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Kim R, Chalandon Y, Rousselot P, Cayuela JM, Huguet F, Balsat M, Passet M, Chevallier P, Hicheri Y, Raffoux E, Leguay T, Chantepie S, Maury S, Hayette S, Solly F, Braun T, De Prijck B, Cacheux V, Salanoubat C, Farnault L, Guibaud I, Lamarque M, Gastaud L, Lemasle E, Brissot E, Tavernier E, Bilger K, Villate A, Soulier J, Graux C, Lhéritier V, Dombret H, Boissel N, Clappier E. Significance of Measurable Residual Disease in Adult Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive ALL: A GRAAPH-2014 Study. J Clin Oncol 2024:JCO2400108. [PMID: 39028928 DOI: 10.1200/jco.24.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE BCR::ABL1 quantification is widely regarded as the standard for monitoring measurable residual disease (MRD) in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) ALL. However, recent evidence of BCR::ABL1 multilineage involvement questions the significance of BCR::ABL1 MRD. We aimed to define the prognostic role of MRD as assessed by BCR::ABL1 or lymphoid-specific immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor (IG/TR) gene markers. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted BCR::ABL1 and IG/TR quantification after each treatment cycle in 264 patients treated in the GRAAPH-2014 trial, which used four cycles of reduced-intensity chemotherapy with nilotinib, followed by hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). RESULTS Comparing BCR::ABL1 and IG/TR MRD revealed residual BCR::ABL1-positive non-ALL cells in 98 (43%) of 228 patients, defining multilineage Ph+ ALL. Despite poorer BCR::ABL1 responses, patients with multilineage Ph+ ALL had similar disease-free survival (DFS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.83 [95% CI, 0.49 to 1.41]; P = .50). Although BCR::ABL1 response failed to predict outcomes, IG/TR positivity (≥0.01%) was strongly associated with lower DFS (after cycle 2, HR, 2.49 [95% CI, 1.40 to 4.40]; P = .002; after cycle 4, HR, 4.13 [95% CI, 1.82 to 9.38]; P = .001). In multivariable analysis, both IG/TR positivity after cycle 2 and initial WBC count ≥30 × 109/L predicted poorer DFS, enabling to define a high-risk group having a 4-year DFS of 56.5% compared with 87.6% (HR, 3.72 [95% CI, 1.93 to 7.15]; P < .001). Moreover, allogeneic HSCT significantly improved DFS in the high-risk group (HR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.60]; P < .001), whereas the standard-risk group had favorable outcomes regardless of allogeneic HSCT. CONCLUSION Our findings challenge the significance of BCR::ABL1 monitoring in adult Ph+ ALL and demonstrate the prognostic role of IG/TR MRD. This study provides a framework for using MRD to guide treatment strategies in adults with Ph+ ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathana Kim
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212 GenCellDis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Paris, France
| | - Yves Chalandon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK)
| | - Philippe Rousselot
- Hematology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Unité mixte de recherche 1184 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, University Paris-Saclay, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Jean-Michel Cayuela
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- EA 3518, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Huguet
- Hematology Department, Institut Universitaire de Cancer Toulouse-Oncopole, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Balsat
- Hematology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, France
| | - Marie Passet
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212 GenCellDis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Paris, France
| | | | - Yosr Hicheri
- Hematology Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Inserm, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Raffoux
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Leguay
- Hematology Department, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Levêque, Pessac, France
| | | | - Sébastien Maury
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Université Paris Est Créteil UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Sandrine Hayette
- Hematology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre Benite, France
| | | | - Thorsten Braun
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | | | | | - Celia Salanoubat
- Hematology Department, CH Sud Francilien, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Laure Farnault
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Universitaire de Marseille Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Guibaud
- Hematology Department, CH de Metz, Hôpital de Mercy, Metz, France
| | - Mathilde Lamarque
- Hematology Department, CH Emile Muller de Mulhouse, Mulhouse, France
| | - Lauris Gastaud
- Hematology Department, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Emilie Lemasle
- Hematology Department, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Eolia Brissot
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Karine Bilger
- Hematology Department, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alban Villate
- Hematology Department, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - Jean Soulier
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212 GenCellDis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Paris, France
| | - Carlos Graux
- Hematology Department, CHU UCL Namur Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Véronique Lhéritier
- Coordination du Groupe GRAALL, Member of the French institute Carnot OPALE (the Organisation for Partnership in Leukemia Consortium), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Boissel
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Clappier
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212 GenCellDis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Paris, France
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2
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Abou Dalle I, Moukalled N, El Cheikh J, Mohty M, Bazarbachi A. Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ten frequently asked questions. Leukemia 2024:10.1038/s41375-024-02319-2. [PMID: 38902471 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) constitutes a distinctive cytogenetic entity associated with challenging outcomes, particularly in adult patients. Current upfront chemotherapy-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-based therapies include first, second and third-generation TKIs that have revolutionized patient outcomes including molecular remission and overall survival. Chemotherapy-free regimens such as blinatumomab-dasatinib or blinatumomab-ponatinib offer exciting possibilities, yet challenges arise, particularly in preventing central nervous system relapse. Monitoring measurable residual disease is now a cornerstone particularly using next-generation sequencing (NGS)-Clonoseq for accurate assessment. Controversy regarding the ability to omit consolidation with allogeneic stem cell transplantation, specifically for patients achieving early molecular remission, is related to the excellent survival achieved with novel combinations in the upfront setting, however challenged by the lower disease control when transplant is utilized beyond first remission. Post-transplant maintenance introduces new dilemmas: the optimal TKI, dosing, and duration of therapy are open questions. Meanwhile, a myriad of new combinations and cellular therapies are used for relapsed Ph+ ALL, prompting us to unravel the optimal sequencing of these promising regimen. In this review, we delve into the breakthroughs and controversies in Ph+ ALL with ten commonly asked questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Abou Dalle
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nour Moukalled
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean El Cheikh
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Sorbonne University, Department of Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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3
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Tran V, Salafian K, Michaels K, Jones C, Reed D, Keng M, El Chaer F. MRD in Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive ALL: Methodologies and Clinical Implications. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2024:10.1007/s11899-024-00736-9. [PMID: 38888822 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-024-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Measurable residual disease (MRD) is integral in the management of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This review discusses the current methods used to evaluate MRD as well as the interpretation, significance, and incorporation of MRD in current practice. RECENT FINDINGS New molecular technologies have allowed the detection of MRD to levels as low as 10- 6. The most used techniques to evaluate MRD are multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC), quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS). Each method varies in terms of advantages, disadvantages, and MRD sensitivity. MRD negativity after induction treatment and after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is an important prognostic marker that has consistently been shown to be associated with improved outcomes. Blinatumomab, a new targeted therapy for Ph + ALL, demonstrates high efficacy in eradicating MRD and improving patient outcomes. In the relapsed/refractory setting, the use of inotuzumab ozogamicin and tisagenlecleucel has shown promise in eradicating MRD. The presence of MRD has become an important predictive measure in Ph + ALL. Current studies evaluate the use of MRD in treatment decisions, especially in expanding therapeutic options for Ph + ALL, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, targeted antibody therapies, chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy, and HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Tran
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kiarash Salafian
- Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kenan Michaels
- Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Caroline Jones
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Reed
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael Keng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Firas El Chaer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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4
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Chalandon Y, Rousselot P, Chevret S, Cayuela JM, Kim R, Huguet F, Chevallier P, Graux C, Thiebaut-Bertrand A, Chantepie S, Thomas X, Vincent L, Berthon C, Hicheri Y, Raffoux E, Escoffre-Barbe M, Plantier I, Joris M, Turlure P, Pasquier F, Belhabri A, Guepin GR, Blum S, Gregor M, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Quessada J, Lhéritier V, Clappier E, Boissel N, Dombret H. Nilotinib with or without cytarabine for Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2024; 143:2363-2372. [PMID: 38452207 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT We previously demonstrated that a reduced-intensity chemotherapy schedule can safely replace hyper-CVAD (cyclophosphamide-vincristine-doxorubicin [Adriamycin]-dexamethasone) cycle 1 when combined with imatinib in adults with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In the present randomized GRAAPH-2014 trial, we used nilotinib and addressed the omission of cytarabine (Ara-C) in consolidation. The primary objective was the major molecular response (MMR) rate measured by BCR::ABL1 quantification after cycle 4 (end of consolidation). All patients were eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT), whereas those in MMR could receive autologous SCT, followed by 2-year imatinib maintenance in both cases. After the enrollment of 156 of 265 planed patients, the data and safety monitoring board decided to hold the randomization because of an excess of relapse in the investigational arm. Among the 155 evaluable patients, 76 received Ara-C during consolidation (arm A) and 79 did not (arm B). Overall, 133 patients (85%) underwent SCT, 93 allogeneic and 40 autologous. The noninferiority end point regarding MMR was reached with 71.1% (arm A) and 77.2% (arm B) of patients reaching MMR. However, the 4-year cumulative incidence of relapse was higher in arm B compared with arm A (31.3% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 21.1%-41.9%] vs 13.2% [95% CI, 6.7%-21.9%]; P = .017), which translated to a lower relapse-free survival. With a median follow-up of 3.8 years, 4-year overall survival was 79.0% (95% CI, 70.6%-89.3%) in arm A vs 73.4% (95% CI, 63.9%-84.4%) in arm B (P = .35). Despite a noninferior rate of MMR, more relapses were observed when ARA-C was omitted without impact on survival. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02611492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Chalandon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva and Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Rousselot
- Division of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Université Versailles Paris-Saclay, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Sylvie Chevret
- Division of Biostatistics, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Cayuela
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Rathana Kim
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Huguet
- Division of Hematology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Carlos Graux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Université Catholique Louvain Namur (Godinne), Yvoir, Belgium
| | | | - Sylvain Chantepie
- Institut d'Hématologie de Basse Normandie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Caen, France
| | - Xavier Thomas
- Division of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Laure Vincent
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier/Département d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Berthon
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Claude Huriez, Lille, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Raffoux
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Plantier
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Roubaix, Roubaix, France
| | | | - Pascal Turlure
- Hematology Department, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Département Clinique d'Hématologie, INSERM UMR1170, Villejuif, France
| | - Amine Belhabri
- Centre Léon Bérard, Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sabine Blum
- Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gregor
- Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Hematology, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Marina Lafage-Pochitaloff
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Quessada
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Lhéritier
- Group for Research on Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Emmanuelle Clappier
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Boissel
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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5
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van der Velden VHJ, Dombrink I, Alten J, Cazzaniga G, Clappier E, Drandi D, Eckert C, Fronkova E, Hancock J, Kotrova M, Kraemer R, Montonen M, Pfeifer H, Pott C, Raff T, Trautmann H, Cavé H, Schäfer BW, van Dongen JJM, Trka J, Brüggemann M. Analysis of measurable residual disease by IG/TR gene rearrangements: quality assurance and updated EuroMRD guidelines. Leukemia 2024; 38:1315-1322. [PMID: 38744919 PMCID: PMC11147754 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-024-02272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) diagnostics using real-time quantitative PCR analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements are nowadays implemented in most treatment protocols for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Within the EuroMRD Consortium, we aim to provide comparable, high-quality MRD diagnostics, allowing appropriate risk-group classification for patients and inter-protocol comparisons. To this end, we set up a quality assessment scheme, that was gradually optimized and updated over the last 20 years, and that now includes participants from around 70 laboratories worldwide. We here describe the design and analysis of our quality assessment scheme. In addition, we here report revised data interpretation guidelines, based on our newly generated data and extensive discussions between experts. The main novelty is the partial re-definition of the "positive below quantitative range" category by two new categories, "MRD low positive, below quantitative range" and "MRD of uncertain significance". The quality assessment program and revised guidelines will ensure reproducible and accurate MRD data for ALL patients. Within the Consortium, similar programs and guidelines have been introduced for other lymphoid diseases (e.g., B-cell lymphoma), for new technological platforms (e.g., digital droplet PCR or Next-Generation Sequencing), and for other patient-specific MRD PCR-based targets (e.g., fusion genes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent H J van der Velden
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel Dombrink
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Alten
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro Tettamanti, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Clappier
- Hematology Laboratory, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Drandi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and health sciences, Hematology Division, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cornelia Eckert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Fronkova
- CLIP, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jeremy Hancock
- Bristol MRD Group, Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Michaela Kotrova
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebekka Kraemer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mirkka Montonen
- Tyks Laboratories, Genomics Department, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Heike Pfeifer
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christiane Pott
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Raff
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Military Medical City Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Heiko Trautmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Hematology Laboratory, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CIC-IBMCC, USAL-CSIC-FICUS) and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- European Scientific foundation for Laboratory Hemato Oncology (ESLHO), Zutphen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Trka
- CLIP, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Gökbuget N, Boissel N, Chiaretti S, Dombret H, Doubek M, Fielding A, Foà R, Giebel S, Hoelzer D, Hunault M, Marks DI, Martinelli G, Ottmann O, Rijneveld A, Rousselot P, Ribera J, Bassan R. Diagnosis, prognostic factors, and assessment of ALL in adults: 2024 ELN recommendations from a European expert panel. Blood 2024; 143:1891-1902. [PMID: 38295337 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Working groups of the European LeukemiaNet have published several important consensus guidelines. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has many different clinical and biological subgroups and the knowledge on disease biology and therapeutic options is increasing exponentially. The European Working Group for Adult ALL has therefore summarized the current state of the art and provided comprehensive consensus recommendations for diagnostic approaches, biologic and clinical characterization, prognostic factors, and risk stratification as well as definitions of endpoints and outcomes. Aspects of treatment, management of subgroups and specific situations, aftercare, and supportive care are covered in a separate publication. The present recommendation intends to provide guidance for the initial management of adult patients with ALL and to define principles as a basis for future collaborative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gökbuget
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Boissel
- Hospital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Leukemia Department, University Hospital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Louis Research Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael Doubek
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Giebel
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dieter Hoelzer
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mathilde Hunault
- Maladies du Sang University Hospital of Angers, FHU Goal, INSERM, National Centre for Scientific Research, Angers, France
| | - David I Marks
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori Dino Amadori, Meldola, Italy
| | - Oliver Ottmann
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Rousselot
- Clinical Hematology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Josep Ribera
- Clinical Hematology Department, Institut Catala d'Oncologia-Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Josep Carreras Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Renato Bassan
- Division of Hematology, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venice, Italy
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7
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Hidaka M, Inokuchi K, Uoshima N, Takahashi N, Yoshida N, Ota S, Nakamae H, Iwasaki H, Watanabe K, Kosaka Y, Komatsu N, Meguro K, Najima Y, Eto T, Kondo T, Kimura S, Yoshida C, Ishikawa Y, Sawa M, Hata T, Horibe K, Iida H, Shimomura T, Dobashi N, Sugiura I, Makiyama J, Miyagawa N, Sato A, Ito R, Matsumura I, Kanakura Y, Naoe T. Development and evaluation of a rapid one-step high sensitivity real-time quantitative PCR system for minor BCR-ABL (e1a2) test in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Jpn J Clin Oncol 2024; 54:153-159. [PMID: 37986553 PMCID: PMC10849185 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyad156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Minimal residual disease assessment of BCR-ABL messenger ribonucleic acid levels is crucial in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia for prognosis and treatment planning. However, accurately quantifying minor BCR-ABL transcripts, which comprise 70% of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases, lacks a national-approved method. METHODS We developed the "Otsuka" minor BCR-ABLmessenger ribonucleic acid assay kit with exceptional precision (0.00151%). Minor BCR-ABL messenger ribonucleic acid levels were analyzed in 175 adults, 36 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 25 healthy individuals to evaluate the kit's performance. RESULTS The "Otsuka" kit showed high concordance with a commonly used chimeric gene screening method, indicating reliable detection of positive cases. Quantitative results demonstrated a robust correlation with both a laboratory-developed test and a diagnostic research product. The "Otsuka" kit performs comparably or even surpass to conventional products, providing valuable insights into Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia pathology. CONCLUSIONS The 'Otsuka" minor BCR-ABL messenger ribonucleic acid assay kit exhibits excellent performance in quantifying minor BCR-ABL transcripts in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Our results align well with established screening methods and show a strong correlation with laboratory-developed tests and diagnostic research products. The "Otsuka" kit holds great promise as a valuable tool for understanding Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia pathology and guiding effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Hidaka
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koiti Inokuchi
- Department of Hematology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Uoshima
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Nao Yoshida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Medical Center, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya First Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ota
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Iwasaki
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Watanabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shizuoka Children’s Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kosaka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center of Childhood Cancer, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children’s Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Meguro
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuho Najima
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Blood Disorders Center, Aiiku Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Department of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Chikashi Yoshida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Sawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hata
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroatsu Iida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimomura
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Hiroshimanishi Medical Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Dobashi
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Sugiura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junya Makiyama
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyagawa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Asuka Sato
- Diagnostic Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuta Ito
- Diagnostic Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Tomoki Naoe
- National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
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Silva W, Rego E. How to Manage Philadelphia-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Resource-Constrained Settings. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5783. [PMID: 38136329 PMCID: PMC10741425 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that more than half of adult patients newly diagnosed with Ph+ ALL can now achieve a cure. However, determining the most suitable protocol for less-resourced settings can be challenging. In these situations, we must consider the potential for treatment toxicity and limited access to newer agents and alloSCT facilities. Currently, it is advisable to use less intensive induction regimens for Ph+ ALL. These regimens can achieve high rates of complete remission while causing fewer induction deaths. For consolidation therapy, chemotherapy should remain relatively intensive, with careful monitoring of the BCR-ABL1 molecular transcript and minimal residual disease. AlloSCT may be considered, especially for patients who do not achieve complete molecular remission or have high-risk genetic abnormalities, such as IKZF1-plus. If there is a loss of molecular response, it is essential to screen patients for ABL mutations and, ideally, change the TKI therapy. The T315I mutation is the most common mechanism for disease resistance, being targetable to ponatinib. Blinatumomab, a bispecific antibody, has shown significant synergy with TKIs in treating this disease. It serves as an excellent salvage therapy, aside from achieving outstanding results when incorporated into the frontline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Silva
- Discipline of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-010, Brazil;
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Afanaseva KS, Bakin EA, Smirnova AG, Barkhatov IM, Gindina TL, Moiseev IS, Bondarenko SN. A pilot study of implication of machine learning for relapse prediction after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adults with Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16790. [PMID: 37798335 PMCID: PMC10556079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The posttransplant relapse in Ph-positive ALL increases the risk of death. There is an unmet need for instruments to predict the risk of relapse and plan prophylaxis. In this study, we analyzed posttransplant data by machine learning algorithms. Seventy-four Ph-positive ALL patients with a median age of 30 (range 18-55) years who previously underwent allo-HSCT, were retrospectively enrolled. Ninety-three percent of patients received prophylactic/preemptive TKIs after allo-HSCT. The values of the BCR::ABL1 level at serial assessments and over variables were collected in specified intervals after allo-HSCT. They were used to model relapse risk with several machine-learning approaches. GBM proved superior to the other algorithms and provided a maximal AUC score of 0.91. BCR::ABL1 level before and after allo-HSCT, prediction moment, and chronic GvHD had the highest value in the model. It was shown that after Day + 100, both error rates do not exceed 22%, while before D + 100, the model fails to make accurate predictions. As a result, we determined BCR::ABL1 levels at which the relapse risk remains low. Thus, the current BCR::ABL1 level less than 0.06% in patients with chronic GvHD predicts low risk of relapse. At the same time, patients without chronic GVHD after allo-HSCT should be classified as high risk with any level of BCR::ABL1. GBM model with posttransplant laboratory values of BCR::ABL1 provides a high prediction of relapse after allo-HSCT in the era of TKIs prophylaxis. Validation of this approach is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia S Afanaseva
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Adults, RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, Lev Tolstoy Str., 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197022.
| | - Evgeny A Bakin
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Adults, RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, Lev Tolstoy Str., 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Anna G Smirnova
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Adults, RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, Lev Tolstoy Str., 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Ildar M Barkhatov
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Adults, RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, Lev Tolstoy Str., 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Tatiana L Gindina
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Adults, RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, Lev Tolstoy Str., 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Ivan S Moiseev
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Adults, RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, Lev Tolstoy Str., 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197022
| | - Sergey N Bondarenko
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Adults, RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, Lev Tolstoy Str., 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197022
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Liao H, Jiang N, Yang Y, Zhang X, Chen J, Lai H, Zheng Q. Association of Minimal Residual Disease by a Single-Tube 8-Color Flow Cytometric Analysis With Clinical Outcome in Adult B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Real-World Study Based on 486 Patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2023; 147:1186-1195. [PMID: 36508349 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0172-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) measured by molecular and multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) has been proven to be predictive of relapse and survival in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). A universally applicable antibody panel at a low cost but without compromising sensitivity and power of prognosis prediction in adult B-ALL remains unestablished. OBJECTIVE.— To report our experience of using a single-tube 8-color MFC panel to measure the MRD status as a prognostic indicator in adult B-ALL patients. DESIGN.— We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics, MRD status, and prognosis of adult B-ALL based on a large real-world cohort of 486 patients during a 10-year period. RESULTS.— MRD assessed by MFC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for BCR-ABL+ patients showed concordant results in 74.2% of cases. MRD- status by our MFC panel could clearly predict a favorable relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) both at the end of induction and at the end of 1 consolidation course. Patients with continuous MRD- and with at least 1 MRD- result showed a favorable RFS and OS compared with those with at least 1 MRD+ result and continuous MRD+, respectively. CONCLUSIONS.— The single-tube 8-color MFC panel demonstrated a low cost, decent sensitivity, and comparability with polymerase chain reaction-MRD but an excellent performance in predicting RFS and OS, and thus could potentially be taken as a routine indicator in the evaluation of the treatment response for adult patients with B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liao
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nenggang Jiang
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Yang
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Lai
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Hunger SP, Tran TH, Saha V, Devidas M, Valsecchi MG, Gastier-Foster JM, Cazzaniga G, Reshmi SC, Borowitz MJ, Moorman AV, Heerema NA, Carroll AJ, Martin-Regueira P, Loh ML, Raetz EA, Schultz KR, Slayton WB, Cario G, Schrappe M, Silverman LB, Biondi A. Dasatinib with intensive chemotherapy in de novo paediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (CA180-372/COG AALL1122): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 2023; 10:e510-e520. [PMID: 37407142 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(23)00088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph-positive) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia significantly improved with the combination of imatinib and intensive chemotherapy. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of dasatinib, a second-generation ABL-class inhibitor, with intensive chemotherapy in children with newly diagnosed Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. METHODS CA180-372/COG AALL1122 was a joint Children's Oncology Group (COG) and European intergroup study of post-induction treatment of Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (EsPhALL) open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Eligible patients (aged >1 year to <18 years) with newly diagnosed Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and performance status of at least 60% received EsPhALL chemotherapy plus dasatinib 60 mg/m2 orally once daily from day 15 of induction. Patients with minimal residual disease of at least 0·05% after induction 1B or who were positive for minimal residual disease after the three consolidation blocks were classified as high risk and allocated to receive haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) in first complete remission. The remaining patients were considered standard risk and received chemotherapy plus dasatinib for 2 years. The primary endpoint was the 3-year event-free survival of dasatinib plus chemotherapy compared with external historical controls. The trial was considered positive if one of the following conditions was met: superiority over chemotherapy alone in the AIEOP-BFM 2000 high-risk group; or non-inferiority (with a margin of -5%) or superiority to imatinib plus chemotherapy in the EsPhALL 2010 cohort. All participants who received at least one dose of dasatinib were included in the safety and efficacy analyses. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01460160, and recruitment is closed. FINDINGS Between March 13, 2012, and May 27, 2014, 109 patients were enrolled at 69 sites (including 51 COG sites in the USA, Canada, and Australia, and 18 EsPhALL sites in Italy and the UK). Three patients were ineligible and did not receive dasatinib. 106 patients were treated and included in analyses (49 [46%] female and 57 [54%] male; 85 [80%] White, 13 [12%] Black or African American, five [5%] Asian, and three [3%] other races; 24 [23%] Hispanic or Latino ethnicity). All 106 treated patients reached complete remission; 87 (82%) were classified as standard risk and 19 (18%) met HSCT criteria and were classified as high risk, but only 15 (14%) received HSCT in first complete remission. The 3-year event-free survival of dasatinib plus chemotherapy was superior to chemotherapy alone (65·5% [90% Clopper-Pearson CI 57·7 to 73·7] vs 49·2% [38·0 to 60·4]; p=0·032), and was non-inferior to imatinib plus chemotherapy (59·1% [51·8 to 66·2], 90% CI of the treatment difference: -3·3 to 17·2), but not superior to imatinib plus chemotherapy (65·5% vs 59·1%; p=0·27). The most frequent grade 3-5 adverse events were febrile neutropenia (n=93) and bacteraemia (n=21). Nine remission deaths occurred, which were due to infections (n=5), transplantation-related (n=2), due to cardiac arrest (n=1), or had an unknown cause (n=1). No dasatinib-related deaths occurred. INTERPRETATION Dasatinib plus EsPhALL chemotherapy is safe and active in paediatric Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. 3-year event-free survival was similar to that of previous Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia trials despite the limited use of HSCT in first complete remission. FUNDING Bristol Myers Squibb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and The Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Thai Hoa Tran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charles Bruneau Cancer Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vaskar Saha
- Children's Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Shalini C Reshmi
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Borowitz
- Department of Pathology and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony V Moorman
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nyla A Heerema
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Carroll
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Mignon L Loh
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William B Slayton
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Cassaday RD, Zarling LC, Garcia KLA, Sala-Torra O, Stevenson PA, Martino CH, Liu YJ, Fang M, Percival MEM, Halpern AB, Becker PS, Oehler VG, Shustov AR, Cooper JP, Orozco JJ, Hendrie PC, Walter RB, Radich JP, Soma LA, Estey EH. Phase II study of dose-adjusted EPOCH as initial therapy for adults with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:927-937. [PMID: 36938892 PMCID: PMC10357946 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2189803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Treatments for adults with newly-diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may be prohibitively toxic and/or resource-intense. To address this, we performed a phase II study of dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (DA-EPOCH). Imatinib or dasatinib was added for Ph + disease; rituximab was added when CD20+. Fifty-three patients were evaluable: 28 with Ph + disease, and 25 with Ph-. All patients had ≥1 high-risk clinical feature. Measurable residual disease-negativity by multiparameter flow cytometry within 4 cycles was achieved in 71% in patients with Ph + ALL and 64% in Ph - ALL. Median overall survival (OS) was 49 months, with a 2-year OS of 71%. Median relapse-free survival (RFS) in the 47 patients that attained morphologic remission was 24 months, with a 2-year RFS of 57%. Early mortality was 2%. In summary, DA-EPOCH yields deep and durable remissions in adults with ALL comparable to some resource-intense strategies but with a low rate of treatment-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Cassaday
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucas C Zarling
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Olga Sala-Torra
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip A Stevenson
- Clinical Statistics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christen H Martino
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yajuan J Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Fang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary-Elizabeth M Percival
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna B Halpern
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pamela S Becker
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vivian G Oehler
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrei R Shustov
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason P Cooper
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Johnnie J Orozco
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul C Hendrie
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerald P Radich
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lorinda A Soma
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Elihu H Estey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Badar T, Alkhateeb H, Aljurf M, Kharfan-Dabaja MA. Management of Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the current era. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103392. [PMID: 37121211 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Before the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) the outcome of Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was dismal. The TKI combination with induction regimens has greatly improved the long-term outcome of Ph+ ALL, specifically ponatinib a most potent TKI in combination with HyperCVAD (hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) chemotherapy has demonstrated 5 years overall survival up to 75%. Historically, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) used to be the only potential curative option, recent data suggest that patients who achieve complete molecular remission within 3 months of TKI based induction therapies can achieve comparable overall survival with or without allo-HSCT. Intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy may not be the desirable treatment option in elderly Ph+ ALL patients due to anticipated tolerance, recently in a phase II study, "chemotherapy free" combinations such as blinatumomab (bispecific anti-CD3 and anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody) with ponatinib in treatment naïve Ph+ ALL patients have shown a complete response rate of 95% and 2 years overall survival of 93%. In this review we have highlighted the evolving treatment landscape of Ph+ ALL and what to look for in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Badar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, FL, USA.
| | - Hassan Alkhateeb
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW., Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mahmoud Aljurf
- Section of Adult Hematology/BMT Department of Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Sembill S, Ampatzidou M, Chaudhury S, Dworzak M, Kalwak K, Karow A, Kiani A, Krumbholz M, Luesink M, Naumann-Bartsch N, De Moerloose B, Osborn M, Schultz KR, Sedlacek P, Giona F, Zwaan CM, Shimada H, Versluijs B, Millot F, Hijiya N, Suttorp M, Metzler M. Management of children and adolescents with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast phase: International pediatric CML expert panel recommendations. Leukemia 2023; 37:505-517. [PMID: 36707619 PMCID: PMC9991904 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia has improved significantly with the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and treatment guidelines based on numerous clinical trials are available for chronic phase disease. However for CML in the blast phase (CML-BP), prognosis remains poor and treatment options are much more limited. The spectrum of treatment strategies for children and adolescents with CML-BP has largely evolved empirically and includes treatment principles derived from adult CML-BP and pediatric acute leukemia. Given this heterogeneity of treatment approaches, we formed an international panel of pediatric CML experts to develop recommendations for consistent therapy in children and adolescents with this high-risk disease based on the current literature and national standards. Recommendations include detailed information on initial diagnosis and treatment monitoring, differentiation from Philadelphia-positive acute leukemia, subtype-specific selection of induction therapy, and combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Given that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation currently remains the primary curative intervention for CML-BP, we also provide recommendations for the timing of transplantation, donor and graft selection, selection of a conditioning regimen and prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease, post-transplant TKI therapy, and management of molecular relapse. Management according to the treatment recommendations presented here is intended to provide the basis for the design of future prospective clinical trials to improve outcomes for this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sembill
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Ampatzidou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sonali Chaudhury
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Dworzak
- St. Anna Kinderspital, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Kalwak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Axel Karow
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kiani
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Manuela Krumbholz
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maaike Luesink
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nora Naumann-Bartsch
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Osborn
- Women's and Children's Hospital and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Petr Sedlacek
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fiorina Giona
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Michel Zwaan
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,ITCC Hematological Malignancies Committee, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Frederic Millot
- Departments of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Nobuko Hijiya
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meinolf Suttorp
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Metzler
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Optimizing Molecular Minimal Residual Disease Analysis in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020374. [PMID: 36672325 PMCID: PMC9856386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) evaluation has resulted in a fundamental instrument to guide patient management in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). From a methodological standpoint, MRD is defined as any approach aimed at detecting and possibly quantifying residual neoplastic cells beyond the sensitivity level of cytomorphology. The molecular methods to study MRD in ALL are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification-based approaches and are the most standardized techniques. However, there are some limitations, and emerging technologies, such as digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), seem to have advantages that could improve MRD analysis in ALL patients. Furthermore, other blood components, namely cell-free DNA (cfDNA), appear promising and are also being investigated for their potential role in monitoring tumor burden and response to treatment in hematologic malignancies. Based on the review of the literature and on our own data, we hereby discuss how emerging molecular technologies are helping to refine the molecular monitoring of MRD in ALL and may help to overcome some of the limitations of standard approaches, providing a benefit for the care of patients.
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16
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Logan AC. Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: How Low is Low Enough? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2022; 35:101407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Ribera JM, Ribera J, Genescà E. EXABS-136-ALL Certain Patients with ALL Still Need a Transplant. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2022; 22 Suppl 2:S47-S49. [PMID: 36164226 DOI: 10.1016/s2152-2650(22)00657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep-Maria Ribera
- Clinical Hematology Department. ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol. Josep Carreras Research Institute. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribera
- Josep Carreras Research Institute. c/Cami de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulalia Genescà
- Josep Carreras Research Institute. c/Cami de les Escoles s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Foà
- From Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- From Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome
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19
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Theranostic Potentials of Gold Nanomaterials in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133047. [PMID: 35804818 PMCID: PMC9264814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hematological malignancies (HMs) cover 50% of all malignancies, and people of all ages can be affected by these deadly diseases. In many cases, conventional diagnostic tools fail to diagnose HMs at an early stage, due to heterogeneity and the long-term indolent phase of HMs. Therefore, many patients start their treatment at the late stage of HMs and have poor survival. Gold nanomaterials (GNMs) have shown promise as a cancer theranostic agent. GNMs are 1 nm to 100 nm materials having magnetic resonance and surface-plasmon-resonance properties. GNMs conjugated with antibodies, nucleic acids, peptides, photosensitizers, chemotherapeutic drugs, synthetic-drug candidates, bioactive compounds, and other theranostic biomolecules may enhance the efficacy and efficiency of both traditional and advanced theranostic approaches to combat HMs. Abstract Hematological malignancies (HMs) are a heterogeneous group of blood neoplasia generally characterized by abnormal blood-cell production. Detection of HMs-specific molecular biomarkers (e.g., surface antigens, nucleic acid, and proteomic biomarkers) is crucial in determining clinical states and monitoring disease progression. Early diagnosis of HMs, followed by an effective treatment, can remarkably extend overall survival of patients. However, traditional and advanced HMs’ diagnostic strategies still lack selectivity and sensitivity. More importantly, commercially available chemotherapeutic drugs are losing their efficacy due to adverse effects, and many patients develop resistance against these drugs. To overcome these limitations, the development of novel potent and reliable theranostic agents is urgently needed to diagnose and combat HMs at an early stage. Recently, gold nanomaterials (GNMs) have shown promise in the diagnosis and treatment of HMs. Magnetic resonance and the surface-plasmon-resonance properties of GNMs have made them a suitable candidate in the diagnosis of HMs via magnetic-resonance imaging and colorimetric or electrochemical sensing of cancer-specific biomarkers. Furthermore, GNMs-based photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drug delivery enhanced the selectivity and efficacy of anticancer drugs or drug candidates. Therefore, surface-tuned GNMs could be used as sensitive, reliable, and accurate early HMs, metastatic HMs, and MRD-detection tools, as well as selective, potent anticancer agents. However, GNMs may induce endothelial leakage to exacerbate cancer metastasis. Studies using clinical patient samples, patient-derived HMs models, or healthy-animal models could give a precise idea about their theranostic potential as well as biocompatibility. The present review will investigate the theranostic potential of vectorized GNMs in HMs and future challenges before clinical theranostic applications in HMs.
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20
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Marks DI, Kirkwood AA, Rowntree CJ, Aguiar M, Bailey KE, Beaton B, Cahalin P, Castleton AZ, Clifton-Hadley L, Copland M, Goldstone AH, Kelly R, Lawrie E, Lee S, McMillan AK, McMullin MF, Menne TF, Mitchell RJ, Moorman AV, Patel B, Patrick P, Smith P, Taussig D, Yallop D, Alapi KZ, Fielding AK. Addition of four doses of rituximab to standard induction chemotherapy in adult patients with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (UKALL14): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Haematol 2022; 9:e262-e275. [PMID: 35358441 PMCID: PMC8969057 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(22)00038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia requires improvement. UKALL14 was a UK National Cancer Research Institute Adult ALL group study that aimed to determine the benefit of adding the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, to the therapy of adults with de novo B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. METHODS This was an investigator-initiated, phase 3, randomised controlled trial done in all UK National Health Service Centres treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (65 centres). Patients were aged 25-65 years with de-novo BCR-ABL1-negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Patients with de-novo BCR-ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were eligible if they were aged 19-65 years. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to standard-of-care induction therapy or standard-of-care induction therapy plus four doses of intravenous rituximab (375 mg/m2 on days 3, 10, 17, and 24). Randomisation used minimisation and was stratified by sex, age, and white blood cell count. No masking was used for patients, clinicians, or staff (including the trial statistician), although the central laboratory analysing minimal residual disease and CD20 was masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was event-free survival in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all participants who started trial treatment. This study is registered with ClincialTrials.gov, NCT01085617. FINDINGS Between April 19, 2012, and July 10, 2017, 586 patients were randomly assigned to standard of care (n=292) or standard of care plus rituximab (n=294). Nine patients were excluded from the final analysis due to misdiagnosis (standard of care n=4, standard of care plus rituximab n=5). In the standard-of-care group, median age was 45 years (IQR 22-65), 159 (55%) of 292 participants were male, 128 (44%) were female, one (<1%) was intersex, and 143 (59%) of 244 participants had high-risk cytogenetics. In the standard-of-care plus rituximab group, median age was 46 years (IQR 23-65), 159 (55%) of 294 participants were male, 130 (45%) were female, and 140 (60%) of 235 participants had high-risk cytogenetics. After a median follow-up of 53·7 months (IQR 40·3-70·4), 3-year event-free survival was 43·7% (95% CI 37·8-49·5) for standard of care versus 51·4% (45·4-57·1) for standard of care plus rituximab (hazard ratio [HR] 0·85 [95% CI 0·69-1·06]; p=0·14). The most common adverse events were infections and cytopenias, with no difference between the groups in the rates of adverse events. There were 11 (4%) fatal (grade 5) events in induction phases 1 and 2 in the standard-of-care group and 13 (5%) events in the standard-of-care plus rituximab group). 3-year non-relapse mortality was 23·7% (95% CI 19·0-29·4) in the standard-of-care group versus 20·6% (16·2-25·9) in the standard-of-care plus rituximab group (HR 0·88 [95% CI 0·62-1·26]; p=0·49). INTERPRETATION Standard of care plus four doses of rituximab did not significantly improve event-free survival over standard of care. Rituximab is beneficial in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia but four doses during induction is likely to be insufficient. FUNDING Cancer Research UK and Blood Cancer UK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy A Kirkwood
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trial Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Cahalin
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | | | - Laura Clifton-Hadley
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trial Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Lawrie
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trial Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - SooWah Lee
- University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew K McMillan
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Tobias F Menne
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Anthony V Moorman
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Bela Patel
- Barts Cancer Institute, The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pip Patrick
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trial Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Smith
- CR UK and UCL Cancer Trial Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Taussig
- Haemato-Oncology Section, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Deborah Yallop
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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21
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Saleh K, Fernandez A, Pasquier F. Treatment of Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071805. [PMID: 35406576 PMCID: PMC8997772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Outcome of patients with Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) dramatically improved during the past 20 years with the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Their great efficacy in young and fit patients led to question our reliance on chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Moreover, these well-tolerated treatments can be safely administrated even in the elderly that represent the majority of Ph+ ALL patient. This review will focus on the recent changes of paradigm in the management of Ph+ ALL patients and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Abstract Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) is the most common subtype of B-ALL in adults and its incidence increases with age. It is characterized by the presence of BCR-ABL oncoprotein that plays a central role in the leukemogenesis of Ph+ ALL. Ph+ ALL patients traditionally had dismal prognosis and long-term survivors were only observed among patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in first complete remission (CR1). However, feasibility of allo-HSCT is limited in this elderly population. Fortunately, development of increasingly powerful tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) from the beginning of the 2000′s dramatically improved the prognosis of Ph+ ALL patients with complete response rates above 90%, deep molecular responses and prolonged survival, altogether with good tolerance. TKIs became the keystone of Ph+ ALL management and their great efficacy led to develop reduced-intensity chemotherapy backbones. Subsequent introduction of blinatumomab allowed going further with development of chemo free strategies. This review will focus on these amazing recent advances as well as novel therapeutic strategies in adult Ph+ ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Saleh
- Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (K.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Alexis Fernandez
- Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (K.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; (K.S.); (A.F.)
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Correspondence:
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22
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Hein K, Short N, Jabbour E, Yilmaz M. Clinical Value of Measurable Residual Disease in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Blood Lymphat Cancer 2022; 12:7-16. [PMID: 35340663 PMCID: PMC8943430 DOI: 10.2147/blctt.s270134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurable (minimal) residual disease (MRD) status in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has largely superseded the importance of traditional risk factors for ALL, such as baseline white blood cell count, cytogenetics, and immunophenotype, and has emerged as the most powerful independent prognostic predictor. The development of sensitive MRD techniques, such as multicolor flow cytometry (MFC), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS), may further improve risk stratification and expand its impact in therapy. Additionally, the availability of highly effective agents for MRD eradication, such as blinatumomab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, enabled the development of frontline regimens capable of eradicating MRD early in the treatment course. While long-term follow-up of this approach is lacking, it has the potential to significantly reduce the need for intensive post-remission treatments, including allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, in a significant proportion of patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Hein
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Silva WF, Amano MT, Perruso LL, Cordeiro MG, Kishimoto RK, de Medeiros Leal A, Nardinelli L, Bendit I, Velloso ED, Rego EM, Rocha V. Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a resource-constrained setting: outcomes after expansion of genetic evaluation. Hematology 2022; 27:396-403. [PMID: 35344469 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2052602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a challenging disease with a growing genetic landscape, even though there is substantial gap between developed and non-developed countries when it comes to availability of such new technologies. This manuscript reports a 5-year retrospective cohort of newly diagnosed ALL patients and their genetic findings and outcomes. An expanded genetic evaluation by using FISH and RT-PCR was implemented, aiming to identify Ph-like alterations. Patients were treated according to our local protocol, which allocated patients according to age and Philadelphia-chromosome status. A total of 104 patients was included, with median age of 37.5 years. Philadelphia chromosome was detected in 33 cases of B-lineage. Among 45 Ph-negative B-lineage, after excluding KMT2A or TCF3-PBX1 cases, we identified 9 cases with Ph-like fusion. Ph-positive and Ph-like patients had higher initial WBC (p = 0.06). Out of 104 cases, two cases did not start chemotherapy and an early death rate of 10.8% was found. Allogeneic transplantation was performed in 18 cases, being ten performed in first CR. Three-year overall survival (OS) and 3-year event-free survival were 42.8% and 30.8%, respectively. For patients treated with a pediatric regimen, 3-year OS was 52.5%. Extramedullary disease (HR 0.42) and platelet counts (HR 0.9) were independently associated with OS. We still face excessive non-relapse mortality that compromises our results. Alternative strategies implementing FISH and RT-PCR are feasible and able to identify Ph-like fusions. Delays in allogeneic transplantation, as well as the unavailability of new agents, impact long-term survival. Measures to decrease early infection are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington F Silva
- Division of Hematology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and targeted therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane T Amano
- Instituto Sírio-Libanês de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza L Perruso
- Division of Hematology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriella Cordeiro
- Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline de Medeiros Leal
- Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Nardinelli
- Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and targeted therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Israel Bendit
- Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and targeted therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elvira Drp Velloso
- Division of Hematology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and targeted therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Rego
- Division of Hematology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and targeted therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Rocha
- Division of Hematology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Hematology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina (HCFMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and targeted therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Fernando F, Robertson HF, El-Zahab S, Pavlů J. How I Use Measurable Residual Disease in the Clinical Management of Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Hematol Int 2021; 3:130-141. [PMID: 34938985 PMCID: PMC8690704 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.211119.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade the use of measurable residual disease (MRD) diagnostics in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has expanded from a limited number of study groups in Europe and the United States to a world-wide application. In this review, we summarize the advantages and drawbacks of the current available techniques used for MRD monitoring. Through the use of three representative case studies, we highlight the advances in the use of MRD in clinical decision-making in the management of ALL in adults. We acknowledge discrepancies in MRD monitoring and treatment between different countries, reflecting differing availability, accessibility and affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fernando
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Sarah El-Zahab
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jiří Pavlů
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London at Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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25
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Zhang W, Jang E. Association of minimal residual disease with clinical outcomes in Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era: A systemic literature review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256801. [PMID: 34437635 PMCID: PMC8389458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) appeared to be a potent prognostic indicator in patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), with potential value in informing individualized treatment decisions. Hence, we performed herein a systemic literature review and meta-analysis to comprehensively address the prognostic value of MRD in Ph+ ALL. Systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases with the data access date up to September 23, 2020. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with fixed-effects or random-effects models. Furthermore, subgroup analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the associations. 27 studies with a total number of 3289 patients were eligible for this meta-analysis. Combined HRs suggested that MRD positivity was associated with inferior event-free survival (EFS) (HR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.77–2.26) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.86–2.95). The associations remained statistically significant in subgroup analyses including age group, MRD timing, disease status at MRD, MRD cutoff level, et al. Our findings suggested MRD as a potent clinical tool for assessing the prognosis of Ph+ ALL. Further studies using MRD-based risk stratification might help optimize individualized treatment strategies for Ph+ ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhua Zhang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Erguai Jang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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26
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Ansuinelli M, Della Starza I, Lauretti A, Elia L, Siravo V, Messina M, De Novi LA, Taherinasab A, Canichella M, Guarini A, Foà R, Chiaretti S. Applicability of droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for minimal residual disease monitoring in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Hematol Oncol 2021; 39:680-686. [PMID: 34402088 PMCID: PMC9292453 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph+ ALL), minimal residual disease (MRD) is the most relevant prognostic factor. Currently, its evaluation is based on quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (Q‐RT‐PCR). Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) was successfully applied to several haematological malignancies. We analyzed 98 samples from 40 Ph+ ALL cases, the majority enrolled in the GIMEMA LAL2116 trial: 10 diagnostic samples and 88 follow‐up samples, mostly focusing on positive non‐quantifiable (PNQ) or negative samples by Q‐RT‐PCR to investigate the value of ddPCR for MRD monitoring. DdPCR BCR/ABL1 assay showed good sensitivity and accuracy to detect low levels of transcripts, with a high rate of reproducibility. The analysis of PNQ or negative cases by Q‐RT‐PCR revealed that ddPCR increased the proportion of quantifiable samples (p < 0.0001). Indeed, 29/54 PNQ samples (53.7%) proved positive and quantifiable by ddPCR, whereas 13 (24.1%) were confirmed as PNQ by ddPCR and 12 (22.2%) proved negative. Among 24 Q‐RT‐PCR‐negative samples, 13 (54.1%) were confirmed negative, four (16.7%) resulted PNQ and seven (29.2%) proved positive and quantifiable by ddPCR. Four of 5 patients, evaluated at different time points, who were negative by Q‐RT‐PCR and positive by ddPCR experienced a relapse. DdPCR appears useful for MRD monitoring in adult Ph+ ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ansuinelli
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Della Starza
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,GIMEMA Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Lauretti
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Elia
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Siravo
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Messina
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Anna De Novi
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Akram Taherinasab
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Canichella
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Guarini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Philadelphia-positive B-lymphoblastic leukemia in a middle-income country - A real-world multicenter cohort. Leuk Res 2021; 110:106666. [PMID: 34274856 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Outside of clinical trials, few studies have addressed the outcomes of Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults, especially from developing world. In this study, we conducted a multicenter analysis on the outcomes of patients aged > 15 years with Ph+ ALL, aiming to get to know an overview of the Brazilian experience as well as to explore baseline factors associated with relapse and mortality in our setting. Over these 10 years, patients were treated with diverse protocols, all of them always combined with a frontline tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. A total of 123 Ph+ ALL patients was included. Imatinib was the first line TKI in 97 %. The complete response rate was 79 %. The early death rate was 15 %, being associated with increasing age at diagnosis (p = 0.06). The use of intensive versus attenuated induction regimen was not associated with higher induction mortality (p = 0.99). Overall, 29 % of patients aged ≤ 60 years underwent allogeneic transplantation, 87 % in first CR. 4-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival were 25 % and 24 %, respectively. The incidence of relapse (death as a competitor) was 29 %, while the non-relapse mortality was 42 %. Only age was independently associated with OS, and lactate dehydrogenase level and central nervous disease at diagnosis were related to relapse in our cohort. This is the first historical cohort multicenter study on Ph+ ALL from Brazil. Reporting these outcomes is essential to encourage public policies to expand access to new drugs and transplantation in middle-income countries.
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28
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Bhreathnach Ú, Kearney L, Langabeer SE. Prevalence of atypical BCR-ABL1 transcript types in adult Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: implications for measurable residual disease. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 44:130-131. [PMID: 34284978 PMCID: PMC8885372 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Úna Bhreathnach
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Kearney
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Genomic Analyses of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Ph+ and Ph-Like-Recent Progress in Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126411. [PMID: 34203891 PMCID: PMC8232636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) is a very rare malignancy in children. Approximately 3-5% of pediatric ALL patients present with the Philadelphia chromosome. Previously, children with Ph+ had a poor prognosis, and were considered for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in their first remission (CR1). Over the last few years, the treatment of childhood ALL has significantly improved due to standardized research protocols. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been the gold standard therapy in ALL Ph+ patients, but recently first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-imatinib became a major milestone in increasing overall survival. Genomic analyses give the opportunity for the investigation of new fusions or mutations, which can be used to establish effective targeted therapies. Alterations of the IKZF1 gene are present in a large proportion of pediatric and adult ALL Ph+ cases. IKZF1 deletions are present in ~15% of patients without BCR-ABL1 rearrangements. In BCR-ABL1-negative cases, IKZF1 deletions have been shown to have an independent prognostic impact, carrying a three-fold increased risk of treatment failure. The prognostic significance of IKZF1 gene aberrations in pediatric ALL Ph+ is still under investigation. More research should focus on targeted therapies and immunotherapy, which is not associated with serious toxicity in the same way as classic chemotherapy, and on the improvement of patient outcomes. In this review, we provide a molecular analysis of childhood ALL with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), including the Ph-like subtype, and of treatment strategies.
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30
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Minimal Disease Monitoring in Pediatric Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Current Clinical Application and Future Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081907. [PMID: 33921029 PMCID: PMC8071445 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection is established routine practice for treatment stratification in leukemia and used for treatment optimization in adult lymphomas. Minimal disease studies in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas are challenged by stratified treatment in different subtypes, high cure rates, low patient numbers, limited initial tumor material, and early progression. Current clinical applications differ between the subtypes. A prognostic value of minimal disseminated disease (MDD) could not yet be clearly established for lymphoblastic lymphoma using flow cytometry and PCR-based methods for T-cell receptor (TCR) or immunoglobulin (IG) rearrangements. MYC-IGH fusion sequences or IG rearrangements enable minimal disease detection in Burkitt lymphoma and -leukemia. An additional prognostic value of MDD in Burkitt lymphoma and early MRD in Burkitt leukemia is implicated by single studies with risk-adapted therapy. MDD and MRD determined by PCR for ALK-fusion transcripts are independent prognostic parameters for patients with ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). They are introduced in routine clinical practice and used for patient stratification in clinical studies. Early MRD might serve as an endpoint for clinical trials and for guiding individual therapy. Validation of MDD and MRD as prognostic parameters is required for all subtypes but ALCL. Next-generation sequencing-based methods may provide new options and applications for minimal disease evaluation in childhood lymphomas.
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31
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Guan Y, Zhang M, Zhang W, Wang J, Shen K, Zhang K, Yang L, Huang L, Wang N, Xiao M, Zhou J. Clinical Utility of Droplet Digital PCR to Monitor BCR-ABL1 Transcripts of Patients With Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Post-chimeric Antigen Receptor19/22 T-Cell Cocktail Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:646499. [PMID: 33898316 PMCID: PMC8059437 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.646499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) accounts for 20–30% of adult patients with ALL, characterized by translocation of t(9, 22). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have significantly improved the outcome even though there are still some problems including relapse due to drug-resistant mutations and suboptimal molecular remission depth. Previously, we reported the safety and efficacy of sequential infusion of CD19/22 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy in the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell neoplasms including cases with Ph+ ALL. Given possible deeper reaction, more patients were expected to reach optimal minimal residual disease (MRD) response. An alternative method, duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with high sensitivity was established, which could provide absolute quantification of MRD without the need for calibration curves. Here, we retrospectively collected 95 bone marrow samples from 10 patients with R/R Ph+, who received 19/22 CAR-T-cell cocktail therapy. Notably, sequential molecular remission for more than 3 months (SMR3), a significant indicator based on ddPCR after CAR-T infusion was established, which was defined as a sequential molecular remission for not <3 months with negative MRD. In this cohort, no recurrence was observed in six patients achieving SMR3, where four of whom accepted allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) after CAR-T cell regimen. Unfortunately, the other four patients who did not reach SMR3 relapsed, and did not receive extra specific treatment except CAR-T regimen. To sum up, ddPCR may be an alternative, especially when nucleic acid was insufficient in clinical practice. No achievement of SMR3 may be an early warning of potential relapse after CAR-T and indicating the initiation of other therapies including allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Guan
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kefeng Shen
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Li Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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32
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Consensus Recommendations for MRD Testing in Adult B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Ontario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:1376-1387. [PMID: 33808300 PMCID: PMC8025812 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurable (minimal) residual disease (MRD) is an established, key prognostic factor in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and testing for MRD is known to be an important tool to help guide treatment decisions. The clinical value of MRD testing depends on the accuracy and reliability of results. Currently, there are no Canadian provincial or national guidelines for MRD testing in adult B-ALL, and consistent with the absence of such guidelines, there is no uniform Ontario MRD testing consensus. Moreover, there is great variability in Ontario in MRD testing with respect to where, when, and by which technique, MRD testing is performed, as well as in how the results are interpreted. To address these deficiencies, an expert multidisciplinary working group was convened to define consensus recommendations for improving the provision of such testing. The expert panel recommends that MRD testing should be implemented in a centralized manner to ensure expertise and accuracy in testing for this low volume indication, thereby to provide accurate, reliable results to clinicians and patients. All adult patients with B-ALL should receive MRD testing after induction chemotherapy. Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive patients should have ongoing monitoring of MRD during treatment and thereafter, while samples from Ph-negative B-ALL patients should be tested at least once later during treatment, ideally at 12 to 16 weeks after treatment initiation. In Ph-negative adult B-ALL patients, standardized, ideally centralized, protocols must be used for MRD testing, including both flow cytometry and immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement analysis. For Ph-positive B-ALL patients, MRD testing using a standardized protocol for reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the BCR-ABL1 gene fusion transcript is recommended, with Ig/TCR gene rearrangement analysis done in parallel likely providing additional clinical information.
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33
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Nishiwaki S, Sugiura I, Koyama D, Ozawa Y, Osaki M, Ishikawa Y, Kiyoi H. Machine learning-aided risk stratification in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biomark Res 2021; 9:13. [PMID: 33602341 PMCID: PMC7890949 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm, an optimized gradient boosting machine learning library, and established a model to predict events in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia using a machine learning-aided method. A model was constructed using a training set (80%) and prediction was tested using a test set (20%). According to the feature importance score, BCR-ABL lineage, polymerase chain reaction value, age, and white blood cell count were identified as important features. These features were also confirmed by the permutation feature importance for the prediction using the test set. Both event-free survival and overall survival were clearly stratified according to risk groups categorized using these features: 80 and 100% in low risk (two or less factors), 42 and 47% in intermediate risk (three factors), and 0 and 10% in high risk (four factors) at 4 years. Machine learning-aided analysis was able to identify clinically useful prognostic factors using data from a relatively small number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishiwaki
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Isamu Sugiura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyama
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Ozawa
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Osaki
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kiyoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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34
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Akahoshi Y, Arai Y, Nishiwaki S, Mizuta S, Marumo A, Uchida N, Kanda Y, Sakai H, Takada S, Fukuda T, Fujisawa S, Ashida T, Tanaka J, Atsuta Y, Kako S. Minimal residual disease (MRD) positivity at allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, not the quantity of MRD, is a risk factor for relapse of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol 2021; 113:832-839. [PMID: 33570732 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-021-03094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is the standard of care in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-positive ALL). We evaluated the impact of MRD status at hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) on relapse, as measured by a unified protocol at a central laboratory. Only patients with Ph-positive ALL who had minor transcripts (e1a2) and who underwent allogeneic HCT in first complete remission between 2008 and 2017 were included. First, patients with negative-MRD (n = 196) and positive-MRD (n = 61) at HCT were analyzed. As expected, MRD positivity at HCT was significantly associated with an increased risk of hematological relapse (hazard ratio [HR], 2.91; 95% CI 1.67-5.08; P < 0.001) in the multivariate analysis. Next, patients with positive-MRD were divided into low-MRD (n = 39) and high-MRD (n = 22) groups. In the multivariate analysis, high-MRD at HCT was not significantly associated with an increased risk of hematological relapse compared to the low-MRD group (HR 1.10; 95% CI 0.54-2.83; P = 0.620). These results indicate that the therapeutic decisions should be made based on MRD positivity, rather than on the MRD level, at HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Akahoshi
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama city, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Arai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishiwaki
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuichi Mizuta
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Marumo
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama city, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakai
- Department of Hematology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Takada
- Department of Hematology, Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Fujisawa
- Department of Hematology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ashida
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kako
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama city, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan.
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35
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Soverini S, Martelli M, Bavaro L, De Benedittis C, Papayannidis C, Sartor C, Sorà F, Albano F, Galimberti S, Abruzzese E, Annunziata M, Russo S, Stulle M, Imovilli A, Bonifacio M, Maino E, Stagno F, Maria Basilico C, Borlenghi E, Fozza C, Mignone F, Minari R, Stella S, Baccarani M, Cavo M, Martinelli G. Next-generation sequencing improves BCR-ABL1 mutation detection in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2021; 193:271-279. [PMID: 33403687 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutation testing in tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients is routinely performed by Sanger sequencing (SS). Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approaches have been developed that afford greater sensitivity and straightforward discrimination between compound and polyclonal mutations. We performed a study to compare the results of SS and NGS in a consecutive cohort of 171 Ph+ ALL patients. At diagnosis, 0/44 and 3/44 patients were positive for mutations by SS and NGS respectively. Out of 47 patients with haematologic resistance, 45 had mutations according to both methods, but in 25 patients NGS revealed additional mutations undetectable by SS. Out of 80 patients in complete haematologic response but with BCR-ABL1 ≥0·1%, 28 (35%) and 52 (65%) were positive by SS and NGS respectively. Moreover, in 12 patients positive by SS, NGS detected additional mutations. NGS resolved clonal complexity in 34 patients with multiple mutations at the same or different codons and identified 35 compound mutations. Our study demonstrates that, in Ph+ ALL on TKI therapy, NGS enables more accurate assessment of mutation status both in patients who fail therapy and in patients with minimal residual disease above 0·1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Soverini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Martelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luana Bavaro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina De Benedittis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Papayannidis
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Chiara Sartor
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Federica Sorà
- Hematology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Albano
- Hematology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Sabina Russo
- Internal Medicine Unit, AOU Policlinico di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Manuela Stulle
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Imovilli
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Elena Maino
- Hematology Unit, Ospedale Dell'Angelo, Mestre, Italy
| | - Fabio Stagno
- Hematology Section and BMT Unit, Rodolico Hospital, AOU Policlinico V. Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Basilico
- ASST dei Sette Laghi, Presidio di Varese Ospedale Circolo Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Fozza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Flavio Mignone
- Department of Science and Innovation Technology (DISIT), University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Stella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Michele Cavo
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Emerging molecular subtypes and therapeutic targets in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Med 2021; 15:347-371. [PMID: 33400146 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is characterized by genetic alterations with high heterogeneity. Precise subtypes with distinct genomic and/or gene expression patterns have been recently revealed using high-throughput sequencing technology. Most of these profiles are associated with recurrent non-overlapping rearrangements or hotspot point mutations that are analogous to the established subtypes, such as DUX4 rearrangements, MEF2D rearrangements, ZNF384/ZNF362 rearrangements, NUTM1 rearrangements, BCL2/MYC and/or BCL6 rearrangements, ETV6-RUNX1-like gene expression, PAX5alt (diverse PAX5 alterations, including rearrangements, intragenic amplifications, or mutations), and hotspot mutations PAX5 (p.Pro80Arg) with biallelic PAX5 alterations, IKZF1 (p.Asn159Tyr), and ZEB2 (p.His1038Arg). These molecular subtypes could be classified by gene expression patterns with RNA-seq technology. Refined molecular classification greatly improved the treatment strategy. Multiagent therapy regimens, including target inhibitors (e.g., imatinib), immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, are transforming the clinical practice from chemotherapy drugs to personalized medicine in the field of risk-directed disease management. We provide an update on our knowledge of emerging molecular subtypes and therapeutic targets in BCP-ALL.
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Quelen C, Grand D, Sarot E, Brugières L, Sibon D, Pradines A, Laurent C, Brousset P, Lamant L. Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring Using a 3'ALK Universal Probe Assay in ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: ddPCR, an Attractive Alternative Method to Real-Time Quantitative PCR. J Mol Diagn 2020; 23:131-139. [PMID: 33246076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, positive qualitative PCR for NPM1-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in peripheral blood and/or bone marrow at diagnosis and during treatment are associated with a higher risk of treatment failure. Real-time quantitative PCR allows identification of very high risk patients. However, this latter technique initially designed for patients with lymphomas carrying the most frequent NPM1-ALK translocation necessitates calibration curves, limiting interlaboratory reproducibility. An ALK universal quantitative PCR based on 3'ALK transcript amplification was designed to allow the detection of all ALK fusion transcripts. The absolute concordance of 3'ALK quantitative PCR results were validated with the routine NPM1-ALK qualitative and quantitative PCR on 46 samples. The universality of ALK fusion transcript detection also was validated on TPM3-, ALO17-, and ATIC-ALK-positive samples, and the EML4-ALK-positive cell line. Digital droplet PCR using the 3'ALK universal probe showed highly concordant results with 3'ALK universal quantitative PCR. A major benefit of digital droplet PCR is a reduced experimental set-up compared with quantitative PCR, without generation of standard curves, leading to a reliable protocol for multilaboratory validation in multicenter clinical trials essential for this rare pathology. Our ALK universal method could be used for the screening of ALK fusion transcripts in liquid biopsy specimens of other ALK-positive tumors, including non-small cell lung carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Quelen
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III-Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, ERL5294 CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - David Grand
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Sarot
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Brugières
- Department of Children and Adolescents Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif
| | - David Sibon
- Department of Hematology, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Anne Pradines
- Medical Laboratory, Claudius Regaud Institute, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Laurent
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, ERL5294 CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Brousset
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, ERL5294 CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France; Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, ERL5294 CNRS, Université Toulouse III-Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Kim M, Park CJ. Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY-ONCOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.15264/cpho.2020.27.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Chan-Jeoung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Foà R, Bassan R, Vitale A, Elia L, Piciocchi A, Puzzolo MC, Canichella M, Viero P, Ferrara F, Lunghi M, Fabbiano F, Bonifacio M, Fracchiolla N, Di Bartolomeo P, Mancino A, De Propris MS, Vignetti M, Guarini A, Rambaldi A, Chiaretti S. Dasatinib-Blinatumomab for Ph-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:1613-1623. [PMID: 33085860 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2016272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes in patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved with the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Molecular remission is a primary goal of treatment. METHODS We conducted a phase 2 single-group trial of first-line therapy in adults with newly diagnosed Ph-positive ALL (with no upper age limit). Dasatinib plus glucocorticoids were administered, followed by two cycles of blinatumomab. The primary end point was a sustained molecular response in the bone marrow after this treatment. RESULTS Of the 63 patients (median age, 54 years; range, 24 to 82) who were enrolled, a complete remission was observed in 98%. At the end of dasatinib induction therapy (day 85), 29% of the patients had a molecular response, and this percentage increased to 60% after two cycles of blinatumomab; the percentage of patients with a molecular response increased further after additional blinatumomab cycles. At a median follow-up of 18 months, overall survival was 95% and disease-free survival was 88%; disease-free survival was lower among patients who had an IKZF1 deletion plus additional genetic aberrations (CDKN2A or CDKN2B, PAX5, or both [i.e., IKZF1 plus]). ABL1 mutations were detected in 6 patients who had increased minimal residual disease during induction therapy, and all these mutations were cleared by blinatumomab. Six relapses occurred. Overall, 21 adverse events of grade 3 or higher were recorded. A total of 24 patients received a stem-cell allograft, and 1 death was related to transplantation (4%). CONCLUSIONS A chemotherapy-free induction and consolidation first-line treatment with dasatinib and blinatumomab that was based on a targeted and immunotherapeutic strategy was associated with high incidences of molecular response and survival and few toxic effects of grade 3 or higher in adults with Ph-positive ALL. (Funded by Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro and others; GIMEMA LAL2116 D-ALBA EudraCT number, 2016-001083-11; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02744768.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Foà
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Renato Bassan
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Antonella Vitale
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Loredana Elia
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Alfonso Piciocchi
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Maria-Cristina Puzzolo
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Martina Canichella
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Piera Viero
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Felicetto Ferrara
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Monia Lunghi
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Francesco Fabbiano
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bonifacio
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Nicola Fracchiolla
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Paolo Di Bartolomeo
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Alessandra Mancino
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Maria-Stefania De Propris
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Marco Vignetti
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Anna Guarini
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (R.F., A.V., L.E., M.-C.P., M.C., M.-S.D.P., M.V., S.C.), Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Data Center, Fondazione GIMEMA Franco Mandelli Onlus (A.P., M.V.), and the Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome (A.G.), Rome, the Hematology Unit, Ospedale dell'Angelo and Ospedale SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (R.B., P.V., A.M.), the Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples (F. Ferrara), the Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (M.L.), Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo (F. Fabbiano), the Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona (M.B.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano (N.F.), and the Department of Oncology-Hematology, University of Milan (A.R.), Milan, the Department of Hematology, Ospedale Civile, Pescara (P.D.B.), and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo (A.R.) - all in Italy
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Balsat M, Cacheux V, Carre M, Tavernier-Tardy E, Thomas X. Treatment and outcome of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults after relapse. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:879-891. [PMID: 33016157 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1832890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the significant progress that has been made over the last years in the front-line treatment of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), relapses are frequent and their treatment remains a challenge, especially among patients with resistant BCR-ABL1 mutations. AREAS COVERED This manuscript reviews available data for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed/refractory Ph-positive ALL, with a focus on the role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), monoclonal antibodies, and immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION Although a majority of patients with first relapsed Ph-positive ALL respond to subsequent salvage chemotherapy plus TKI combination, their outcomes remain poor. The main predictor of survival is the achievement of major molecular response anytime during the morphological response. More treatment strategies to improve survival are under investigation. Monoclonal antibodies and bispecific antibody constructs hold considerable promise in improving the outcomes of patients with relapsed ALL including Ph-positive ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Balsat
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud , Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Victoria Cacheux
- Service de Thérapie Cellulaire et Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire , Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martin Carre
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Tavernier-Tardy
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Institut de Cancérologie de la Loire Lucien Neuwirth , Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Thomas
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud , Pierre-Bénite, France
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Comparative study on allogeneic with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the era of TKIs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:2619-2628. [PMID: 32960314 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is recommended as a standard approach for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) achieving complete remission (CR). However, the role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) in adult patients achieving complete molecular remission (CMR) is an alternative, less toxic treatment options, especially for the patients who lack suitable donors and are unfit for allo-HSCT. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of allo-HSCT and auto-HSCT for the treatment of adult patients with Ph+ ALL. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for studies published before June 2019 without language restriction. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for relapse rate (RR) and treatment-related mortality (TRM). Four prospective studies and one retrospective study were included with a total of 810 patients. We found auto-HSCT was superior to allo-HSCT in OS (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.06-1.91, P = 0.02), and there was no difference between allo-HSCT and auto-HSCT for RFS (HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.86-1.40, P = 0.44) and RR (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.22-1.26, P = 0.15). The risk of TRM for patients undergoing allo-HSCT was significantly higher than that of the patients who received auto-HSCT (OR = 5.06, 95% CI: 1.03-24.75, P = 0.05). Our meta-analysis shows that auto-HSCT may be an attractive and alternative treatment option for adult Ph+ ALL patients achieving CMR, with similar or better outcomes than allo-HSCT in the era of TKIs.
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Gazeau N, Derrieux C, Nibourel O, Berthon C, Grardel N, Goursaud L, Boyer T, Dumezy F, Coiteux V, Quesnel B, Preudhomme C, Roche-Lestienne C, Duployez N. Disease escape with the selective loss of the Philadelphia chromosome after tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure in Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2020; 34:2230-2233. [PMID: 31988437 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gazeau
- CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Claude Huriez Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Olivier Nibourel
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Hematology, F-59000, Lille, France
- University of Lille, INSERM, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Céline Berthon
- CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Claude Huriez Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
- University of Lille, INSERM, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Laure Goursaud
- CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Claude Huriez Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Thomas Boyer
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Hematology, F-59000, Lille, France
- University of Lille, INSERM, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Florent Dumezy
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Hematology, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Coiteux
- CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Claude Huriez Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- CHU Lille, Hematology Department, Claude Huriez Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
- University of Lille, INSERM, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Claude Preudhomme
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Hematology, F-59000, Lille, France
- University of Lille, INSERM, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Roche-Lestienne
- University of Lille, INSERM, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Institute of Medical Genetics, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Duployez
- CHU Lille, Laboratory of Hematology, F-59000, Lille, France.
- University of Lille, INSERM, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Kim IS. Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: technical aspects and implications for clinical interpretation. Blood Res 2020; 55:S19-S26. [PMID: 32719172 PMCID: PMC7386891 DOI: 10.5045/br.2020.s004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring has proven to be one of the fundamental independent prognostic factors for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Sequential monitoring of MRD using sensitive and specific methods, such as real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or flow cytometry (FCM), has improved the assessment of treatment response and is currently used for therapeutic stratification and early detection. Although both FCM and qPCR yield highly consistent results with sensitivities of 10‒4, each method has several limitations. For example, qPCR is time-consuming and laborious: designing primers that correspond to the immunoglobulin (IG) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements at diagnosis can take 3‒4 weeks. In addition, the evolution of additional clones beyond the first or index clone during therapy cannot be detected, which might lead to false-negative results. FCM requires experienced technicians and sometimes does not achieve a sensitivity of 10‒4. Accordingly, a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based method has been developed in an attempt to overcome these limitations. With the advent of high-throughput NGS technologies, a more in-depth analysis of IG and/or TCR gene rearrangements is now within reach, which impacts all applications of IG/TR analysis. However, standardization, quality control, and validation of this new technology are warranted prior to its incorporation into routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Suk Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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Bartram J, Patel B, Fielding AK. Monitoring MRD in ALL: Methodologies, technical aspects and optimal time points for measurement. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:142-148. [PMID: 33256904 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The accurate determination of minimal or measurable residual disease (MRD) during the early months of therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia is well established as the most important independent prognostic biomarker, predicting response to combination chemotherapy. Stratification based on MRD maximizes treatment effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. Allele-specific real-time quantitative PCR of clone-defining immunoglobin/T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in the patients' leukemic clones and/or multiparametric flow cytometric tracking of leukemia-associated immunophenotypes are considered standard of care. Following recent advances in high throughput sequencing (HTS; next generation sequencing), much attention has been devoted to the development of HTS-based MRD assays, which can increase sensitivity; theoretically only limited by the number of cells input into the assay. Knowledge of the methods and limitations of each technology, along with awareness of the sensitivity and specificity of MRD at particular treatment time points is important in interpretation of the MRD value. MRD negativity at pre-established protocol-appropriate time points guides continuance with consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy, whereas positivity leads to a change to a biological therapy such as blinatumomab and intensification of therapy to allogeneic stem cell transplant. Positivity after maintenance may herald impending relapse enabling treatment intervention. MRD has been integral to the introduction of novel agents and cellular therapies into clinical trials and standard of care, but the long-term predictive value of MRD on outcome of novel therapies is not yet established. Integration of somatic genetics with MRD may further improve accurate identification of patients with the lowest and highest risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Bartram
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Cancer Section, DBC Programme, University College London, London, UK.
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Kimura S, Mullighan CG. Molecular markers in ALL: Clinical implications. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2020; 33:101193. [PMID: 33038982 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2020.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and remains a main cause of death in children despite recent improvements in cure rates. In the past decade, development of massively parallel sequencing has enabled large scale genome profiling studies of ALL, which not only led to identification of new subtypes in both B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) and T-cell ALL (T-ALL), but has also identified potential new therapeutic approaches to target vulnerabilities of many subtypes. Several of these approaches have been validated in preclinical models and are now being formally evaluated in prospective clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in our knowledge of genomic bases of BCP-ALL, T-ALL, and relapsed ALL, and discuss their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 342, Memphis, 38105, TN, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 342, Memphis, 38105, TN, USA.
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Othus M, Gale RP, Hourigan CS, Walter RB. Statistics and measurable residual disease (MRD) testing: uses and abuses in hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020; 55:843-850. [PMID: 31666655 PMCID: PMC7462748 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SERIES EDITORS' NOTE The decision whether to recommend a transplant to someone with acute leukemia in first remission is complex and challenging. Diverse, often confounded co-variates interact to influence one's recommendation. Briefly, the decision metric can be viewed in three spheres: (1) subject-; (2) transplant-; and (3) disease-related co-variates. Subject-related co-variates include items such as age and comorbidities. Transplant-related co-variates include items such as donor-types, graft source, proposed conditioning and pre- and post-transplant immune suppression.But what of disease-related variables? Previously haematologists relied on co-variates such as WBC at diagnosis, chemotherapy cycles to achieve first remission, cytogenetics and most recently, mutation topography. However, these co-variates have largely been replaced by results of measurable residual disease (MRD)-testing. Many chemotherapy-only and transplant studies report strong correlations between results of MRD-testing on therapy outcomes such as cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), leukemia-free survival (LFS) or survival. (CIR makes biological sense in a transplant context whereas LFS and survival do not give competing causes of death such as transplant-related mortality (TRM), graft-versus-host disease and interstitial pneumonia unrelated to relapse probability).This raises the question of how useful results are of MRD-testing in predicting CIR after transplants. Elsewhere we discussed accuracy and precision of MRD-testing in predicting outcomes of therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (Estey E, Gale RP. Leukemia 31:1255-1258, 2017; Hourigan CS, Gale RP, Gormley NJ, Ossenkoppele GJ, Walter RB. Leukemia 31:1482-1490, 2017). Briefly put, not terribly good. Although results of MRD-testing are often the most powerful predictor of CIR in multivariable analyses, the C-statistic (a measure of prediction accuracy) is often only about 0.75. This is much better than flipping a fair coin but far from ideal.In the typescript which follows, Othus and colleagues discuss statistical issues underlying MRD-testing in the context of haematopoietic cell transplants. We hope readers, especially haematologists who often need to make transplant recommendations to people with acute leukemia in first remission, will read it carefully and critically. The bottom line is MRD-test data are useful but considerable uncertainty is unavoidable with substantial false-positive and -negative rates. We need to acknowledge this uncertainty to ourselves and to the people we counsel. The authors quote Voltaire who said: Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is an absurd one. Sadly so, but we do the best we can. Robert Peter Gale, Imperial College London, and Mei-Jie Zhang, Medical College of Wisconsin and CIBMTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Othus
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Haematology Research Centre, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher S Hourigan
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Soverini S, Albano F, Bassan R, Fabbiano F, Ferrara F, Foà R, Olivieri A, Rambaldi A, Rossi G, Sica S, Specchia G, Venditti A, Barosi G, Pane F. Next-generation sequencing for BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations in adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A position paper. Cancer Med 2020; 9:2960-2970. [PMID: 32154668 PMCID: PMC7196068 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of clones carrying point mutations in the BCR‐ABL1 kinase domain (KD) is a common mechanism of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)‐based therapies in Philadelphia chromosome‐positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Sanger sequencing (SS) is the most frequently used method for diagnostic BCR‐ABL1 KD mutation screening, but it has some limitations—it is poorly sensitive and cannot robustly identify compound mutations. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) may overcome these problems. NSG is increasingly available and has the potential to become the method of choice for diagnostic BCR‐ABL1 KD mutation screening. A group discussion within an ad hoc constituted Panel of Experts has produced a series of consensus‐based statements on the potential value of NGS testing before and during first‐line TKI‐based treatment, in relapsed/refractory cases, before and after allo‐stem cell transplantation, and on how NGS results may impact on therapeutic decisions. A set of minimal technical and methodological requirements for the analysis and the reporting of results has also been defined. The proposals herein reported may be used to guide the practical use of NGS for BCR‐ABL1 KD mutation testing in Ph+ ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Soverini
- Institute of Hematology "Lorenzo e Ariosto Seràgnoli", Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Albano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Hematology Section, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Renato Bassan
- Ospedale dell'Angelo, UOC Ematologia, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | | | | | - Robin Foà
- Division of Hematology University "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Attilio Olivieri
- Department of Hematology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan and Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Clinica, A.O. Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Sica
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgina Specchia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Hematology Section, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, Universitá Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Pane
- U.O.C. Ematologia e Trapianti di Midollo Azienda Ospedaliera, Universitaria Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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48
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Abou Dalle I, Jabbour E, Short NJ. Evaluation and management of measurable residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2020; 11:2040620720910023. [PMID: 32215194 PMCID: PMC7065280 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720910023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With standard chemotherapy regimens for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, approximately 90% of patients achieve complete remission. However, up to half of patients have persistent minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) not recognized by routine microscopy, which constitutes the leading determinant of relapse. Many studies in pediatric and adult populations have demonstrated that achievement of MRD negativity after induction chemotherapy or during consolidation is associated with significantly better long-term outcomes, and MRD status constitutes an independently prognostic marker, often superseding other conventional risk factors. Persistence of MRD after intensive chemotherapy is indicative of treatment refractoriness and warrants alternative therapeutic approaches including allogeneic stem cell transplantation, blinatumomab, or investigational therapies such as inotuzumab ozogamicin or chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Furthermore, the incorporation of novel monoclonal antibodies or potent BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as ponatinib into frontline treatment may have the advantage of achieving higher rates of MRD negativity while minimizing chemotherapy-related toxicities. Many studies are therefore ongoing to determine whether this strategy can improve cure rates without the need for allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Abou Dalle
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 428, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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49
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Kruse A, Abdel-Azim N, Kim HN, Ruan Y, Phan V, Ogana H, Wang W, Lee R, Gang EJ, Khazal S, Kim YM. Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1054. [PMID: 32033444 PMCID: PMC7037356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) refers to a chemotherapy/radiotherapy-surviving leukemia cell population that gives rise to relapse of the disease. The detection of MRD is critical for predicting the outcome and for selecting the intensity of further treatment strategies. The development of various new diagnostic platforms, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), has introduced significant advances in the sensitivity of MRD diagnostics. Here, we review current methods to diagnose MRD through phenotypic marker patterns or differential gene patterns through analysis by flow cytometry (FCM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or NGS. Future advances in clinical procedures will be molded by practical feasibility and patient needs regarding greater diagnostic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kruse
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Nour Abdel-Azim
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Hye Na Kim
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Yongsheng Ruan
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Valerie Phan
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Heather Ogana
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - William Wang
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Rachel Lee
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Eun Ji Gang
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
| | - Sajad Khazal
- Department of Pediatrics Patient Care, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (A.K.); (N.A.-A.); (H.N.K.); (Y.R.); (V.P.); (H.O.); (W.W.); (R.L.); (E.J.G.)
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50
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Fielding AK. Curing Ph+ ALL: assessing the relative contributions of chemotherapy, TKIs, and allogeneic stem cell transplant. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2019; 2019:24-29. [PMID: 31808885 PMCID: PMC6913432 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2019000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia have changed rapidly in the past 10 years. The outcome is equally as good as for Ph- disease, and with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies in addition to chemotherapy, the novel immunotherapy approaches, and the extension of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HCT) to older individuals, there is the potential to exceed this outcome. There is particular interest in reducing chemotherapy exposure and considering for whom allo-HCT can be avoided. However, the patient population that can help test these options in clinical trials is limited in number, and the available evidence is often derived from single-arm studies. This paper summarizes outcomes achieved with recent approaches to de novo Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the postimatinib era and helps integrate all the available information to assist the reader to make informed choices for patients in an increasingly complex field.
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