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Guo L, Zhao Y, Huang Q, Huang J, Tao Y, Chen J, Li HY, Liu H. Electrochemical protein biosensors for disease marker detection: progress and opportunities. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:65. [PMID: 38784375 PMCID: PMC11111687 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of artificial intelligence-enabled medical health care has created both opportunities and challenges for next-generation biosensor technology. Proteins are extensively used as biological macromolecular markers in disease diagnosis and the analysis of therapeutic effects. Electrochemical protein biosensors have achieved desirable specificity by using the specific antibody-antigen binding principle in immunology. However, the active centers of protein biomarkers are surrounded by a peptide matrix, which hinders charge transfer and results in insufficient sensor sensitivity. Therefore, electrode-modified materials and transducer devices have been designed to increase the sensitivity and improve the practical application prospects of electrochemical protein sensors. In this review, we summarize recent reports of electrochemical biosensors for protein biomarker detection. We highlight the latest research on electrochemical protein biosensors for the detection of cancer, viral infectious diseases, inflammation, and other diseases. The corresponding sensitive materials, transducer structures, and detection principles associated with such biosensors are also addressed generally. Finally, we present an outlook on the use of electrochemical protein biosensors for disease marker detection for the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanpeng Guo
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yunong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601 China
| | - Qing Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
- School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056 China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yanbing Tao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Hua-Yao Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Wenzhou Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325000 China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Xu B, Chang H, Yang G, Xu Z, Li J, Gu Z, Li J. An integrated wearable sticker based on extended-gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors for real-time cortisol detection in human sweat. Analyst 2024; 149:958-967. [PMID: 38197472 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Cortisol hormone imbalances can be detected through non-invasive sweat monitoring using field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors, which provide rapid and sensitive detection. However, challenges like skin compatibility and integration with sweat collection have hindered FET biosensors as wearable sensing platforms. In this study, we present an integrated wearable sticker for real-time cortisol detection based on an extended-gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) combined with a soft bottom substrate and flexible channel for sweat collection. The developed devices exhibit excellent linearity (R2 = 0.990) and a high sensitivity of 1.245 μA dec-1 for cortisol sensing from 1 nM to 100 μM in high-ionic-strength solution, with successful cortisol detection demonstrated using authentic human sweat samples. Additionally, the chip's microminiature design effectively reduces bending impact during the wearable process of traditional soft binding sweat sensors. The extendedgate structure design of the HEMT chip enhances both width-to-length ratio and active sensing area, resulting in an exceptionally low detection limit of 100 fM. Futhermore, due to GaN material's inherent stability, this device exhibits long-term stability with sustained performance within a certain attenuation range even after 60 days. These stickers possess small, lightweight, and portable features that enable real-time cortisol detection within 5 minutes through direct sweat collection. The application of this technology holds great potential in the field of personal health management, facilitating users to conveniently monitor their mental and physical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Xu
- The College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Chang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo Yang
- School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Li
- The College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiqi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiadong Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215125, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.
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Fauzi N, Mohd Asri RI, Mohamed Omar MF, Manaf AA, Kawarada H, Falina S, Syamsul M. Status and Prospects of Heterojunction-Based HEMT for Next-Generation Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:325. [PMID: 36838025 PMCID: PMC9966278 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High electron mobility transistor (HEMT) biosensors hold great potential for realizing label-free, real-time, and direct detection. Owing to their unique properties of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), HEMT biosensors have the ability to amplify current changes pertinent to potential changes with the introduction of any biomolecules, making them highly surface charge sensitive. This review discusses the recent advances in the use of AlGaN/GaN and AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT as biosensors in the context of different gate architectures. We describe the fundamental mechanisms underlying their operational functions, giving insight into crucial experiments as well as the necessary analysis and validation of data. Surface functionalization and biorecognition integrated into the HEMT gate structures, including self-assembly strategies, are also presented in this review, with relevant and promising applications discussed for ultra-sensitive biosensors. Obstacles and opportunities for possible optimization are also surveyed. Conclusively, future prospects for further development and applications are discussed. This review is instructive for researchers who are new to this field as well as being informative for those who work in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najihah Fauzi
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rahil Izzati Mohd Asri
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faiz Mohamed Omar
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Kawarada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- The Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Shaili Falina
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mohd Syamsul
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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Zhang H, Gan Y, Yang S, Sheng K, Wang P. Correction to: Low limit of detection of the AlGaN/GaN-based sensor by the Kelvin connection detection technique. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:57. [PMID: 34570839 PMCID: PMC8433301 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00278-7.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyuan Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Yang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuang Sheng
- College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
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