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Yang S, Zhang Z, Xian Q, Song Q, Liu Y, Gao Y, Wen W. An Aluminum-Based Microfluidic Chip for Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnosis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031085. [PMID: 36770751 PMCID: PMC9921548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) tests were successfully conducted in an aluminum-based microfluidic chip developed in this work. The reaction chamber was coated with silicone-modified epoxy resin to isolate the reaction system from metal surfaces, preventing the metal ions from interfering with the reaction process. The patterned aluminum substrate was bonded with a hydroxylated glass mask using silicone sealant at room temperature. The effect of thermal expansion was counteracted by the elasticity of cured silicone. With the heating process closely monitored, real-time PCR testing in reaction chambers proceeded smoothly, and the results show similar quantification cycle values to those of traditional test sets. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that the surface of the reaction chamber was smoothly coated, illustrating the promising coating and isolating properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) showed that no metal ions escaped from the metal to the chip surface. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to check the surface chemical state before and after tests, and the unchanged infrared absorption peaks indicated the unreacted, antifouling surface. The limit of detection (LOD) of at least two copies can be obtained in this chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yang
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qingyue Xian
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yiteng Liu
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Weijia Wen
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Thrust of Advanced Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-5781
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2
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Lovecchio N, Costantini F, Nascetti A, de Cesare G, Caputo D. Thin-Film-Based Multifunctional System for Optical Detection and Thermal Treatment of Biological Samples. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110969. [PMID: 36354478 PMCID: PMC9688047 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a multifunctional Lab-on-Chip (LoC) platform based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon sensors suitable for a wide range of application in the fields of biochemical and food quality control analysis. The proposed system includes a LoC fabricated on a 5 cm × 5 cm glass substrate and a set of electronic boards for controlling the LoC functionalities. The presented Lab-on-Chip comprises light and temperature sensors, a thin film resistor acting as a heating source, and an optional thin film interferential filter suitable for fluorescence analysis. The developed electronics allows to control the thin film heater, a light source for fluorescence and absorption measurements, and the photosensors to acquire luminescent signals. All these modules are enclosed in a black metal box ensuring the portability of the whole platform. System performances have been evaluated in terms of sensor optical performances and thermal control achievements. For optical sensors, we have found a minimum number of detectable photons of 8 × 104 s-1·cm-2 at room temperature, 1.6 × 106 s-1·cm-2 in presence of fluorescence excitation source, and 2.4 × 106 s-1·cm-2 at 90 °C. From a thermal management point of view, we have obtained heating and cooling rates both equal to 2.2 °C/s, and a temperature sensor sensitivity of about 3 mV/°C even in presence of light. The achieved performances demonstrate the possibility to simultaneously use all integrated sensors and actuators, making promising the presented platform for a wide range of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lovecchio
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Costantini
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
- CREA-DC Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Nascetti
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero de Cesare
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
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3
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Xiong Y, Huang Q, Canady TD, Barya P, Liu S, Arogundade OH, Race CM, Che C, Wang X, Zhou L, Wang X, Kohli M, Smith AM, Cunningham BT. Photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence emission and blinking suppression for single quantum dot digital resolution biosensing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4647. [PMID: 35941132 PMCID: PMC9360002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While nanoscale quantum emitters are effective tags for measuring biomolecular interactions, their utilities for applications that demand single-unit observations are limited by the requirements for large numerical aperture (NA) objectives, fluorescence intermittency, and poor photon collection efficiency resulted from omnidirectional emission. Here, we report a nearly 3000-fold signal enhancement achieved through multiplicative effects of enhanced excitation, highly directional extraction, quantum efficiency improvement, and blinking suppression through a photonic crystal (PC) surface. The approach achieves single quantum dot (QD) sensitivity with high signal-to-noise ratio, even when using a low-NA lens and an inexpensive optical setup. The blinking suppression capability of the PC improves the QDs on-time from 15% to 85% ameliorating signal intermittency. We developed an assay for cancer-associated miRNA biomarkers with single-molecule resolution, single-base mutation selectivity, and 10-attomolar detection limit. Additionally, we observed differential surface motion trajectories of QDs when their surface attachment stringency is altered by changing a single base in a cancer-specific miRNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Qinglan Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Taylor D Canady
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Priyash Barya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shengyan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Opeyemi H Arogundade
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Caitlin M Race
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Congnyu Che
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhou
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Manish Kohli
- Department of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Brian T Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Sun Y, Huang Y, Qi T, Jin Q, Jia C, Zhao J, Feng S, Liang L. Wet-Etched Microchamber Array Digital PCR Chip for SARS-CoV-2 Virus and Ultra-Early Stage Lung Cancer Quantitative Detection. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1819-1826. [PMID: 35036821 PMCID: PMC8751011 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel design of chamber-based digital polymerase chain reaction (cdPCR) chip structure. Using a wet etching process and silicon-glass bonding, the chamber size can be adjusted independently of the process and more feasibly in a normal lab. In addition, the structure of the chip is optimized through hydrodynamic computer simulations to eliminate dead space when the sample is injected into the chip. The samples will be distributed to each separated microchambers for an isolated reaction based on Poisson distribution. Due to the difference in expansion coefficients, isolation of the sample in the microchambers by the oil phase on top ensures homogeneity and independence of the sample in the microchambers. The prepared microarray cdPCR chip enables high-throughput and high-sensitivity quantitative measurement of the SARS-CoV-2 virus gene and the mutant lung cancer gene. We applied the chip for the detection of different concentrations of the mix containing the open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) gene, the most specific and conservative gene region of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition to this, we also successfully detected the fluorescence of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant gene in independent microchambers. At a throughput of 46 200 microchambers, solution mixtures containing both genes were successfully tested quantitatively, with a detection limit of 10 copies/μL. Importantly, the chips are individually inexpensive and easy to industrialize. In addition, the microarray can provide a unified solution for other viral sequences, cancer marker assay development, and point-of-care testing (POCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center
of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaru Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School
of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Tong Qi
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chunping Jia
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center
of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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