1
|
Li Z, Lin Y, Qiu T, Liang J, Lan Y, Meng F, Liang C, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Shi D, Zhang C, Shi Y, Liu L, Yang Y, Zhang J. Noninvasive Photothermal Therapy of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Guided by High Efficiency Optical-Absorption Nanomaterial Enhanced by NIR-II Photoacoustic Imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:7817-7830. [PMID: 39099790 PMCID: PMC11298190 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s457069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Photothermal therapy (PTT) guided by photoacoustic imaging (PAI) using nanoplatforms has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment due to its efficiency and accuracy. This study aimed to develop and synthesize novel second near-infrared region (NIR-II) absorption-conjugated polymer acceptor acrylate-substituted thiadiazoloquinoxaline-diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers (PATQ-DPP) designed specifically as photothermal and imaging contrast agents for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods The PATQ-DPP nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for their optical properties, including low optical band gaps. Their potential as PTT agents and imaging contrast agents for NPC was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The accumulation of nanoparticles at tumor sites was assessed post-injection, and the efficacy of PTT under near-infrared laser irradiation was investigated in a mouse model of NPC. Results Experimental results indicated that the PATQ-DPP nanoparticles exhibited significant photoacoustic contrast enhancement and favorable PTT performance. Safety and non-toxicity evaluations confirmed the biocompatibility of these nanoparticles. In vivo studies showed that PATQ-DPP nanoparticles effectively accumulated at NPC tumor sites and demonstrated excellent tumor growth inhibition upon exposure to near-infrared laser irradiation. Notably, complete elimination of nasopharyngeal tumors was observed within 18 days following PTT. Discussion The findings suggest that PATQ-DPP nanoparticles are a promising theranostic agent for NIR-II PAI and PTT of tumors. This innovative approach utilizing PATQ-DPP nanoparticles provides a powerful tool for the early diagnosis and precise treatment of NPC, offering a new avenue in the management of this challenging malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junsheng Liang
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yintao Lan
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Meng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaohao Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Shi
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Shi
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liujun Liu
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanlan Yang
- Department of Radiology, DongGuan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, DongGuan, Guangdong, 523000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511500, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu M, Hau PM, Li L, Tsang CM, Yang Y, Taghbalout A, Chung GTY, Hui SY, Tang WC, Jillette N, Zhu JJ, Lee HHY, Kong EL, Chan MSA, Chan JYK, Ma BBY, Chen MR, Lee C, To KF, Cheng AW, Lo KW. Synthetic BZLF1-targeted transcriptional activator for efficient lytic induction therapy against EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3729. [PMID: 38702330 PMCID: PMC11068728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique virus-cell interaction in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies implies targeting the viral latent-lytic switch is a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the lack of specific and efficient therapeutic agents to induce lytic cycle in these cancers is a major challenge facing clinical implementation. We develop a synthetic transcriptional activator that specifically activates endogenous BZLF1 and efficiently induces lytic reactivation in EBV-positive cancer cells. A lipid nanoparticle encapsulating nucleoside-modified mRNA which encodes a BZLF1-specific transcriptional activator (mTZ3-LNP) is synthesized for EBV-targeted therapy. Compared with conventional chemical inducers, mTZ3-LNP more efficiently activates EBV lytic gene expression in EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Here we show the potency and safety of treatment with mTZ3-LNP to suppress tumor growth in EBV-positive cancer models. The combination of mTZ3-LNP and ganciclovir yields highly selective cytotoxic effects of mRNA-based lytic induction therapy against EBV-positive tumor cells, indicating the potential of mRNA nanomedicine in the treatment of EBV-associated epithelial cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linxian Li
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yike Yang
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aziz Taghbalout
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shin Yee Hui
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Chung Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Jacqueline Jufen Zhu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Horace Hok Yeung Lee
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ee Ling Kong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Melissa Sue Ann Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Ying Kuen Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brigette Buig Yue Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Charlie Lee Precision Immuno-oncology program, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Charles Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Albert Wu Cheng
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Makowska A, Weiskirchen R. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines: Reliable Alternatives to Primary Nasopharyngeal Cells? Cells 2024; 13:559. [PMID: 38606998 PMCID: PMC11011377 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of cancer that originates from the mucosal lining of the nasopharynx and can invade and spread. Although contemporary chemoradiotherapy effectively manages the disease locally, there are still challenges with locoregional recurrence and distant failure. Therefore, it is crucial to have a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of NPC cell movement in order to develop a more effective treatment and to improve patient survival rates. Cancer cell line models are invaluable in studying health and disease and it is not surprising that they play a critical role in NPC research. Consequently, scientists have established around 80 immortalized human NPC lines that are commonly used as in vitro models. However, over the years, it has been observed that many cell lines are misidentified or contaminated by other cells. This cross-contamination leads to the creation of false cell lines that no longer match the original donor. In this commentary, we discuss the impact of misidentified NPC cell lines on the scientific literature. We found 1159 articles from 2000 to 2023 that used NPC cell lines contaminated with HeLa cells. Alarmingly, the number of publications and citations using these contaminated cell lines continued to increase, even after information about the contamination was officially published. These articles were most commonly published in the fields of oncology, pharmacology, and experimental medicine research. These findings highlight the importance of science policy and support the need for journals to require authentication testing before publication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chai AWY, Yee SM, Lee HM, Abdul Aziz N, Yee PS, Marzuki M, Wong KW, Chiang AK, Chow LKY, Dai W, Liu TF, Tan LP, Khoo ASB, Lo KW, Lim PV, Rajadurai P, Lightfoot H, Barthorpe S, Garnett MJ, Cheong SC. Establishment and Characterization of an Epstein-Barr Virus-positive Cell Line from a Non-keratinizing Differentiated Primary Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:645-659. [PMID: 38358347 PMCID: PMC10911800 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a cancer that is etiologically associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is endemic in Southern China and Southeast Asia. The scarcity of representative NPC cell lines owing to the frequent loss of EBV episomes following prolonged propagation and compromised authenticity of previous models underscores the critical need for new EBV-positive NPC models. Herein, we describe the establishment of a new EBV-positive NPC cell line, designated NPC268 from a primary non-keratinizing, differentiated NPC tissue. NPC268 can undergo productive lytic reactivation of EBV and is highly tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. Whole-genome sequencing revealed close similarities with the tissue of origin, including large chromosomal rearrangements, while whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing demonstrated a hypomethylated genome and enrichment in immune-related pathways, respectively. Drug screening of NPC268 together with six other NPC cell lines using 339 compounds, representing the largest high-throughput drug testing in NPC, revealed biomarkers associated with specific drug classes. NPC268 represents the first and only available EBV-positive non-keratinizing differentiated NPC model, and extensive genomic, methylomic, transcriptomic, and drug response data should facilitate research in EBV and NPC, where current models are limited. SIGNIFICANCE NPC268 is the first and only EBV-positive cell line derived from a primary non-keratinizing, differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, an understudied but important subtype in Southeast Asian countries. This model adds to the limited number of authentic EBV-positive lines globally that will facilitate mechanistic studies and drug development for NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Mun Yee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Hui Mei Lee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Norazlin Abdul Aziz
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
| | - Pei San Yee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Marini Marzuki
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Ka Wo Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Alan K.S. Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Larry Ka-Yue Chow
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Teng Fei Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Lu Ping Tan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation and School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | | | - Pathmanathan Rajadurai
- Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Malaysia
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | - Syd Barthorpe
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu CC, Chen MS, Lee TY, Huang TS, Cho DY, Chen JY. Epstein-Barr Virus BRLF1 Induces PD-L1 Expression in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. Viral Immunol 2024; 37:115-123. [PMID: 38498796 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a specific human malignancy with unique geographic distribution and genetic backgrounds. Although early treatment with radio-chemotherapy has been proven effective for NPC therapy, its therapeutic efficacy substantially diminishes in the late stages of this malignancy. In the tumor microenvironment of NPC, PD-L1 has been demonstrated as a critical factor in impairing T cell activation. As an etiological role for NPC development, it is found that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent proteins upregulated PD-L1 expression. However, whether EBV lytic protein affects PD-L1 expression remains unclear. In this study, through monitoring the mRNA expression pattern of lytic genes and PD-L1 in EBV-positive NPC cell line NA, EBV immediately-early gene BRLF1(Rta) was found to have the potential for PD-L1 activation. Furthermore, we identified that Rta expression enhanced PD-L1 expression in mRNA and protein levels through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis. The luciferase reporter assay revealed that Rta expression enhanced PD-L1 promoter activity. We also demonstrated that Rta-induced PD-L1 expressions could impair interleukin 2 secretion of T cells, and this mechanism may be through ERK activation. These results displayed the importance of EBV Rta in PD-L1 expression in NPC and may give an alternative target for NPC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chun Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Shu Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Sing Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yang Cho
- Department of Medical Research, Translational Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smirnova KV, Lubenskaya AK, Senyuta NB, Dushenkina TE, Gurtsevitch VE. [Epstein-Barr virus (Herpesviridae: Lymphocryptovirus) types 1 and 2 and other viral markers in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in two geographically and ethnically distinct regions of Russia]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:291-301. [PMID: 38156586 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery of two types of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (EBV-1 and EBV-2) that have different biological properties stimulated the search for neoplasms associated with each type of the virus. The aim of the work is to study the nature of the association of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) with EBV-1 and EBV-2, serological activity for each viral type and the concentration of EBV DNA in the blood plasma of two gender, age and ethnic groups of NPC patients that represent geographically and climatically different regions of Russia,. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the blood plasma of patients with NPC and other non- EBV associated tumors of oral cavity (OTOCEBV-) from the North Caucasian (NCFD) and Central (CFD) Federal Districts of Russia, the types of EBV and the concentration of viral DNA were determined using respectively «nested» and real time PCR; titers of IgG and IgA antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) were measured in indirect immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS The blood plasma samples testing showed that NPC and OTOCEBV- patients were infected with both types of EBV in approximately equal proportions. In two groups of NPC patients infected with one of the virus types only, EBV-1 or EBV-2, respectively, no statistically significant differences were found between the geometric mean values of IgG and IgA anti-EBV antibody titers and viral DNA concentrations in blood plasma. The distribution of virus types was not affected by either patient gender or ethnogeographic origin. The difference was found only between age groups: EBV-2 dominated in NPC patients up to 60 years, and EBV-1 was prevalent in patients over 60 years. CONCLUSION The lack of the predominance of one of EBV types in NPC patients that are the representatives of different ethnic groups from geographically and climatically different regions, suggests that none of these factors play an important role in the NPC carcinogenesis. Evidently, each type of EBV, EBV-1 or EBV-2, if the necessary conditions arise, are able to exhibit its oncogenic potential to initiate tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K V Smirnova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba
- N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University
| | - A K Lubenskaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
| | - N B Senyuta
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
| | - T E Dushenkina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abd Talib FNA, Marzuki M, Hoe SLL. Analysis of NK-92 cytotoxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and patient-derived xenografts using impedance-based growth method. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17480. [PMID: 37415945 PMCID: PMC10320316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that can remove viral-infected tumour cells without antigen priming. This characteristic offers NK cells an edge over other immune cells as a potential therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we report how cytotoxicity was evaluated in target NPC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells with effector NK-92, a commercially available NK cell line, by using xCELLigence RTCA system (a real-time, label-free impedance-based monitoring platform). Cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity were examined by RTCA. Cell morphology, growth and cytotoxicity were also monitored by microscopy. RTCA and microscopy showed that both target and effector cells were able to proliferate normally and to maintain original morphology in co-culture medium as they were in their own respective culture medium. As target and effector (T:E) cell ratios increased, cell viability as measured by arbitrary cell index (CI) values in RTCA decreased in all cell lines and PDX cells. NPC PDX cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxicity effect of NK-92 cells, than the NPC cell lines. These data were substantiated by GFP-based microscopy. We have shown how the RTCA system can be used for a high throughput screening of the effects of NK cells in cancer studies to obtain data such as cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rani AQ, Nurmemet D, Liffick J, Khan A, Mitchell D, Li J, Zhao B, Liu X. Conditional Cell Reprogramming and Air-Liquid Interface Modeling Life Cycle of Oncogenic Viruses (HPV and EBV) in Epithelial Cells and Virus-Associated Human Carcinomas. Viruses 2023; 15:1388. [PMID: 37376685 DOI: 10.3390/v15061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several oncogenic viruses are associated with approximately 20% of human cancers. Experimental models are crucial for studying the pathogenicity and biological aspects of oncogenic viruses and their potential mechanisms in tumorigenesis. Current cell models have considerable limitations such as: their low yield, genetic and epigenetic modification, and reduction in tumor heterogeneity during long propagation. Cancer cell lines are limited and not appropriate for studying the viral life cycle, for example, natural viral life cycles of HPV and EBV, and their persistence and latency in epithelial cells are poorly understood, since these processes are highly related to epithelial differentiation. Therefore, there is an urgent need of reliable human physiological cell models to study viral life cycle and cancer initiation. Conditional cell reprogramming (CCR) is a rapid and robust cell culture system, where the cells can be established from minimally invasive or noninvasive specimens and their lineage functions preserved during the long-term culture. These CR cells retain their ability to differentiate at air-liquid interface (ALI). Here, we recapitulated the applications of CR and ALI approaches in modeling host-virus interactions and viral-mediated tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qawee Rani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dilber Nurmemet
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph Liffick
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anam Khan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Darrion Mitchell
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jenny Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Q, Tie Y, Alu A, Ma X, Shi H. Targeted therapy for head and neck cancer: signaling pathways and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:31. [PMID: 36646686 PMCID: PMC9842704 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is malignant, genetically complex and difficult to treat and is the sixth most frequent cancer, with tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus being major risk factors. Based on epigenetic data, HNC is remarkably heterogeneous, and treatment remains challenging. There is a lack of significant improvement in survival and quality of life in patients with HNC. Over half of HNC patients experience locoregional recurrence or distal metastasis despite the current multiple traditional therapeutic strategies and immunotherapy. In addition, resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and some targeted therapies is common. Therefore, it is urgent to explore more effective and tolerable targeted therapies to improve the clinical outcomes of HNC patients. Recent targeted therapy studies have focused on identifying promising biomarkers and developing more effective targeted therapies. A well understanding of the pathogenesis of HNC contributes to learning more about its inner association, which provides novel insight into the development of small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the vital signaling pathways and discussed the current potential therapeutic targets against critical molecules in HNC, as well as presenting preclinical animal models and ongoing or completed clinical studies about targeted therapy, which may contribute to a more favorable prognosis of HNC. Targeted therapy in combination with other therapies and its limitations were also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aqu Alu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Epigenomic landscape study reveals molecular subtypes and EBV-associated regulatory epigenome reprogramming in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
Lee SD, Wu M, Lo KW, Yip KY. Accurate reconstruction of viral genomes in human cells from short reads using iterative refinement. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:422. [PMID: 35668367 PMCID: PMC9169298 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After an infection, human cells may contain viral genomes in the form of episomes or integrated DNA. Comparing the genomic sequences of different strains of a virus in human cells can often provide useful insights into its behaviour, activity and pathology, and may help develop methods for disease prevention and treatment. To support such comparative analyses, the viral genomes need to be accurately reconstructed from a large number of samples. Previous efforts either rely on customized experimental protocols or require high similarity between the sequenced genomes and a reference, both of which limit the general applicability of these approaches. In this study, we propose a pipeline, named ASPIRE, for reconstructing viral genomes accurately from short reads data of human samples, which are increasingly available from genome projects and personal genomics. ASPIRE contains a basic part that involves de novo assembly, tiling and gap filling, and additional components for iterative refinement, sequence corrections and wrapping. RESULTS Evaluated by the alignment quality of sequencing reads to the reconstructed genomes, these additional components improve the assembly quality in general, and in some particular samples quite substantially, especially when the sequenced genome is significantly different from the reference. We use ASPIRE to reconstruct the genomes of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) from the whole-genome sequencing data of 61 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) samples and provide these sequences as a resource for EBV research. CONCLUSIONS ASPIRE improves the quality of the reconstructed EBV genomes in published studies and outperforms TRACESPipe in some samples considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sau-Dan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin Y. Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Current address: Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, 92037 CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tay JK, Zhu C, Shin JH, Zhu SX, Varma S, Foley JW, Vennam S, Yip YL, Goh CK, Wang DY, Loh KS, Tsao SW, Le QT, Sunwoo JB, West RB. The microdissected gene expression landscape of nasopharyngeal cancer reveals vulnerabilities in FGF and noncanonical NF-κB signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh2445. [PMID: 35394843 PMCID: PMC8993121 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive epithelial malignancy with an extensive inflammatory infiltrate. Traditional RNA-sequencing techniques uncovered only microenvironment signatures, while the gene expression of the tumor epithelial compartment has remained a mystery. Here, we use Smart-3SEQ to prepare transcriptome-wide gene expression profiles from microdissected NPC tumors, dysplasia, and normal controls. We describe changes in biological pathways across the normal to tumor spectrum and show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands are overexpressed in NPC tumors, while negative regulators of FGF signaling, including SPRY1, SPRY2, and LGALS3, are down-regulated early in carcinogenesis. Within the NF-κB signaling pathway, the critical noncanonical transcription factors, RELB and NFKB2, are enriched in the majority of NPC tumors. We confirm the responsiveness of EBV-positive NPC cell lines to targeted inhibition of these pathways, reflecting the heterogeneity in NPC patient tumors. Our data comprehensively describe the gene expression landscape of NPC and unravel the mysteries of receptor tyrosine kinase and NF-κB pathways in NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Tay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - June Ho Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirley X. Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Foley
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sujay Vennam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yim Ling Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuan Keng Goh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John B. Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert B. West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Longitudinal evaluation of five nasopharyngeal carcinoma animal models on the microPET/MR platform. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1497-1507. [PMID: 34862520 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We longitudinally evaluated the tumour growth and metabolic activity of three nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line models (C666-1, C17 and NPC43) and two xenograft models (Xeno76 and Xeno23) using a micropositron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (microPET/MR). With a better understanding of the interplay between tumour growth and metabolic characteristics of these NPC models, we aim to provide insights for the selection of appropriate NPC cell line/xenograft models to assist novel drug discovery and evaluation. METHODS Mice were imaged by 18F-deoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) microPET/MR twice a week for consecutive 3-7 weeks. [18F]FDG uptake was quantified by standardized uptake value (SUV) and presented as SUVmean tumour-to-liver ratio (SUVRmean). Longitudinal tumour growth patterns and metabolic patterns were recorded. SUVRmean and histological characteristics were compared across the five NPC models. Cisplatin was administrated to one selected optimal tumour model, C17, to evaluate our imaging platform. RESULTS We found variable tumour growth and metabolic patterns across different NPC tumour types. C17 has an optimal growth rate and higher tumour metabolic activity compared with C666-1. C666-1 has a fast growth rate but is low in SUVRmean at endpoint due to necrosis as confirmed by H&E. NPC43 and Xeno76 have relatively slow growth rates and are low in SUVRmean, due to severe necrosis. Xeno23 has the slowest growth rate, and a relative high SUVRmean. Cisplatin showed the expected therapeutic effect in the C17 model in marked reduction of tumour size and metabolism. CONCLUSION Our study establishes an imaging platform that characterizes the growth and metabolic patterns of different NPC models, and the platform is well able to demonstrate drug treatment outcome supporting its use in novel drug discovery and evaluation for NPC.
Collapse
|
14
|
Makowska A, Lelabi N, Nothbaum C, Shen L, Busson P, Tran TTB, Eble M, Kontny U. Radiotherapy Combined with PD-1 Inhibition Increases NK Cell Cytotoxicity towards Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2458. [PMID: 34572108 PMCID: PMC8470143 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in endemic regions and younger patients is characterized by a prominent lymphomononuclear infiltration. Radiation is the principal therapeutic modality for patients with NPC. Recent data suggest that the efficacy of radiotherapy in various cancers can be augmented when combined with immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we investigate the effect of radiotherapy on the killing of NPC cells by Natural Killer (NK) cells. METHODS NPC cell lines and a patient-derived xenograft were exposed to NK cells in the context of radiotherapy. Cytotoxicity was measured using the calcein-release assay. The contribution of the PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint and signaling pathways to killing were analyzed using specific inhibitors. RESULTS Radiotherapy sensitized NPC cells to NK cell killing and upregulated expression of PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) in NPC cells and PD-1 receptor (PD-1) in NK cells. Blocking of the PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint further increased the killing of NPC cells by NK cells in the context of radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Radiation boosts the killing of NPC cells by NK cells. Killing can be further augmented by blockade of the PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint. The combination of radiotherapy with PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint blockade could therefore increase the efficacy of radiotherapy in NPC tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.M.); (N.L.); (C.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Nora Lelabi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.M.); (N.L.); (C.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Christina Nothbaum
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.M.); (N.L.); (C.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Lian Shen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.M.); (N.L.); (C.N.); (L.S.)
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (P.B.); (T.T.B.T.)
| | - Tram Thi Bao Tran
- CNRS UMR 8126, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (P.B.); (T.T.B.T.)
| | - Michael Eble
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.M.); (N.L.); (C.N.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Frappier L. Epstein-Barr virus: Current questions and challenges. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200218. [PMID: 34052467 PMCID: PMC8173096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people worldwide and persists for life due to complicated interplay between lytic infection and multiple types of latent infections. While usually asymptomatic, EBV is a causative agent in several types of cancer and has a strong association with multiple sclerosis. Exactly how EBV promotes these diseases and why they are rare consequences of infection are incompletely understood. Here I will discuss current ideas on disease induction by EBV, including the importance of lytic protein expression in the context of latent infection as well as the possible importance of specific EBV variants in disease induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Suite 1600, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and EBV-Associated NPC. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020300. [PMID: 33671917 PMCID: PMC7918975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the population worldwide are asymptomatic carriers of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, some infected individuals eventually develop EBV-related cancers, including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). NPC is one of the most common EBV-associated epithelial cancers, and is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia. While NPC is highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective and durable treatment among the 15%–30% of patients who subsequently develop recurrent disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural immune lymphocytes that are innately primed against virus-infected cells and nascent aberrant transformed cells. As EBV is found in both virally infected and cancer cells, it is of interest to examine the NK cells’ role in both EBV infection and EBV-associated NPC. Herein, we review the current understanding of how EBV-infected cells are cleared by NK cells, and how EBV can evade NK cell-mediated elimination in the context of type II latency in NPC. Next, we summarize the current literature about NPC and NK cell biology. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of NK cells in NPC. This information will deepen our understanding of host immune interactions with EBV-associated NPC and facilitate development of more effective NK-mediated therapies for NPC treatment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Garcia P, Harrod A, Jha S, Jenkins J, Barnhill A, Lee H, Thompson M, Williams JP, Barefield J, Mckinnon A, Suarez P, Shah A, Lowrey AJ, Bentz GL. Effects of targeting sumoylation processes during latent and induced Epstein-Barr virus infections using the small molecule inhibitor ML-792. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105038. [PMID: 33577806 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the second leading cause of death in the United States, cancer has a considerable impact on society, and one cellular process that is commonly dysregulated in many cancers is the post-translational modification of proteins by the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO; sumoylation). We documented that sumoylation processes are up-regulated in lymphoma tissues in the presence of Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP1), the principal oncoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). LMP1-mediated dysregulation of cellular sumoylation processes contributes to oncogenesis, modulates innate immune responses, and aids the maintenance of viral latency. Manipulation of protein sumoylation has been proposed for anti-cancer and anti-viral therapies; however, known inhibitors of sumoylation do not only target sumoylation processes. Recently, a specific and selective small-molecule inhibitor of sumoylation (ML-792) was identified; however, nothing is known about the effect of ML-792 on LMP1-mediated dysregulation of cellular sumoylation or the EBV life-cycle. We hypothesized that ML-792 modulates viral replication and the oncogenic potential of EBV LMP1 by inhibiting protein sumoylation. Results showed that ML-792 inhibited sumoylation processes in multiple EBV-positive B cell lines and EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines but not in their EBV-negative counterparts. Focusing on its effect on B cells, ML-792 inhibited B-cell growth and promoted cell death at very low doses. ML-792 also modulated LMP1-induced cell migration and cell adhesion, which suggests the abrogation of the oncogenic potential of LMP1. Finally, while higher concentrations of ML-792 were sufficient to induce low levels EBV spontaneous reactivation, they decreased the production of new infectious virus following an induced reactivation and the infection of new cells, suggesting that ML-792 has anti-viral potential. Together, these findings suggest that ML-792 may be a potential therapeutic drug to treat EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies by targeting oncogenesis and the EBV life-cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Garcia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Abigail Harrod
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Shruti Jha
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Jenkins
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Alex Barnhill
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Holden Lee
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Merritt Thompson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | | | - James Barefield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Ashton Mckinnon
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Persia Suarez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Ananya Shah
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Angela J Lowrey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Gretchen L Bentz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xue Z, Lui VWY, Li Y, Jia L, You C, Li X, Piao W, Yuan H, Khong PL, Lo KW, Cheung LWT, Lee VHF, Lee AWM, Tsao SW, Tsang CM. Therapeutic evaluation of palbociclib and its compatibility with other chemotherapies for primary and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:262. [PMID: 33243298 PMCID: PMC7690146 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genomic analyses revealed that druggable molecule targets were only detectable in approximately 6% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, a dependency on dysregulated CDK4/6-cyclinD1 pathway signaling is an essential event in the pathogenesis of NPC. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a specific CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, and its compatibility with other chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of NPC by using newly established xenograft models and cell lines derived from primary, recurrent, and metastatic NPC. METHODS We evaluated the efficacies of palbociclib monotherapy and concurrent treatment with palbociclib and cisplatin or suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) in NPC cell lines and xenograft models. RNA sequencing was then used to profile the drug response-related pathways. Palbociclib-resistant NPC cell lines were established to determine the potential use of cisplatin as a second-line treatment after the development of palbociclib resistance. We further examined the efficacy of palbociclib treatment against cisplatin-resistant NPC cells. RESULTS In NPC cells, palbociclib monotherapy was confirmed to induce cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in vitro. Palbociclib monotherapy also had significant inhibitory effects in all six tested NPC tumor models in vivo, as indicated by substantial reductions in the total tumor volumes and in Ki-67 proliferation marker expression. In NPC cells, concurrent palbociclib treatment mitigated the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin in vitro. Notably, concurrent treatment with palbociclib and SAHA synergistically promoted NPC cell death both in vitro and in vivo. This combination also further inhibited tumor growth by inducing autophagy-associated cell death. NPC cell lines with induced palbociclib or cisplatin resistance remained sensitive to treatment with cisplatin or palbociclib, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings provide essential support for the use of palbociclib as an alternative therapy for NPC and increase awareness of the effective timing of palbociclib administration with other chemotherapeutic drugs. Our results provide a foundation for the design of first-in-human clinical trials of palbociclib regimens in patients with NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xue
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yongshu Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin Jia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chanping You
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenying Piao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Pek Lan Khong
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lydia Wai Ting Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Victor Ho Fan Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anne Wing Mui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu X, Mondal AM. Conditional cell reprogramming for modeling host-virus interactions and human viral diseases. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2440-2452. [PMID: 32478897 PMCID: PMC7586785 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer and transformed cell lines are widely used in cancer biology and other fields within biology. These cells usually have abnormalities from the original tumor itself, but may also develop abnormalities due to genetic manipulation, or genetic and epigenetic changes during long-term passages. Primary cultures may maintain lineage functions as the original tissue types, yet they have a very limited life span or population doubling time because of the nature of cellular senescence. Primary cultures usually have very low yields, and the high variability from any original tissue specimens, largely limiting their applications in research. Animal models are often used for studies of virus infections, disease modeling, development of antiviral drugs, and vaccines. Human viruses often need a series of passages in vivo to adapt to the host environment because of variable receptors on the cell surface and may have intracellular restrictions from the cell types or host species. Here, we describe a long-term cell culture system, conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs), and its applications in modeling human viral diseases and drug discovery. Using feeder layer coculture in presence of Y-27632 (conditional reprogramming, CR), CRCs can be obtained and rapidly propagated from surgical specimens, core or needle biopsies, and other minimally invasive or noninvasive specimens, for example, nasal cavity brushing. CRCs preserve their lineage functions and provide biologically relevant and physiological conditions, which are suitable for studies of viral entry and replication, innate immune responses of host cells, and discovery of antiviral drugs. In this review, we summarize the applications of CR technology in modeling host-virus interactions and human viral diseases including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and coronavirus disease-2019, and antiviral discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell ReprogrammingGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDC
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDC
| | - Abdul M. Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell ReprogrammingGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDC
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterGeorgetown University Medical CenterWashingtonDC
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kang Y, He W, Ren C, Qiao J, Guo Q, Hu J, Xu H, Jiang X, Wang L. Advances in targeted therapy mainly based on signal pathways for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:245. [PMID: 33093441 PMCID: PMC7582884 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial carcinoma of the head and neck region which mainly distributes in southern China and Southeast Asia and has a crucial association with the Epstein-Barr virus. Based on epidemiological data, both incidence and mortality of NPC have significantly declined in recent decades grounded on the improvement of living standard and medical level in an endemic region, in particular, with the clinical use of individualized chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) which profoundly contributes to the cure rate of NPC patients. To tackle the challenges including local recurrence and distant metastasis in the current NPC treatment, we discussed the implication of using targeted therapy against critical molecules in various signal pathways, and how they synergize with chemoradiotherapy in the NPC treatment. Combination treatment including targeted therapy and IMRT or concurrent chemoradiotherapy is presumably to be future options, which may reduce radiation or chemotherapy toxicities and open new avenues for the improvement of the expected functional outcome for patients with advanced NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jincheng Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuyong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongjuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lung RWM, Tong JHM, Ip LM, Lam KH, Chan AWH, Chak WP, Chung LY, Yeung WW, Hau PM, Chau SL, Tsao SW, Lau KM, Lo KW, To KF. EBV-encoded miRNAs can sensitize nasopharyngeal carcinoma to chemotherapeutic drugs by targeting BRCA1. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13523-13535. [PMID: 33074587 PMCID: PMC7701581 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated epithelial malignancy. The high expression of BART‐miRNAs (miR‐BARTs) during latent EBV infection in NPC strongly supports their pathological importance in cancer progression. Recently, we found that several BART‐miRNAs work co‐operatively to modulate the DNA damage response (DDR) by reducing Ataxia‐telangiectasia‐mutated (ATM) activity. In this study, we further investigated the role of miR‐BARTs on DDR. The immunohistochemical study showed that the DNA repair gene, BRCA1, is consistently down‐regulated in primary NPCs. Using computer prediction programs and a series of reporter assays, we subsequently identified the negative regulatory role of BART2‐3p, BART12, BART17‐5p and BART19‐3p in BRCA1 expression. The ectopic expression of these four miR‐BARTs suppressed endogenous BRCA1 expression in EBV‐negative epithelial cell lines, whereas BRCA1 expression was enhanced by repressing endogenous miR‐BARTs activities in C666‐1 cells. More importantly, suppressing BRCA1 expression in nasopharyngeal epithelial cell lines using miR‐BART17‐5p and miR‐BART19‐3p mimics reduced the DNA repair capability and increased the cell sensitivity to the DNA‐damaging chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and doxorubicin. Our findings suggest that miR‐BARTs play a novel role in DDR and may facilitate the development of effective NPC therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wai-Ming Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joanna Hung-Man Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lok-Man Ip
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Hei Lam
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Wing-Hung Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Po Chak
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lau-Ying Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Walter Wai Yeung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pok-Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuk-Ling Chau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Kin-Mang Lau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tan LLY, Chua MLK. Discovering biomarkers of radioresistance in a radiosensitive cancer: a clinical paradox in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1284. [PMID: 33209864 PMCID: PMC7661868 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Y Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shair KHY. mSphere of Influence: 3-D Culture Models Influence Studies on Epstein-Barr Virus Molecular Pathogenesis in the Epithelium. mSphere 2020; 5:e00954-20. [PMID: 32968011 PMCID: PMC7520808 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00954-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Kathy Shair works in the field of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancers, with emphasis on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how the paper "Efficient replication of Epstein-Barr virus in stratified epithelium in vitro" by Temple et al. (R. M. Temple, J. Zhu, L. Budgeon, N. D. Christensen, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:16544-16549, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400818111) has influenced her work on EBV molecular pathogenesis in the nasopharynx by highlighting the importance of using three-dimensional (3-D) culture models to study epithelial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Y Shair
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Pseudostratified Nasopharyngeal Epithelium Disrupts Epithelial Integrity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092722. [PMID: 32972034 PMCID: PMC7564236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and originates junction of the oropharynx and nasal cavity, where stratified squamous epithelium and respiratory epithelium are the lining. To elucidate the mechanisms by which EBV transforms the nasopharyngeal epithelium, a pseudostratified multiple-layer model with cilia forming on the apical surface by air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells was established. We showed: (1) ALI cultures formed stratified epithelia and maintained the diversity of cells found in the airway epithelium, such as ciliated, muco-secretory, and basal cells. (2) Polarized stratified epithelium was more susceptible to EBV infection than monolayer cells. (3) EBV infection in ALI cultures was verified by showing EBV-encoded RNA expressions. (4) EBV infection disrupted the integrity of the epithelium. Thus, our model can be used not only to examine the pathogenesis of pre-neoplastic EBV-infected cells, but also to develop anti-EBV therapy or early stage NPC treatment. Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic virus that causes several types of tumor, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC tumor cells are clonal expansions of latently EBV-infected epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms by which EBV transforms the nasopharyngeal epithelium is hampered, because of the lack of good in vitro model to pursue oncogenic process. Our primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cell cultures developed pseudostratified epithelium at the air-liquid interface, which was susceptible to EBV infection. Using the highly sensitive RNA in situ hybridization technique, we detected viral infection in diverse cell types, including ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. EBV-encoded small RNA-positive cells were more frequently detected in the suprabasal layer than in the basal layer. We established the most physiologically relevant EBV infection model of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. This model will advance our understanding of EBV pathogenesis in the development of NPC.
Collapse
|
25
|
Epstein-Barr Virus Mediated Signaling in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092441. [PMID: 32872147 PMCID: PMC7565514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is known to contribute in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) carcinogenesis. The oncogenic roles of the EBV proteins and non-coding RNAs in NPC are becoming evident with the aid of current advances in genome-wide and in-depth molecular analyses. This current work provides a comprehensive overview, which covers recent understandings of the pathogenic role of EBV infection in NPC. Perspectives on molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the pathogenesis of NPC, focusing on the connection between EBV and NPC cells and the corresponding signaling pathways are highlighted. Cancer hallmarks associated with EBV in NPC development are also discussed herein. Abstract Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common tumors occurring in China and Southeast Asia. Etiology of NPC seems to be complex and involves many determinants, one of which is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Although evidence demonstrates that EBV infection plays a key role in NPC carcinogenesis, the exact relationship between EBV and dysregulation of signaling pathways in NPC needs to be clarified. This review focuses on the interplay between EBV and NPC cells and the corresponding signaling pathways, which are modulated by EBV oncoproteins and non-coding RNAs. These altered signaling pathways could be critical for the initiation and progression of NPC.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gong LP, Chen JN, Dong M, Xiao ZD, Feng ZY, Pan YH, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhang JY, Bi YH, Huang JT, Liang J, Shao CK. Epstein-Barr virus-derived circular RNA LMP2A induces stemness in EBV-associated gastric cancer. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49689. [PMID: 32790025 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer-initiating cells that are not only a source of tumorigenesis but also the cause of tumour progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer with unique clinicopathological and molecular features. However, whether CSCs exist in EBVaGC, and the tumorigenic mechanism of EBV, remains unclear. Here, NOD/SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with the EBVaGC cell line SNU719 and treated with 5-fluorouracil weekly. Successive generations of xenografts yielded a highly malignant EBVaGC cell line, SNU-4th, which displays properties of CSCs and mainly consists of CD44+ CD24- cells. In SNU-4th cells, an EBV-encoded circRNA, ebv-circLMP2A, expression increased and plays crucial roles in inducing and maintaining stemness phenotypes through targeting miR-3908/TRIM59/p53 axis. Additionally, high expression of ebv-circLMP2A is significantly associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with EBVaGC. These findings not only provide evidence for the existence of CSCs in EBVaGC and elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of ebv-circLMP2A in EBVaGC, but also provide a promising therapeutic target for EBVaGC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Xiao
- Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hang Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Bi
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Deng M, Dai W, Yu VZ, Tao L, Lung ML. Cylindromatosis Lysine 63 Deubiquitinase (CYLD) Regulates NF-kB Signaling Pathway and Modulates Fibroblast and Endothelial Cells Recruitment in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071924. [PMID: 32708712 PMCID: PMC7409113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Cylindromatosis lysine 63 deubiquitinase (CYLD), a NF-kB inhibitor, was reported as one of the top mutated candidate genes in NPC. NF-kB is an inducible transcription factor, contributing to cancer via regulating inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metastasis. In this study, the impact of CYLD on regulating the NF-kB signaling pathway and its contribution to NPC development was studied using in vitro and in vivo functional assays, together with single cell RNA sequencing to understand the NPC tumor microenvironment. CYLD was downregulated in NPC clinical specimens and multiple cell lines. Functional assays revealed CYLD inhibits NPC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and suppresses NPC tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo by negatively regulating the NF-kB signaling pathway. Additionally, CYLD was able to inhibit fibroblast and endothelial stromal cell infiltration into the NPC tumor microenvironment. These findings suggest that CYLD inhibits NPC development and provides strong evidence supporting a role for CYLD inhibiting fibroblast and endothelial stromal cell infiltration into NPC via suppressing the NF-kB pathway.
Collapse
|
28
|
Quassinoid analogs with enhanced efficacy for treatment of hematologic malignancies target the PI3Kγ isoform. Commun Biol 2020; 3:267. [PMID: 32461675 PMCID: PMC7253423 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel PI3K inhibitors is an important strategy to overcome their resistance and poor tolerability in clinical trials. The quassinoid family member Brusatol shows specific inhibitory activity against hematologic malignancies. However, the mechanism of its anti-cancer activity is unknown. We investigated the anti-cancer activity of Brusatol on multiple hematologic malignancies derived cell lines. The results demonstrated that the PI3Kγ isoform was identified as a direct target of Brusatol, and inhibition was dramatically reduced on cells with lower PI3Kγ levels. Novel synthetic analogs were also developed and tested in vitro and in vivo. They shared comparable or superior potency in their ability to inhibit malignant hematologic cell lines, and in a xenograft transplant mouse model. One unique analog had minimal toxicity to normal human cells and in a mouse model. These new analogs have enhanced potential for development as a new class of PI3K inhibitors for treatment of hematologic malignancies. Pei et al. demonstrate that PI3Kγ isoform is a direct target of Brusatol, a natural compound with inhibitory activity against hematologic malignancies. They further develop several Brusatol analogs with superior in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Baloche V, Ferrand FR, Makowska A, Even C, Kontny U, Busson P. Emerging therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:545-558. [PMID: 32249657 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1751820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major public health problem in several countries, especially those in Southeast Asia and North Africa. In its typical poorly differentiated form, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is present in the nuclei of all malignant cells with restricted expression of a few viral genes. The malignant phenotype of NPC cells results from the influence of these viral products in combination with cellular genetic, epigenetic and functional alterations. With regard to host/tumor interactions, NPC is a remarkable example of immune escape in the context of a hot tumor.Areas covered: This article has an emphasis on emerging therapeutic targets that are considered upstream or at an early stage of clinical application. It examines targets related to cellular oncogenic alterations, latent EBV infection and tumor interactions with the immune system.Expert opinion: There is a remarkable emergence of new agents that target EBV products. The clinical application of these agents would benefit from a systematic and comprehensive molecular classification of NPCs and from easy access to pre-clinical models in public repositories. There is a strong rationale for more investigations on the potential of immune modulators, especially those related to NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Baloche
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Uuniversité Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline Even
- Département de cancérologie cervico-faciale, Gustave Roussy and université Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Uuniversité Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wei J, Ye J, Luo Y, Weng J, He Q, Liu F, Li M, Lin Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Qu S, Zhang J. EB virus promotes metastatic potential by boosting STIM1-dependent Ca 2+ signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 478:122-132. [PMID: 32165272 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique head and neck malignancy with highly metastatic cell-biological characteristics, for which latent EBV-infection is responsible. Our earlier studies showed that EGF-stimulated Ca2+ signaling via store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) was amplified in NPC cells expressing EBV-encoded LMP1, thus contributing to EBV-enhanced metastatic capacities. However, the pathway through which EBV modulates cytosolic Ca2+ signaling still remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that EBV-infection amplified EGF-stimulated Ca2+ responses through the promotion of intracellular aggregation of STIM1, which serves as a Ca2+ sensor to activate SOCE. Blockage of EBV-remodeled Ca2+ signaling by STIM1-silencing inhibited cell migration by interrupting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro, and suppressed tumor dissemination in zebrafish and lymph node metastasis in mice. In addition, STIM1 expression was upregulated in primary NPC tissues compared with normal nasopharyngeal epithelium and stronger among the patients with advanced lymph node metastatic disease (N2-3 stage). Our findings thus indicate that EBV promotes metastatic potential by enhancing STIM1-dependent Ca2+ signaling that manipulates EMT in NPC cells. EBV-modulated Ca2+ signaling could serve as a candidate anti-metastatic target for NPC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jingjin Weng
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qian He
- Center of Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shenhong Qu
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Palechor-Ceron N, Krawczyk E, Dakic A, Simic V, Yuan H, Blancato J, Wang W, Hubbard F, Zheng YL, Dan H, Strome S, Cullen K, Davidson B, Deeken JF, Choudhury S, Ahn PH, Agarwal S, Zhou X, Schlegel R, Furth PA, Pan CX, Liu X. Conditional Reprogramming for Patient-Derived Cancer Models and Next-Generation Living Biobanks. Cells 2019; 8:E1327. [PMID: 31717887 PMCID: PMC6912808 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional cancer models including cell lines and animal models have limited applications in both basic and clinical cancer research. Genomics-based precision oncology only help 2-20% patients with solid cancer. Functional diagnostics and patient-derived cancer models are needed for precision cancer biology. In this review, we will summarize applications of conditional cell reprogramming (CR) in cancer research and next generation living biobanks (NGLB). Together with organoids, CR has been cited in two NCI (National Cancer Institute, USA) programs (PDMR: patient-derived cancer model repository; HCMI: human cancer model initiatives. HCMI will be distributed through ATCC). Briefly, the CR method is a simple co-culture technology with a Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, in combination with fibroblast feeder cells, which allows us to rapidly expand both normal and malignant epithelial cells from diverse anatomic sites and mammalian species and does not require transfection with exogenous viral or cellular genes. Establishment of CR cells from both normal and tumor tissue is highly efficient. The robust nature of the technique is exemplified by the ability to produce 2 × 106 cells in five days from a core biopsy of tumor tissue. Normal CR cell cultures retain a normal karyotype and differentiation potential and CR cells derived from tumors retain their tumorigenic phenotype. CR also allows us to enrich cancer cells from urine (for bladder cancer), blood (for prostate cancer), and pleural effusion (for non-small cell lung carcinoma). The ability to produce inexhaustible cell populations using CR technology from small biopsies and cryopreserved specimens has the potential to transform biobanking repositories (NGLB: next-generation living biobank) and current pathology practice by enabling genetic, biochemical, metabolomic, proteomic, and biological assays, including chemosensitivity testing as a functional diagnostics tool for precision cancer medicine. We discussed analyses of patient-derived matched normal and tumor models using a case with tongue squamous cell carcinoma as an example. Last, we summarized applications in cancer research, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine of CR-based NGLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Palechor-Ceron
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Ewa Krawczyk
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Dakic
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Vera Simic
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Jan Blancato
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (J.B.); (W.W.); (Y.-L.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (J.B.); (W.W.); (Y.-L.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| | - Fleesie Hubbard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.H.); (H.D.); (S.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Yun-Ling Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (J.B.); (W.W.); (Y.-L.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| | - Hancai Dan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.H.); (H.D.); (S.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Scott Strome
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.H.); (H.D.); (S.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Kevin Cullen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.H.); (H.D.); (S.S.); (K.C.)
| | - Bruce Davidson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - John F. Deeken
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA;
| | - Sujata Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Peter H. Ahn
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Xuexun Zhou
- iCryobiol and iFuture Technologies, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Priscilla A. Furth
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (J.B.); (W.W.); (Y.-L.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (N.P.-C.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (V.S.); (H.Y.); (S.C.); (S.A.); (R.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (J.B.); (W.W.); (Y.-L.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Edwards RH, Dekroon R, Raab-Traub N. Alterations in cellular expression in EBV infected epithelial cell lines and tumors. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008071. [PMID: 31584998 PMCID: PMC6795468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is linked to the development of two major epithelial malignancies, gastric carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This study evaluates the effects of EBV on cellular expression in a gastric epithelial cell line infected with or without EBV and a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line containing EBV. The cells were grown in vitro and as tumors in vivo. The effects on cellular expression were determined using both 2D DIGE proteomics and high throughput RNA sequencing. The data identify multiple pathways that were uniquely activated in vitro. RNA sequences mapping to the mouse genome were identified in both the EBV positive and negative tumor samples in vivo, although, differences between the EBV positive and negative cells were not apparent. However, the tumors appeared to be grossly distinct. The majority of the identified canonical pathways based on two fold changes in expression had decreased activity within the tumors in vivo. Identification of the predicted upstream regulating factors revealed that in vitro the regulating factors were primarily protein transcriptional regulators. In contrast, in vivo the predicted regulators were frequently noncoding RNAs. Hierarchical clustering distinguished the cell lines and tumors, the EBV positive tumors from the EBV negative tumors, and the NPC tumors from the gastric tumors and cell lines. The delineating genes were changed greater than 4 fold and were frequently regulated by protein transcription factors. These data suggest that EBV distinctly affects cellular expression in gastric tumors and NPC and that growth in vivo requires activation of fewer cellular signaling pathways. It is likely that the broad changes in cellular expression that occur at low levels are controlled by regulatory viral and cellular RNAs while major changes are affected by induced protein regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hood Edwards
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Dekroon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancy Raab-Traub
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tsang CM, Lui VWY, Bruce JP, Pugh TJ, Lo KW. Translational genomics of nasopharyngeal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:84-100. [PMID: 31521748 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), also named the Cantonese cancer, is a unique cancer with strong etiological association with infection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). With particularly high prevalence in Southeast Asia, the involvement of EBV and genetic aberrations contributive to NPC tumorigenesis have remained unclear for decades. Recently, genomic analysis of NPC has defined it as a genetically homogeneous cancer, driven largely by NF-κB signaling caused by either somatic aberrations of NF-κB negative regulators or by overexpression of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an EBV viral oncoprotein. This represents a landmark finding of the NPC genome. Exome and RNA sequencing data from new EBV-positive NPC models also highlight the importance of PI3K pathway aberrations in NPC. We also realize for the first time that NPC mutational burden, mutational signatures, MAPK/PI3K aberrations, and MHC Class I gene aberrations, are prognostic for patient outcome. Together, these multiple genomic discoveries begin to shape the focus of NPC therapy development. Given the challenge of NF-κB targeting in human cancers, more innovative drug discovery approaches should be explored to target the unique atypical NF-κB activation feature of NPC. Our next decade of NPC research should focus on further identification of the -omic landscapes of recurrent and metastatic NPC, development of gene-based precision medicines, as well as large-scale drug screening with the newly developed and well-characterized EBV-positive NPC models. Focused preclinical and clinical investigations on these major directions may identify new and effective targeting strategies to further improve survival of NPC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jeffrey P Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duan J, Yang Y, Wu Z, Lin S, Zhou C, Sheng G, Yang F, Bian L, Zhang X, Xiao S. F factor plasmid-mediated Epstein-Barr virus genome introduction establishes an EBV positive NPC cell model. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:7377-7389. [PMID: 31496799 PMCID: PMC6689095 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s211372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive cells lose the EBV episomes upon prolonged propagation. Purpose The purposes of this study were to establish a simple cell model for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) research by introducing a plasmid with the EBV genome into NPC cells and then to investigate the resulting changes in malignant biological behaviour and NPC-associated signalling pathways. Methods HONE1 NPC cells were transfected with F-factor plasmids including the EBV genome (HONE1-EBV cells). Then cell proliferation, migration, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro by using CCK8, transwell and flow cytometry assays respectively. EBV-encoded proteins and cell signal tranducting proteins were detected by western blot assays. EBV-encoded RNAs were detected by in situ hybridization. EBV particles were assayed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The morphology of cells were detected by immunofluorescence assays for alpha-tubulin. Results Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) were successfully expressed in HONE1-EBV cells. No EBV particles were founded by TEM. Introduction of the EBV genome significantly promoted proliferation, cell cycle progression and migration and inhibited apoptosis in HONE1 cells. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the morphology of HONE1-EBV cells changed into spindle. Furthermore, EBV genome introduction significantly inhibited the JAK/STAT signalling pathway, while it activated the PI3K-AKT and NF-κB signalling pathways in HONE1 cells. Conclusion These findings suggest that F-factor plasmid-mediated EBV genome introduction was successful in constructing an EBV positive cell model, which showed deteriorated biological behavior and activated NPC-associated signalling pathways. This model can serve as a good tool for studying EBV in NPC, but the subtle differences in cancer-associated pathways must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Duan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiang Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowen Sheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China.,Graduate College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Bian
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang C, Jiang S, Ke L, Zhang L, Li D, Liang J, Narita Y, Hou I, Chen CH, Wang L, Zhong Q, Ling Y, Lv X, Xiang Y, Guo X, Teng M, Tsao SW, Gewurz BE, Zeng MS, Zhao B. Genome-wide CRISPR-based gene knockout screens reveal cellular factors and pathways essential for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9734-9745. [PMID: 31073033 PMCID: PMC6597810 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is difficult because of a lack of specific symptoms. Many patients have advanced disease at diagnosis, and these patients respond poorly to treatment. New treatments are therefore needed to improve the outcome of NPC. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of NPC, here we used an NPC cell line in a genome-wide CRISPR-based knockout screen to identify the cellular factors and pathways essential for NPC (i.e. dependence factors). This screen identified the Moz, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2, Tip60 histone acetyl transferase complex, NF-κB signaling, purine synthesis, and linear ubiquitination pathways; and MDM2 proto-oncogene as NPC dependence factors/pathways. Using gene knock out, complementary DNA rescue, and inhibitor assays, we found that perturbation of these pathways greatly reduces the growth of NPC cell lines but does not affect growth of SV40-immortalized normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. These results suggest that targeting these pathways/proteins may hold promise for achieving better treatment of patients with NPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sizun Jiang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Liangru Ke
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Difei Li
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jun Liang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yohei Narita
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Isabella Hou
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Chen-Hao Chen
- the Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- the Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Liangwei Wang
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Qian Zhong
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yihong Ling
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xing Lv
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanqun Xiang
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mingxiang Teng
- the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, and
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- the School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China,
| | - Bo Zhao
- From the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee HM, Okuda KS, González FE, Patel V. Current Perspectives on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:11-34. [PMID: 31576537 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Of the ~129,079 new cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 72,987 associated deaths estimated for 2018, the majority will be geographically localized to South East Asia, and likely to show an upward trend annually. It is thought that disparities in dietary habits, lifestyle, and exposures to harmful environmental factors are likely the root cause of NPC incidence rates to differ geographically. Genetic differences due to ethnicity and the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are likely contributing factors. Pertinently, NPC is associated with poor prognosis which is largely attributed to lack of awareness of the salient symptoms of NPC. These include nose hemorrhage and headaches and coupled with detection and the limited therapeutic options. Treatment options include radiotherapy or chemotherapy or combination of both. Surgical excision is generally the last option considered for advanced and metastatic disease, given the close proximity of nasopharynx to brain stem cell area, major blood vessels, and nerves. To improve outcome of NPC patients, novel cellular and in vivo systems are needed to allow an understanding of the underling molecular events causal for NPC pathogenesis and for identifying novel therapeutic targets and effective therapies. While challenges and gaps in current NPC research are noted, some advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies targeting EBV NPCs are discussed in this chapter, which may offer improvements in outcome of NPC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei Lee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kazuhida Shaun Okuda
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Fermín E González
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Cancer, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin W, Yip YL, Jia L, Deng W, Zheng H, Dai W, Ko JMY, Lo KW, Chung GTY, Yip KY, Lee SD, Kwan JSH, Zhang J, Liu T, Chan JYW, Kwong DLW, Lee VHF, Nicholls JM, Busson P, Liu X, Chiang AKS, Hui KF, Kwok H, Cheung ST, Cheung YC, Chan CK, Li B, Cheung ALM, Hau PM, Zhou Y, Tsang CM, Middeldorp J, Chen H, Lung ML, Tsao SW. Establishment and characterization of new tumor xenografts and cancer cell lines from EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4663. [PMID: 30405107 PMCID: PMC6220246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of representative nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) models has seriously hampered research on EBV carcinogenesis and preclinical studies in NPC. Here we report the successful growth of five NPC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from fifty-eight attempts of transplantation of NPC specimens into NOD/SCID mice. The take rates for primary and recurrent NPC are 4.9% and 17.6%, respectively. Successful establishment of a new EBV-positive NPC cell line, NPC43, is achieved directly from patient NPC tissues by including Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases inhibitor (Y-27632) in culture medium. Spontaneous lytic reactivation of EBV can be observed in NPC43 upon withdrawal of Y-27632. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) reveals a close similarity in mutational profiles of these NPC PDXs with their corresponding patient NPC. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) further delineates the genomic landscape and sequences of EBV genomes in these newly established NPC models, which supports their potential use in future studies of NPC. The lack of appropriate models restricts pre-clinical research for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here the authors report the development and characterization of NPC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and EBV positive NPC cell line from patient tumor, and suggest their potential use in future NPC research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yim Ling Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Jia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Deng
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Josephine Mun Yee Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Tin Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Y Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sau-Dan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny Sheung-Him Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Victor Ho-Fun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John Malcolm Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pierre Busson
- Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, CNRS, UMR8126, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Center for Cell Reprogramming, Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, 20057, DC, USA.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin Kwok
- Center for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk Chun Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Keung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Annie Lai-Man Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pok Man Hau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jaap Middeldorp
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|