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Boottanun P, Nagai-Okatani C, Nagai M, Ungkulpasvich U, Yamane S, Yamada M, Kuno A. An improved evanescent fluorescence scanner suitable for high-resolution glycome mapping of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6975-6984. [PMID: 37395746 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Lectin microarray (LMA) is a high-throughput platform that enables the rapid and sensitive analysis of N- and O-glycans attached to glycoproteins in biological samples, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. Here, we evaluated the sensitivity of the advanced scanner based on the evanescent-field fluorescence principle, which is equipped with a 1× infinity correction optical system and a high-end complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor in digital binning mode. Using various glycoprotein samples, we estimated that the mGSR1200-CMOS scanner has at least fourfold higher sensitivity for the lower limit of linearity range than that of a previous charge-coupled device scanner (mGSR1200). A subsequent sensitivity test using HEK293T cell lysates demonstrated that cell glycomic profiling could be performed with only three cells, which has the potential for the glycomic profiling of cell subpopulations. Thus, we examined its application in tissue glycome mapping, as indicated in the online LM-GlycomeAtlas database. To achieve fine glycome mapping, we refined the laser microdissection-assisted LMA procedure to analyze FFPE tissue sections. In this protocol, it was sufficient to collect 0.1 mm2 of each of the tissue fragments from 5-μm-thick sections, which differentiated the glycomic profile between the glomerulus and renal tubules of a normal mouse kidney. In conclusion, the improved LMA enables high-resolution spatial analysis, which expands the possibilities of its application classifying cell subpopulations in clinical FFPE tissue specimens. This will be used in the discovery phase for the development of novel glyco-biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and to expand the range of target diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaporn Boottanun
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Misugi Nagai
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Umbhorn Ungkulpasvich
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Yamane
- GlycoTechnica Ltd, 101 Hiranobiru3, 5-28-6 Utsukushigaoka, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 225-0002, Japan
| | - Masao Yamada
- EMUKK LLC, 2-21-19, Matsunoki, Kuwana, Mie, 511-0902, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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2
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Nagai-Okatani C, Zou X, Matsuda A, Itakura Y, Toyoda M, Zhang Y, Kuno A. Tissue Glycome Mapping: Lectin Microarray-Based Differential Glycomic Analysis of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2460:161-180. [PMID: 34972936 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2148-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lectin microarray (LMA) is a high-sensitive glycan analysis technology used to obtain global glycomic profiles of both N- and O-glycans attached not only to purified glycoproteins but also to crude glycoprotein samples. Through additional use of laser microdissection (LMD) for tissue collection, we developed an LMA-based glycomic profiling technique for a specific type of cells in a tiny area of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. This LMD-LMA method makes it possible to obtain reproducible tissue glycomic profiles that can be compared with each other, using a unified protocol for all procedures, including FFPE tissue preparation, tissue staining, protein extraction and labeling, and LMA analysis. Here, we describe the standardized LMD-LMA procedure for a "tissue glycome mapping" approach, which facilitates an in-depth understanding of region- and tissue-specific protein glycosylation. We also describe potential applications of the spatial tissue glycomic profiles, including histochemical analysis for evaluating distribution of lectin ligands and a fluorescence LMD-LMA method for cell type-selective glycomic profiling using a cell type-specific probe, composed of a lectin and an antibody. The protocols presented here will accelerate the effective utilization of FFPE tissue specimens by providing tissue glycome maps for the discovery of the biological roles and disease-related alterations of protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Xia Zou
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Atsushi Matsuda
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Itakura
- Department of Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Department of Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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3
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Glycan characteristics of human heart constituent cells maintaining organ function: relatively stable glycan profiles in cellular senescence. Biogerontology 2021; 22:623-637. [PMID: 34637040 PMCID: PMC8566412 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface glycoproteins, which are good indicators of cellular types and biological function; are suited for cell evaluation. Tissue remodeling using various cells is a key feature of regenerative therapy. For artificial heart remodeling, a mixture of heart constituent cells has been investigated for organ assembly, however, the cellular characteristics remain unclear. In this study, the glycan profiles of human cardiomyocytes (HCMs), human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs), and human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) were analyzed using evanescent-field lectin microarray analysis, a tool of glycan profiling, to clarify the required cellular characteristics. We found that ECs had more “α1-2fucose” and “core α1-6fucose” residues than other cells, and that “α2-6sialic acid” residue was more abundant in ECs and HCMs than in HCFs. HCFs showed higher abundance of “β-galactose” and “β-N-acetylgalactosamine” residues on N-glycan and O-glycan, respectively, compared to other cells. Interestingly, cardiac glycan profiles were insignificantly changed with cellular senescence. The residues identified in this study may participate in organ maintenance by contributing to the preservation of glycan components. Therefore, future studies should investigate the roles of glycans in optimal tissue remodeling since identifying cellular characteristics is important for the development of regenerative therapies.
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Nagai-Okatani C, Zou X, Fujita N, Sogabe I, Arakawa K, Nagai M, Angata K, Zhang Y, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Kuno A. LM-GlycomeAtlas Ver. 2.0: An Integrated Visualization for Lectin Microarray-based Mouse Tissue Glycome Mapping Data with Lectin Histochemistry. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2069-2075. [PMID: 33657805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser microdissection-assisted lectin microarray has been used to obtain quantitative and qualitative information on glycans on proteins expressed in microscopic regions of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. For the effective visualization of this "tissue glycome mapping" data, a novel online tool, LM-GlycomeAtlas (https://glycosmos.org/lm_glycomeatlas/index), was launched in the freely available glycoscience portal, the GlyCosmos Portal (https://glycosmos.org). In LM-GlycomeAtlas Version 1.0, nine tissues from normal mice were used to provide one data set of glycomic profiles. Here we introduce an updated version of LM-GlycomeAtlas, which includes more spatial information. We designed it to deposit multiple data sets of glycomic profiles with high-resolution histological images, which included staining images with multiple lectins on the array. The additionally implemented interfaces allow users to display multiple histological images of interest (e.g., diseased and normal mice), thereby facilitating the evaluation of tissue glycomic profiling and glyco-pathological analysis. Using these updated interfaces, 451 glycomic profiling data and 42 histological images obtained from 14 tissues of normal and diseased mice were successfully visualized. By easy integration with other tools for glycoproteomic data and protein glycosylation machinery, LM-GlycomeAtlas will be one of the most valuable open resources that contribute to both glycoscience and proteomics communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Xia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Noriaki Fujita
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Isami Sogabe
- Glycan & Life Science Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Kouiti Arakawa
- Glycan & Life Science Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Misugi Nagai
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Angata
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kiyoko F Aoki-Kinoshita
- Glycan & Life Science Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Matsuda A, Kuno A, Yoshida M, Wagatsuma T, Sato T, Miyagishi M, Zhao J, Suematsu M, Kabe Y, Narimatsu H. Comparative Glycomic Analysis of Exosome Subpopulations Derived from Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2516-2524. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsuda
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshida
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takanori Wagatsuma
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | | | - Jing Zhao
- Biomedical Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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Wagatsuma T, Nagai-Okatani C, Matsuda A, Masugi Y, Imaoka M, Yamazaki K, Sakamoto M, Kuno A. Discovery of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma-Related Aberrant Glycosylations: A Multilateral Approach of Lectin Microarray-Based Tissue Glycomic Profiling With Public Transcriptomic Datasets. Front Oncol 2020; 10:338. [PMID: 32232009 PMCID: PMC7082313 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant protein glycosylation is one of the most notable features in cancerous tissues, and thereby glycoproteins with disease-relevant glycosylation alterations are fascinating targets for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic agents. For this purpose, a reliable strategy is needed for the analysis of glycosylation alterations occurring on specific glycoproteins during the progression of cancer. Here, we propose a bilateral approach combining lectin microarray-based tissue glycomic profiling and database-derived transcriptomic datasets. First, lectin microarray was used to perform differential glycomic profiling of crude extracts derived from non-tumor and tumor regions of frozen tissue sections from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This analysis revealed two notable tissue glycome alterations in PDAC samples: increases in sialylated glycans and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and a decrease in ABO blood group antigens. To examine aberrations in the glycosylation machinery related to these glycomic alterations, we next employed public datasets of gene expression profiles in cancerous and normal pancreases provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression projects, respectively. In this analysis, glycosyltransferases responsible for the glycosylation alterations showed aberrant gene expression in the cancerous tissues, consistent with the tissue glycomic profiles. The correlated alterations in glycosyltransferase expression and tissue glycomics were then evaluated by differential glycan profiling of a membrane N-glycoprotein, basigin, expressed in tumor and non-tumor pancreatic cells. The focused differential glycomic profiling for endogenous basigin derived from non-tumor and cancerous regions of PDAC tissue sections demonstrated that PDAC-relevant glycan alterations of basigin closely reflected the notable features in the disease-specific alterations in the tissue glycomes. In conclusion, the present multi-omics strategy using public transcriptomic datasets and experimental glycomic profiling using a tiny amount of clinical specimens successfully demonstrated that basigin is a representative N-glycoprotein that reflects PDAC-related aberrant glycosylations. This study indicates the usefulness of large public data sets such as the gene expression profiles of glycosylation-related genes for evaluation of the highly sensitive tissue glycomic profiling results. This strategy is expected to be useful for the discovery of novel glyco-biomarkers and glyco-therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Wagatsuma
- Project for Utilizing Glycans in the Development of Innovative Drug Discovery Technologies, Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuda
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Imaoka
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiie Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Suzuki O, Koura M, Uchio-Yamada K, Sasaki M. Analysis of the transgene insertion pattern in a transgenic mouse strain using long-read sequencing. Exp Anim 2020; 69:279-286. [PMID: 32051389 PMCID: PMC7445054 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgene insertion patterns are critical for the analysis of transgenic animals because
the influence of transgenes may change depending on the insertion pattern (such as copy
numbers and orientations of concatenations) and the insertion position in the genome. We
previously reported a genomic walking strategy to locate transgenes in the genomes of
transgenic mice (Exp. Anim. 53: 103–111, 2004) and to analyze transgene insertion patterns
(Exp. Anim. 55: 65–69, 2006). With such strategies, however, we could not determine the
copy number of transgenes or global genome modification induced by transgene insertion due
to read-length limitation. In this study, we used a long-read sequencer (MinION, Oxford
Nanopore Technologies) to overcome this limitation. We obtained 922,210 reads using MinION
with genomic DNA from a transgenic mouse strain (4C30, Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B. Phys.
Biol. Sci. 87: 550–562, 2011). Among the reads, we found one 21,457-bp read containing the
transgene using a local BLAST search. Nucleotide dot plot analysis revealed that the
transgene was inserted in the genome as a tandem concatemer with an almost entire
construct (15–3,508 of 3,508 bp) and a partial fragment (4–660, 657 bp). Ensembl’s BLAST
search against the C57BL/6N genome revealed a 9,388-bp deletion at the insertion position
in the intron of the Sgcd gene, confirming that mutations such as a large
genomic deletion could occur at the time of transgene insertion. Thus, long-read
sequencers are useful tools for the analysis of transgene insertion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Osaka 568-0085, Japan
| | - Minako Koura
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Osaka 568-0085, Japan
| | - Kozue Uchio-Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Osaka 568-0085, Japan
| | - Mitsuho Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Ibaraki, Osaka 568-0085, Japan
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Nagai-Okatani C, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Kakuda S, Nagai M, Hagiwara K, Kiyohara K, Fujita N, Suzuki Y, Sato T, Angata K, Kuno A. LM-GlycomeAtlas Ver. 1.0: A Novel Visualization Tool for Lectin Microarray-Based Glycomic Profiles of Mouse Tissue Sections. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162962. [PMID: 31443278 PMCID: PMC6719194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For the effective discovery of the biological roles and disease-specific alterations concerning protein glycosylation in tissue samples, it is important to know beforehand the quantitative and qualitative variations of glycan structures expressed in various types of cells, sites, and tissues. To this end, we used laser microdissection-assisted lectin microarray (LMA) to establish a simple and reproducible method for high-throughput and in-depth glycomic profiling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Using this “tissue glycome mapping” approach, we present 234 glycomic profiling data obtained from nine tissue sections (pancreas, heart, lung, thymus, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, colon, and skin) of two 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. We provided this LMA-based dataset in the similar interface as that of GlycomeAtlas, a previously developed tool for mass spectrometry-based tissue glycomic profiling, allowing easy comparison of the two types of data. This online tool, called “LM-GlycomeAtlas”, allows users to visualize the LMA-based tissue glycomic profiling data associated with the sample information as an atlas. Since the present dataset allows the comparison of glycomic profiles, it will facilitate the evaluation of site- and tissue-specific glycosylation patterns. Taking advantage of its extensibility, this tool will continue to be updated with the expansion of deposited data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Kiyoko F Aoki-Kinoshita
- Glycan & Life Science Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kakuda
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Misugi Nagai
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kozue Hagiwara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Katsue Kiyohara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Noriaki Fujita
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Suzuki
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Angata
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan.
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