental Z score values between -2.5 and 2.5 were calculated to establish upper and lower limits of HR. The BSA's estimation of HR is the most accurate of the available methods and can be utilized with accuracy in clinical practice. Z scores for HR in children differ in function of the age, W, H, BMI and BSA. The best estimation is based on BSA. The novelty of our study is that we developed Z scores for HR in relation to body size, age and sex, producing a standardized, consistent, and reproducible result without requiring practitioners to learn and remember cutoff values for a wide range of variables across age groups and sexes. Z scores minimize observer and institutional bias, hence generating uniform and reproducible standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Turcanu
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Gusetu
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Mihaela Ciobanu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sabina Istratoaie
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Rosu
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Minciuna Ioan Alexandru
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Muresan
- Cardiology Department, “Emile Muller” Hospital, Mulhouse, France
| | - Cecilia Lazea
- Department of Pediatrics I, Emergency Clinic Hospital for Children, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Pop
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dumitru Zdrenghea
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Cismaru
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- * Correspondence: Gabriel Cismaru, 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (e-mail: )
| | - Cristian Barsu
- Department of Abilities - Humanistic Sciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Gabriela Negru
- Department of Cardiology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andrei Cismaru
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Sorana Cainap
- Department of Pediatrics II, Emergency Clinic Hospital for Children, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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