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Li H, Wang J, Li Z, Cecil KM, Altaye M, Dillman JR, Parikh NA, He L. Supervised contrastive learning enhances graph convolutional networks for predicting neurodevelopmental deficits in very preterm infants using brain structural connectome. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120579. [PMID: 38537766 PMCID: PMC11059107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Very preterm (VPT) infants (born at less than 32 weeks gestational age) are at high risk for various adverse neurodevelopmental deficits. Unfortunately, most of these deficits cannot be accurately diagnosed until the age of 2-5 years old. Given the benefits of early interventions, accurate diagnosis and prediction soon after birth are urgently needed for VPT infants. Previous studies have applied deep learning models to learn the brain structural connectome (SC) to predict neurodevelopmental deficits in the preterm population. However, none of these models are specifically designed for graph-structured data, and thus may potentially miss certain topological information conveyed in the brain SC. In this study, we aim to develop deep learning models to learn the SC acquired at term-equivalent age for early prediction of neurodevelopmental deficits at 2 years corrected age in VPT infants. We directly treated the brain SC as a graph, and applied graph convolutional network (GCN) models to capture complex topological information of the SC. In addition, we applied the supervised contrastive learning (SCL) technique to mitigate the effects of the data scarcity problem, and enable robust training of GCN models. We hypothesize that SCL will enhance GCN models for early prediction of neurodevelopmental deficits in VPT infants using the SC. We used a regional prospective cohort of ∼280 VPT infants who underwent MRI examinations at term-equivalent age from the Cincinnati Infant Neurodevelopment Early Prediction Study (CINEPS). These VPT infants completed neurodevelopmental assessment at 2 years corrected age to evaluate cognition, language, and motor skills. Using the SCL technique, the GCN model achieved mean areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) in the range of 0.72∼0.75 for predicting three neurodevelopmental deficits, outperforming several competing models. Our results support our hypothesis that the SCL technique is able to enhance the GCN model in our prediction tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Artificial Intelligence Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Junqi Wang
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan R Dillman
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Artificial Intelligence Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nehal A Parikh
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lili He
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Prevention Center, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Artificial Intelligence Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Soualmi A, Alata O, Ducottet C, Patural H, Giraud A. Mean 3D Dispersion for Automatic General Movement Assessment of Preterm Infants. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38083633 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The General Movement assessment (GMA) is a validated assessment of brain maturation primarily based on the qualitative analysis of the complexity and the variation of spontaneous motor activity. The GMA can identify preterm infants presenting an early abnormal developmental trajectory before term-equivalent age, which permits a personalized early developmental intervention. However, GMA is time-consuming and relies on a qualitative analysis; these limitations restrict the implementation of GMA in clinical practice. In this study based on a validated dataset of 183 videos from 92 premature infants (54 males, 38 females) born <33 weeks of gestational age (GA) and acquired between 32 and 40 weeks of GA, we introduce the mean 3D dispersion (M3D) for objective quantification and classification of normal and abnormal GMA. Moreover, we have created a new 3D representation of skeleton joints which allows an objective comparison of spontaneous movements of infants of different ages and sizes. Preterm infants with normal versus abnormal GMA had a distinct M3D distribution (p <0.001). The M3D has shown a good classification performance for GMA (AUC=0.7723) and presented an accuracy of 74.1%, a sensitivity of 75.8%, and a specificity of 70.1% when using an M3D of 0.29 as a classification threshold.Clinical relevance- Our study paves the way for the development of quantitative analysis of GMA within the Neonatal Unit.
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Automated Movement Analysis to Predict Cerebral Palsy in Very Preterm Infants: An Ambispective Cohort Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9060843. [PMID: 35740780 PMCID: PMC9222200 DOI: 10.3390/children9060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The General Movements Assessment requires extensive training. As an alternative, a novel automated movement analysis was developed and validated in preterm infants. Infants < 31 weeks’ gestational age or birthweight ≤ 1500 g evaluated at 3−5 months using the general movements assessment were included in this ambispective cohort study. The C-statistic, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for a predictive model. A total of 252 participants were included. The median gestational age and birthweight were 274/7 weeks (range 256/7−292/7 weeks) and 960 g (range 769−1215 g), respectively. There were 29 cases of cerebral palsy (11.5%) at 18−24 months, the majority of which (n = 22) were from the retrospective cohort. Mean velocity in the vertical direction, median, standard deviation, and minimum quantity of motion constituted the multivariable model used to predict cerebral palsy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were 55%, 80%, 26%, and 93%, respectively. C-statistic indicated good fit (C = 0.74). A cluster of four variables describing quantity of motion and variability of motion was able to predict cerebral palsy with high specificity and negative predictive value. This technology may be useful for screening purposes in very preterm infants; although, the technology likely requires further validation in preterm and high-risk term populations.
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McCay KD, Hu P, Shum HPH, Woo WL, Marcroft C, Embleton ND, Munteanu A, Ho ESL. A Pose-based Feature Fusion and Classification Framework for the Early Prediction of Cerebral Palsy in Infants. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 30:8-19. [PMID: 34941512 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3138185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of cerebral palsy is an area which has recently seen significant multi-disciplinary research. Diagnostic tools such as the General Movements Assessment (GMA), have produced some very promising results. However, the prospect of automating these processes may improve accessibility of the assessment and also enhance the understanding of movement development of infants. Previous works have established the viability of using pose-based features extracted from RGB video sequences to undertake classification of infant body movements based upon the GMA. In this paper, we propose a series of new and improved features, and a feature fusion pipeline for this classification task. We also introduce the RVI-38 dataset, a series of videos captured as part of routine clinical care. By utilising this challenging dataset we establish the robustness of several motion features for classification, subsequently informing the design of our proposed feature fusion framework based upon the GMA. We evaluate our proposed framework's classification performance using both the RVI-38 dataset and the publicly available MINI-RGBD dataset. We also implement several other methods from the literature for direct comparison using these two independent datasets. Our experimental results and feature analysis show that our proposed pose-based method performs well across both datasets. The proposed features afford us the opportunity to include finer detail than previous methods, and further model GMA specific body movements. These new features also allow us to take advantage of additional body-part specific information as a means of improving the overall classification performance, whilst retaining GMA relevant, interpretable, and shareable features.
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Redd CB, Karunanithi M, Boyd RN, Barber LA. Technology-assisted quantification of movement to predict infants at high risk of motor disability: A systematic review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 118:104071. [PMID: 34507051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review the scientific literature to determine the predictive validity of technology-assisted measures of observable infant movement in infants less than six months of corrected age (CA) to identify high-risk of motor disability. METHOD A comprehensive search for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, cohort studies and cross-comparison trials was performed on five electronic databases up to Feb 2021. Studies were included if they quantified infant movement before 6 months CA using some method of technology-assistance and compared the instrumented measure to a diagnostic clinical measure of neurodevelopment. Studies were excluded if they did not report a technology-assisted measure of infant movement. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Downs and Black scale. RESULTS 23 studies met the full inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality of the included papers ranged from 9 to 24 (out of 26) on the Downs and Black scale. Infant movement assessments included the General Movements Assessment (GMA) and domains of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Assessment (HINE). Studies used 2D video recordings, RGB-Depth recordings, accelerometry, and electromagnetic motion tracking technologies to quantify movement. Analytical approaches and movement features of interest were individual and varied. Technology assisted quantitative assessments identified cases of later diagnosed CP with sensitivity 44-100 %, specificity 59-95 %, Area under the ROC Curve 82-93 %; and typical development with sensitivity range 30-46 %, specificity 88-95 %, Area under the ROC Curve 68 %. INTERPRETATION Technology-assisted assessments of movement in infants less than 6 months CA using current technologies are feasible. Validation of measurement tools are limited. Although methods and results appear promising clinical uptake of technology-assisted assessments remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Redd
- CSIRO, The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Roslyn N Boyd
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lee A Barber
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia; Griffith University, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Nathan, Australia
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Raghuram K, Orlandi S, Church P, Chau T, Uleryk E, Pechlivanoglou P, Shah V. Automated movement recognition to predict motor impairment in high-risk infants: a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2021; 63:637-648. [PMID: 33421120 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the sensitivity and specificity of automated movement recognition in predicting motor impairment in high-risk infants. METHOD We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and identified additional studies from the references of relevant studies. We included studies that evaluated automated movement recognition in high-risk infants to predict motor impairment, including cerebral palsy (CP) and non-CP motor impairments. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Meta-analyses were performed using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic models. RESULTS Of 6536 articles, 13 articles assessing 59 movement variables in 1248 infants under 5 months corrected age were included. Of these, 143 infants had CP. The overall sensitivity and specificity for motor impairment were 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68-0.77) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.75) respectively. Comparatively, clinical General Movements Assessment (GMA) was found to have sensitivity and specificity of 98% (95% CI 74-100) and 91% (95% CI 83-93) respectively. Sensor-based technologies had higher specificity (0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.93). INTERPRETATION Automated movement recognition technology remains inferior to clinical GMA. The strength of this study is its meta-analysis to summarize performance, although generalizability of these results is limited by study heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Raghuram
- Department of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Silvia Orlandi
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paige Church
- Department of Newborn and Developmental Paediatrics, Women and Babies' Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Chau
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Uleryk
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto Libraries, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Petros Pechlivanoglou
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vibhuti Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Reich S, Zhang D, Kulvicius T, Bölte S, Nielsen-Saines K, Pokorny FB, Peharz R, Poustka L, Wörgötter F, Einspieler C, Marschik PB. Novel AI driven approach to classify infant motor functions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9888. [PMID: 33972661 PMCID: PMC8110753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has evinced a boom of computer-based approaches to aid movement assessment in early infancy. Increasing interests have been dedicated to develop AI driven approaches to complement the classic Prechtl general movements assessment (GMA). This study proposes a novel machine learning algorithm to detect an age-specific movement pattern, the fidgety movements (FMs), in a prospectively collected sample of typically developing infants. Participants were recorded using a passive, single camera RGB video stream. The dataset of 2800 five-second snippets was annotated by two well-trained and experienced GMA assessors, with excellent inter- and intra-rater reliabilities. Using OpenPose, the infant full pose was recovered from the video stream in the form of a 25-points skeleton. This skeleton was used as input vector for a shallow multilayer neural network (SMNN). An ablation study was performed to justify the network's architecture and hyperparameters. We show for the first time that the SMNN is sufficient to discriminate fidgety from non-fidgety movements in a sample of age-specific typical movements with a classification accuracy of 88%. The computer-based solutions will complement original GMA to consistently perform accurate and efficient screening and diagnosis that may become universally accessible in daily clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Reich
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dajie Zhang
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Division of Phoniatrics, Research Unit interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomas Kulvicius
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), 113 30, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Nielsen-Saines
- University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Florian B Pokorny
- Division of Phoniatrics, Research Unit interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
- University of Augsburg, EIHW-Chair of Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Robert Peharz
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florentin Wörgötter
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christa Einspieler
- Division of Phoniatrics, Research Unit interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter B Marschik
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Division of Phoniatrics, Research Unit interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria.
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), 113 30, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Elliott C, Alexander C, Salt A, Spittle AJ, Boyd RN, Badawi N, Morgan C, Silva D, Geelhoed E, Ware RS, Ali A, McKenzie A, Bloom D, Sharp M, Ward R, Bora S, Prescott S, Woolfenden S, Le V, Davidson SA, Thornton A, Finlay-Jones A, Jensen L, Amery N, Valentine J. Early Moves: a protocol for a population-based prospective cohort study to establish general movements as an early biomarker of cognitive impairment in infants. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e041695. [PMID: 33837094 PMCID: PMC8043010 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current diagnostic pathways for cognitive impairment rarely identify babies at risk before 2 years of age. Very early detection and timely targeted intervention has potential to improve outcomes for these children and support them to reach their full life potential. Early Moves aims to identify early biomarkers, including general movements (GMs), for babies at risk of cognitive impairment, allowing early intervention within critical developmental windows to enable these children to have the best possible start to life. METHOD AND ANALYSIS Early Moves is a double-masked prospective cohort study that will recruit 3000 term and preterm babies from a secondary care setting. Early Moves will determine the diagnostic value of abnormal GMs (at writhing and fidgety age) for mild, moderate and severe cognitive delay at 2 years measured by the Bayley-4. Parents will use the Baby Moves smartphone application to video their babies' GMs. Trained GMs assessors will be masked to any risk factors and assessors of the primary outcome will be masked to the GMs result. Automated scoring of GMs will be developed through applying machine-based learning to the data and the predictive value for an abnormal GM will be investigated. Screening algorithms for identification of children at risk of cognitive impairment, using the GM assessment (GMA), and routinely collected social and environmental profile data will be developed to allow more accurate prediction of cognitive outcome at 2 years. A cost evaluation for GMA implementation in preparation for national implementation will be undertaken including exploring the relationship between cognitive status and healthcare utilisation, medical costs, health-related quality of life and caregiver burden. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been granted by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of Joondalup Health Services and the Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (1902) of Curtin University (HRE2019-0739). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12619001422112.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Elliott
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, West Australia, Australia
| | | | - Alison Salt
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Roslyn N Boyd
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nadia Badawi
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Grace Centre for Newborn Intestive Care, The Childrens Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Desiree Silva
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alishum Ali
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne McKenzie
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Bloom
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Sharp
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Roslyn Ward
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samudragupta Bora
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mothers, Babies and Women's Health Program, Mater Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan Prescott
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susan Woolfenden
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vuong Le
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ashleigh Thornton
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Autralian, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay-Jones
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, West Australia, Australia
| | - Lynn Jensen
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natasha Amery
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane Valentine
- Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Irshad MT, Nisar MA, Gouverneur P, Rapp M, Grzegorzek M. AI Approaches Towards Prechtl's Assessment of General Movements: A Systematic Literature Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5321. [PMID: 32957598 PMCID: PMC7570604 DOI: 10.3390/s20185321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
General movements (GMs) are spontaneous movements of infants up to five months post-term involving the whole body varying in sequence, speed, and amplitude. The assessment of GMs has shown its importance for identifying infants at risk for neuromotor deficits, especially for the detection of cerebral palsy. As the assessment is based on videos of the infant that are rated by trained professionals, the method is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, approaches based on Artificial Intelligence have gained significantly increased attention in the last years. In this article, we systematically analyze and discuss the main design features of all existing technological approaches seeking to transfer the Prechtl's assessment of general movements from an individual visual perception to computer-based analysis. After identifying their shared shortcomings, we explain the methodological reasons for their limited practical performance and classification rates. As a conclusion of our literature study, we conceptually propose a methodological solution to the defined problem based on the groundbreaking innovation in the area of Deep Learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tausif Irshad
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (M.A.N.); (P.G.); (M.G.)
- Punjab University College of Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel Nisar
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (M.A.N.); (P.G.); (M.G.)
- Punjab University College of Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Philip Gouverneur
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (M.A.N.); (P.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marion Rapp
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Marcin Grzegorzek
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (M.A.N.); (P.G.); (M.G.)
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