1
|
Bose D, Harrington MW, Isichenko A, Liu K, Wang J, Chauhan N, Newman ZL, Blumenthal DJ. Anneal-free ultra-low loss silicon nitride integrated photonics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:156. [PMID: 38977674 PMCID: PMC11231177 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous and monolithic integration of the versatile low-loss silicon nitride platform with low-temperature materials such as silicon electronics and photonics, III-V compound semiconductors, lithium niobate, organics, and glasses has been inhibited by the need for high-temperature annealing as well as the need for different process flows for thin and thick waveguides. New techniques are needed to maintain the state-of-the-art losses, nonlinear properties, and CMOS-compatible processes while enabling this next generation of 3D silicon nitride integration. We report a significant advance in silicon nitride integrated photonics, demonstrating the lowest losses to date for an anneal-free process at a maximum temperature 250 °C, with the same deuterated silane based fabrication flow, for nitride and oxide, for an order of magnitude range in nitride thickness without requiring stress mitigation or polishing. We report record low anneal-free losses for both nitride core and oxide cladding, enabling 1.77 dB m-1 loss and 14.9 million Q for 80 nm nitride core waveguides, more than half an order magnitude lower loss than previously reported sub 300 °C process. For 800 nm-thick nitride, we achieve as good as 8.66 dB m-1 loss and 4.03 million Q, the highest reported Q for a low temperature processed resonator with equivalent device area, with a median of loss and Q of 13.9 dB m-1 and 2.59 million each respectively. We demonstrate laser stabilization with over 4 orders of magnitude frequency noise reduction using a thin nitride reference cavity, and using a thick nitride micro-resonator we demonstrate OPO, over two octave supercontinuum generation, and four-wave mixing and parametric gain with the lowest reported optical parametric oscillation threshold per unit resonator length. These results represent a significant step towards a uniform ultra-low loss silicon nitride homogeneous and heterogeneous platform for both thin and thick waveguides capable of linear and nonlinear photonic circuits and integration with low-temperature materials and processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debapam Bose
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Mark W Harrington
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Andrei Isichenko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nitesh Chauhan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Blumenthal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laplatine L, Messaoudene S, Gaignebet N, Herrier C, Livache T. Correction of 2 π Phase Jumps for Silicon Photonic Sensors Based on Mach Zehnder Interferometers with Application in Gas and Biosensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1712. [PMID: 38475248 DOI: 10.3390/s24051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Silicon photonic sensors based on Mach Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) have applications spanning from biological and olfactory sensors to temperature and ultrasound sensors. Although a coherent detection scheme can solve the issues of sensitivity fading and ambiguity in phase direction, the measured phase remains 2π periodic. This implies that the acquisition frequency should ensure a phase shift lower than π between each measurement point to prevent 2π phase jumps. Here, we describe and experimentally characterize two methods based on reference MZIs with lower sensitivities to alleviate this drawback. These solutions improve the measurement robustness and allow the lowering of the acquisition frequency. The first method is based on the phase derivative sign comparison. When a discrepancy is detected, the reference MZI is used to choose whether 2π should be added or removed from the nominal MZI. It can correct 2π phase jumps regardless of the sensitivity ratio, so that a single reference MZI can be used to correct multiple nominal MZIs. This first method relaxes the acquisition frequency requirement by a factor of almost two. However, it cannot correct phase jumps of 4π, 6π or higher between two measurement points. The second method is based on the comparison between the measured phase from the nominal MZI and the phase expected from the reference MZI. It can correct multiple 2π phase jumps but requires at least one reference MZI per biofunctionalization. It will also constrain the corrected phase to lie in a limited interval of [-π, +π] around the expected value, and might fail to correct phase shifts above a few tens of radians depending on the disparity of the nominal sensors responses. Nonetheless, for phase shift lower than typically 20 radians, this method allows the lowering of the acquisition frequency almost arbitrarily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thierry Livache
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaspar C, Ivanenko A, Lehrich J, Klingauf J, Pernice WHP. Biohybrid Photonic Platform for Subcellular Stimulation and Readout of In Vitro Neurons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304561. [PMID: 38164885 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Targeted manipulation of neural activity via light has become an indispensable tool for gaining insights into the intricate processes governing single neurons and complex neural networks. To shed light onto the underlying interaction mechanisms, it is crucial to achieve precise control of individual neural activity, as well as a spatial read-out resolution on the nanoscale. Here, a versatile photonic platform with subcellular resolution for stimulation and monitoring of in-vitro neurons is demonstrated. Low-loss photonic waveguides are fabricated on glass substrates using nanoimprint lithography and featuring a loss of only -0.9 ± 0.2 dB cm-1 at 489 nm and are combined with optical fiber-based waveguide-access and backside total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Neurons are grown on the bio-functionalized photonic chip surface and, expressing the light-sensitive ion channel Channelrhodopsin-2, are stimulated within the evanescent field penetration depth of 57 nm of the biocompatible waveguides. The versatility and cost-efficiency of the platform, along with the possible subcellular resolution, enable tailor-made investigations of neural interaction dynamics with defined spatial control and high throughput.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kaspar
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Busso-Peuss-Str. 10, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Ivanenko
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Busso-Peuss-Str. 10, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Lehrich
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Busso-Peuss-Str. 10, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Busso-Peuss-Str. 10, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Muenster, Busso-Peuss-Str. 10, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institut for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corato-Zanarella M, Ji X, Mohanty A, Lipson M. Absorption and scattering limits of silicon nitride integrated photonics in the visible spectrum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5718-5728. [PMID: 38439290 DOI: 10.1364/oe.505892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Visible-light photonic integrated circuits (PICs) promise scalability for technologies such as quantum information, biosensing, and scanning displays, yet extending large-scale silicon photonics to shorter wavelengths has been challenging due to the higher losses. Silicon nitride (SiN) has stood out as the leading platform for visible photonics, but the propagation losses strongly depend on the film's deposition and fabrication processes. Current loss measurement techniques cannot accurately distinguish between absorption and surface scattering, making it difficult to identify the dominant loss source and reach the platform's fundamental limit. Here we demonstrate an ultra-low loss, high-confinement SiN platform that approaches the limits of absorption and scattering across the visible spectrum. Leveraging the sensitivity of microresonators to loss, we probe and discriminate each loss contribution with unparalleled sensitivity, and derive their fundamental limits and scaling laws as a function of wavelength, film properties and waveguide parameters. Through the design of the waveguide cross-section, we show how to approach the absorption limit of the platform, and demonstrate the lowest propagation losses in high-confinement SiN to date across the visible spectrum. We envision that our techniques for loss characterization and minimization will contribute to the development of large-scale, dense PICs that redefine the loss limits of integrated platforms across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bui LA, Chen H, Chan EHW. Wavelength switching technique for phase interrogation of Mach Zehnder interferometer-based optical sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43560-43573. [PMID: 38178449 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A method for determining the phase shift of a Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is presented. It is based on switching the wavelength of continuous wave (CW) laser light illuminating the MZI and measuring the interferometer output amplitudes at DC and switching frequency. The method can measure the MZI phase shift unambiguously over the entire phase shift range of 2π. A practical proof of concept demonstration shows that the method can perform real-time measurement with high repeatability and accuracy limited by the optical frequency drift and power fluctuation of the lasers. The method does not require modifications of the sensor or accessing to the laser electronics and also uses simple detection. It is, therefore, suitable for bio and medical sensing applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Tong N, Li F, Zhao K, Wang D, Niu Y, Xu F, Cheng J, Wang J. Trapping of a Single Microparticle Using AC Dielectrophoresis Forces in a Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:159. [PMID: 36677221 PMCID: PMC9863554 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Precise trap and manipulation of individual cells is a prerequisite for single-cell analysis, which has a wide range of applications in biology, chemistry, medicine, and materials. Herein, a microfluidic trapping system with a 3D electrode based on AC dielectrophoresis (DEP) technology is proposed, which can achieve the precise trapping and release of specific microparticles. The 3D electrode consists of four rectangular stereoscopic electrodes with an acute angle near the trapping chamber. It is made of Ag-PDMS material, and is the same height as the channel, which ensures the uniform DEP force will be received in the whole channel space, ensuring a better trapping effect can be achieved. The numerical simulation was conducted in terms of electrode height, angle, and channel width. Based on the simulation results, an optimal chip structure was obtained. Then, the polystyrene particles with different diameters were used as the samples to verify the effectiveness of the designed trapping system. The findings of this research will contribute to the application of cell trapping and manipulation, as well as single-cell analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Wang
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Ning Tong
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Fengqi Li
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Deguang Wang
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Yijie Niu
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Fengqiang Xu
- Software Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Jiale Cheng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu X, Yin Y, Sun C, Li L, Lin H, Tang B, Zhang P, Chen C, Zhang D. Optical Temperature Sensor Based on Polysilicon Waveguides. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9357. [PMID: 36502058 PMCID: PMC9736333 DOI: 10.3390/s22239357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional temperature detection has limitations in terms of sensing accuracy and response time, while chip-level photoelectric sensors based on the thermo-optic effect can improve measurement sensitivity and reduce costs. This paper presents on-chip temperature sensors based on polysilicon (p-Si) waveguides. Dual-microring resonator (MRR) and asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI) sensors are demonstrated. The experimental results show that the sensitivities of the sensors based on AMZI and MRR are 86.6 pm/K and 85.7 pm/K, respectively. The temperature sensors proposed in this paper are compatible with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication technique. Benefitting from high sensitivity and a compact footprint, these sensors show great potential in the field of photonic-electronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuexin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlei Sun
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hongtao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Daming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nesic A, Blaicher M, Orlandini E, Olariu T, Paszkiewicz M, Negredo F, Kraft P, Sukhova M, Hofmann A, Dörfler W, Rockstuhl C, Freude W, Koos C. Transformation-optics modeling of 3D-printed freeform waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:38856-38879. [PMID: 36258441 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multi-photon lithography allows us to complement planar photonic integrated circuits (PIC) by in-situ 3D-printed freeform waveguide structures. However, design and optimization of such freeform waveguides using time-domain Maxwell's equations solvers often requires comparatively large computational volumes, within which the structure of interest only occupies a small fraction, thus leading to poor computational efficiency. In this paper, we present a solver-independent transformation-optics-(TO-) based technique that allows to greatly reduce the computational effort related to modeling of 3D freeform waveguides. The concept relies on transforming freeform waveguides with curved trajectories into equivalent waveguide structures with modified material properties but geometrically straight trajectories, that can be efficiently fit into rather small cuboid-shaped computational volumes. We demonstrate the viability of the technique and benchmark its performance using a series of different freeform waveguides, achieving a reduction of the simulation time by a factor of 3-6 with a significant potential for further improvement. We also fabricate and experimentally test the simulated waveguides by 3D-printing on a silicon photonic chip, and we find good agreement between the simulated and the measured transmission at λ = 1550 nm.
Collapse
|
9
|
Schweikert C, Tsianaka A, Hoppe N, Klenk RH, Elster R, Greul M, Kaschel M, Southan A, Vogel W, Berroth M. Integrated polarization mode interferometer in 220-nm silicon-on-insulator technology. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4536-4539. [PMID: 36048698 DOI: 10.1364/ol.463911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A compact integrated and high-efficiency polarization mode interferometer in the 220-nm silicon-on-insulator platform is presented. Due to the operation with two polarization modes in a single waveguide, low propagation losses and high sensitivities combined with a small footprint are achieved. The designed and fabricated system with a 5-mm-long sensing region shows a measured excess loss of only 1.5 dB with an extinction ratio up to 30 dB, while its simulated homogeneous bulk sensitivity can exceed 8000 rad/RIU. The combination with a 90° hybrid readout system offers single wavelength operation with unambiguousness for phase shifts up to 2π and constant sensitivity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Vogelbacher F, Kothe T, Muellner P, Melnik E, Sagmeister M, Kraft J, Hainberger R. Waveguide Mach-Zehnder biosensor with laser diode pumped integrated single-mode silicon nitride organic hybrid solid-state laser. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113816. [PMID: 34814031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-mode organic solid-state lasers with direct emission into an optical waveguide are attractive candidates for cost-efficient coherent light sources employed in photonic lab-on-a-chip biosensors. Here, we present a combination of a dye-doped organic solid-state distributed feedback laser with a highly sensitive optical waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer on a silicon nitride photonic platform. This organic-hybrid laser allows for optical pumping with a laser diode in an alignment tolerant manner, which facilitates applications in point-of-care diagnostics. The sensitivity to bulk refractive index changes and the concentration dependent binding of streptavidin on a polyethyleneimine-biotin functionalized surface was studied to demonstrate the practicability of this cost-efficient coherent light source for optical waveguide biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Vogelbacher
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tim Kothe
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Muellner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Melnik
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jochen Kraft
- ams AG, Tobelbader Straße 30, 8141, Premstätten, Austria
| | - Rainer Hainberger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evanescent Field Controllable MZ Sensor via Femtosecond Laser Processing and Mechanic Polishing. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111421. [PMID: 34832832 PMCID: PMC8622775 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, optical sensors interacting with evanescent fields and the external environment around waveguides have attracted extensive attention. In the process of light propagation in the waveguide, the depth of the evanescent field is closely related to the accuracy of the optical sensor, and adjusting the depth of the evanescent field to obtain higher accuracy has become the primary challenge in fabricating on-chip optical sensors. In this study, the waveguide structure of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer was written directly in Corning Eagle 2000 borosilicate glass by a femtosecond laser, and the sensing window was exposed out of the bulk material by mechanical polishing. The refractive index detection device based on the proposed on-chip Mach–Zehnder interferometer has the advantages of small volume, light weight, and good stability. Its sensitivity can reach 206 nm/RIU or 337 dB/RIU, and the theoretical maximum measurement range is 1–1.508. Therefore, it can measure the refractive index quickly and accurately in extreme or complex environments, and has excellent application prospects.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu TW, Feng YK, Chu HY, Lee PT. Photonic Crystal Polymeric Thin-Film Dye-Lasers for Attachable Strain Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165331. [PMID: 34450773 PMCID: PMC8399949 DOI: 10.3390/s21165331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report, using two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhC) and a one-dimensional PhC nano-beam cavity, we realized the development of all-polymeric dye-lasers on a dye-doped, suspended poly-methylmethacrylate film with a wavelength-scale thickness. In addition to the characterization of basic lasing properties, we also evaluated its capacity to serve as an attachable strain sensor. Through experimentation, we confirmed the stable lasing performances of the dye-laser attaching on a rough surface. Moreover, we also theoretically studied the wavelength responses of the utilized PhC resonators to stretching strain and further improved them via the concept of strain shaping. The attachability and high strain sensing response of the presented thin film PhC dye-lasers demonstrate their potential as attachable strain sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Wen Lu
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan; (Y.-K.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-T.L.)
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yu-Kai Feng
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan; (Y.-K.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-T.L.)
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yeuh Chu
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan; (Y.-K.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-T.L.)
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsung Lee
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan; (Y.-K.F.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-T.L.)
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Rm. 401 CPT Building, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|