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Fu P, Xu Z, Zhou T, Li H, Wu J, Dai Q, Li Y. Reconfigurable metamaterial processing units that solve arbitrary linear calculus equations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6258. [PMID: 39048558 PMCID: PMC11269748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Calculus equations serve as fundamental frameworks in mathematics, enabling describing an extensive range of natural phenomena and scientific principles, such as thermodynamics and electromagnetics. Analog computing with electromagnetic waves presents an intriguing opportunity to solve calculus equations with unparalleled speed, while facing an inevitable tradeoff in computing density and equation reconfigurability. Here, we propose a reconfigurable metamaterial processing unit (MPU) that solves arbitrary linear calculus equations at a very fast speed. Subwavelength kernels based on inverse-designed pixel metamaterials are used to perform calculus operations on time-domain signals. In addition, feedback mechanisms and reconfigurable components are used to formulate and solve calculus equations with different orders and coefficients. A prototype of this MPU with a compact planar size of 0.93λ0×0.93λ0 (λ0 is the free-space wavelength) is constructed and evaluated in microwave frequencies. Experimental results demonstrate the MPU's ability to successfully solve arbitrary linear calculus equations. With the merits of compactness, easy integration, reconfigurability, and reusability, the proposed MPU provides a potential route for integrated analog computing with high speed of signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Fu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zimeng Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiankuang Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Hu J, Mengu D, Tzarouchis DC, Edwards B, Engheta N, Ozcan A. Diffractive optical computing in free space. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1525. [PMID: 38378715 PMCID: PMC10879514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Structured optical materials create new computing paradigms using photons, with transformative impact on various fields, including machine learning, computer vision, imaging, telecommunications, and sensing. This Perspective sheds light on the potential of free-space optical systems based on engineered surfaces for advancing optical computing. Manipulating light in unprecedented ways, emerging structured surfaces enable all-optical implementation of various mathematical functions and machine learning tasks. Diffractive networks, in particular, bring deep-learning principles into the design and operation of free-space optical systems to create new functionalities. Metasurfaces consisting of deeply subwavelength units are achieving exotic optical responses that provide independent control over different properties of light and can bring major advances in computational throughput and data-transfer bandwidth of free-space optical processors. Unlike integrated photonics-based optoelectronic systems that demand preprocessed inputs, free-space optical processors have direct access to all the optical degrees of freedom that carry information about an input scene/object without needing digital recovery or preprocessing of information. To realize the full potential of free-space optical computing architectures, diffractive surfaces and metasurfaces need to advance symbiotically and co-evolve in their designs, 3D fabrication/integration, cascadability, and computing accuracy to serve the needs of next-generation machine vision, computational imaging, mathematical computing, and telecommunication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Hu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Deniz Mengu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dimitrios C Tzarouchis
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Meta Materials Inc., Athens, 15123, Greece
| | - Brian Edwards
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nader Engheta
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Hasanin T, Manoharan H, Alterazi HA, Srivastava G, Selvarajan S, Lin JCW. Mathematical approach of fiber optics for renewable energy sources using general adversarial networks. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1132678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is significantly more challenging to extend the visibility factor to a higher depth during the development phase of a communication system for subterranean places. Even if there are numerous optical fiber systems that provide the right energy sources for intended panels, the visibility parameter is not optimized past a certain point. Therefore, the suggested method looks at the properties of a fiber optic communication system that is integrated with a certain energy source while having external panels. A regulating state is established in addition to characteristic analysis by minimizing the reflection index, and the integration of the general adversarial network (GAN) optimizes both central and layer formations in exterior panels. Thus, the suggested technique uses the external noise factor to provide relevant data to the control center via fiber optic shackles. As a result, the normalized error is smaller, boosting the suggested method's effectiveness in all subsurface areas. The created mathematical model is divided into five different situations, and the results are simulated using MATLAB to test the effectiveness of the anticipated strategy. Additionally, comparisons are done for each of the five scenarios, and it is found that the proposed fiber-optic method for energy sources is far more effective than current methodologies.
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