Sweat-gland carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation (SCAND): a clinicopathologic study of 13 cases with genetic analysis

Insulinoma-associated protein-1 (INSM-1) is a useful diagnostic marker for the evaluation of primary thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study of 27 cases

Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) immunohistochemistry has been established as a sensitive and reliable immunohistochemical marker for detecting neuroendocrine differentiation in tumors across various organ systems. However, this marker has not been adequately investigated in primary thymic neuroendocrine tumors. We have studied a series of 27 cases of primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the thymus, including 3 typical carcinoids, 18 atypical carcinoids, 4 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 2 small cell carcinomas. Immunostaining on whole tissue sections for INSM-1 was evaluated. Results of immunostaining for chromogranin and synaptophysin were also evaluated. 26/27 tumors (96%) demonstrated nuclear positivity for INSM1. 18 tumors (67%) showed strong and diffuse nuclear staining (3 +), 3 tumors (11%) moderate (2 +) nuclear staining, and 5 tumors (19%) showed weak (1 +) nuclear staining. The average percentage of tumor cells positive for INSM1 was 76%. Only one tumor, a small cell carcinoma, was negative. All tumors were positive for synaptophysin, and 26/27 (96%) were positive for chromogranin A. This study confirms that INSM1 immunohistochemistry is a sensitive marker of neuroendocrine differentiation in primary thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms and demonstrates similar performance characteristics compared to other organ systems. The nuclear staining with this marker offers the advantage of eliminating some of the ambiguity in the interpretation sometimes encountered with other markers. An added advantage is the consistent staining across the entire spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors of this organ.

Merkel cell carcinoma: updates in tumor biology, emerging therapies, and preclinical models

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma thought to arise via either viral (Merkel cell polyomavirus) or ultraviolet-associated pathways. Surgery and radiotherapy have historically been mainstays of management, and immunotherapy has improved outcomes for advanced disease. However, there remains a lack of effective therapy for those patients who fail to respond to these established approaches, underscoring a critical need to better understand MCC biology for more effective prognosis and treatment. Here, we review the fundamental aspects of MCC biology and the recent advances which have had profound impact on management. The first genetically-engineered mouse models for MCC tumorigenesis provide opportunities to understand the potential MCC cell of origin and may prove useful for preclinical investigation of novel therapeutics. The MCC cell of origin debate has also been advanced by recent observations of MCC arising in association with a clonally related hair follicle tumor or squamous cell carcinoma in situ. These studies also suggested a role for epigenetics in the origin of MCC, highlighting a potential utility for this therapeutic avenue in MCC. These and other therapeutic targets form the basis for a wealth of ongoing clinical trials to improve MCC management. Here, we review these recent advances in the context of the existing literature and implications for future investigations.

Recurrent GATA3 P409Afs*99 Frameshift Extension Mutations in Sweat-gland Carcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation

Sweat-gland carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation (SCAND) was recently proposed as a new cutaneous adnexal neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation; however, its genetics are not well known. Herein, we performed clinicopathologic and genetic analyses of 13 SCAND cases and 5 control cases of endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC). The SCAND group included 11 males and 2 females with a median age of 68 years (range, 50 to 80 y). All SCAND lesions occurred in the ventral trunk or genital area. Of the 13 SCAND cases, 9 and 5 exhibited lymph node and distant metastases, respectively. Three (23.1%) patients with SCAND died of the disease. In contrast, neither metastasis nor mortality was confirmed in the EMPSGC cases. Immunoexpression of the androgen receptor, c-Myb, and MUC2 was limited in SCAND, whereas EMPSGC frequently expressed these immunomarkers. GATA3 P409Afs*99 extension mutations were detected in 7 (53.8%) of the 13 SCAND cases, using Sanger or panel sequencing. All 7 SCAND cases with GATA3 mutations were located in the genital, inguinal, or lower abdominal regions, whereas 5 of the other 6 SCAND cases were located in the anterior upper to mid-trunk. No GATA3 mutations were detected in the EMPSGC cases (0/5, 0%). These clinicopathologic and genetic findings support SCAND as a tumor entity distinguishable from EMPSGC. In addition, the characteristic frameshift extension mutations in GATA3 contribute to the establishment of the tumor-type concept of SCAND.

Primary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with positive steroid hormone receptors arising in the inguinal skin: A case report of An exceedingly rare entity

INTRODUCTION

Neuroendocrine tumors usually arise from the gastrointestinal and pulmonary tracts and rarely from the skin. We report a unique case of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with positive steroid hormone receptors in the primary skin of the groin.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 79-year-old female presented with a lump in her left inguinal region for 15 years that grew gradually. The tumor cells were arranged in sheets, solid nests, and bands within a rich network of thin-walled capillaries. Mucin was abundant in the stroma, and the tumor cells exhibited high-grade lesions, significant necrosis, and frequent mitosis, with small scattered foci of low-grade components. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells diffusely and strongly expressed cytokeratin, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, GATA3, CAM5.2, and estrogen and progesterone receptors; partially expressed AR and GCDFP15.

DIAGNOSIS

Based on pathological morphology, and immunohistochemical staining, it was confirmed as Primary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with positive steroid hormone receptors arising in the inguinal skin. The patient underwent resection of the inguinal tumor and left inguinal lymph node dissection.

INTERVENTIONS

The patient has been followed up for 16 months and has not undergone further examinations or received additional treatment. There is no evidence of tumor recurrence at the site of the original surgical resection, and the patient general condition is satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONS

The morphology of this tumor is unique and previously unreported, further expanding the possible pathogenesis and histological morphologies of this tumor type.

Carcinoid-Like Cell Arrangements in Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Study of 11 Cases

Background. Carcinoid-like pattern in basal cell carcinoma is extremely rare and has only been documented in a textbook. The aim of this study is to reveal the characteristics of the carcinoid-like pattern in basal cell carcinoma as well as to establish the concept of the tumor pattern. Methods. Of 355 basal cell carcinoma cases (355 lesions of 308 patients), 11 tumors with histopathological features of carcinoid-like pattern were retrieved. Results. The patients included 5 males and 6 females with a median age of 73 years (range 38-86 years). Of the 11 lesions, 10 were observed on the head. Histopathologically, a carcinoid-like pattern with branching and anastomosing of trabecular structures was observed in 30% to 95% of the tumor area. No differentiation to sebocytes was observed in any of the tumors. The tumors were well-circumscribed, although 3 lesions contained an infiltrative-type component as well. The carcinoid-like pattern areas in all 11 lesions exhibited diffuse BerEP4 immunoexpression but no KIT, synaptophysin, or vimentin expression. Keratin 20-positive Merkel cells were not observed in the tumor areas. Conclusions. Basal cell carcinoma can show a carcinoid-like pattern cell arrangement. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings from our study, we collectively conclude that the carcinoid-like pattern in basal cell carcinoma does not seem to represent sebaceous mantle differentiation. Carcinoid-like pattern basal cell carcinoma can be distinguished from other tumors by the favorite site of the head, the co-existence of conventional basal cell carcinoma components, lack of sebaceous differentiation, and diffuse BerEP4 immunoexpression.

Cutaneous Neuroendocrine Mucinous Carcinomas Are Low-grade But May Be Associated With Other Cancers

Primary cutaneous mucinous sweat gland carcinoma is said to be prognostically stratifiable by neuroendocrine differentiation, however, this assertion is based on historical data and older staining techniques. We aimed to evaluate the percentage of mucinous and nonmucinous adnexal tumors expressing the newer, more sensitive neuroendocrine marker insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1), and to assess clinicopathologic features in patients cohorted by this phenotype. Of 12 available adnexal/cutaneous adenocarcinomas, 9 were mucinous, 3/9 of which were INSM1-negative, and 2/3 with nodal metastases. Of 3 nonmucinous cases, all were INSM1-negative, 1/3 with nodal metastasis, and 2/3 with lymphovascular invasion. In contrast, of 6 mucinous INSM1-positive cases, no cases had LVI or metastasis, however, 3 patients died during follow-up, 2 from breast or urothelial cancer. A fourth patient developed breast carcinoma. INSM1-positive tumors, from cheek (3), scalp (2), and chin (1) were estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positive. No cases of apocrine adenoma or hidrocystoma, basal cell, or sebaceous carcinoma labeled with INSM1. While most primary cutaneous mucinous carcinomas are of the neuroendocrine type, our study confirms the presence of occasional non-neuroendocrine mucinous carcinomas. We validate the association of such tumors and nonmucinous non-neuroendocrine adnexal carcinoma with intermediate-grade behavior, including lymph node metastases, but not death. Conversely, neuroendocrine expressing primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma may represent the well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm/neuroendocrine tumor primary to skin, with low-grade behavior, but attendant risk of germline susceptibility to other aggressive extracutaneous tumors. Routine assessment of cutaneous adnexal carcinoma with INSM1 and longer term follow-up and cancer screening of patients with positive staining is recommended.

Sweat Gland Carcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation of the Areola as a Potential Clinicopathologic Mimicker of Male Breast Carcinoma and Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum

ABSTRACT

Sweat gland carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation (SCAND) is a newly proposed tumor entity of primary cutaneous apocrine/eccrine adnexal tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation. The histopathologic variations are not yet well known. In this article, we present a case of SCAND mimicking male breast cancer and syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum. A 68-year-old man presented with a reddish 12-mm nodule on his left areola. No lymph node or distant metastases were observed. The patient was disease free 1 year and 9 months after the tumor was surgically resected but died of cerebral hemorrhage. Histopathological examination revealed a predominantly intradermal tumor with marked syringotropism, mimicking a component of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ. In addition, another tissue section displayed a cup-shaped papillated tumor with syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum-like features, which were also seen because of marked syringotropism. Diffuse immunoexpression of cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, INSM1, estrogen receptor, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, and GATA3 was observed in the tumor, but no BRAF immunoexpression was seen. The present case would help us to understand the histopathological variation and differential diagnosis of SCAND. The histopathological diagnosis of male breast cancer or syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum should be made by ruling out SCAND.

Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Skin/Conjunctiva: A Series of 6 Cases including 1 Combined Case With Squamous Cell Carcinoma

ABSTRACT

This study sought to reveal the clinicopathologic characteristics of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the skin/conjunctiva. The retrieved patients included 3 men and 3 women with a median age of 85 (63-95) years. All lesions occurred on the face, including the ears, with a median tumor size of 11.5 (7-65) mm. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 5 (83%) of 6 cases, and distant metastasis was noted in 2 (33%). One patient (17%) who had a 13-mm-sized tumor died of the tumor 13 months after excision. All tumors were mainly located in the dermis, and one of them also exhibited intraepithelial spreading. The cytology resembled that of an LCNEC in other organs. No adnexal differentiation was observed. Five cases were of the pure type, but one had a component of squamous cell carcinoma. Immunoreactivities for CAM5.2, CK7, CK19, BerEP4, epithelial membrane antigen, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, c-KIT, GATA3, and bcl-2 were frequently present, but CK20, neurofilament, Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen, mammaglobin, estrogen receptor, HER2, and TTF1 were completely negative in all cases. Mutant-pattern immunostaining of p53, PTEN, and Rb was frequently observed. The Ki67 rate exceeded 70% in all cases. LCNEC of the skin/conjunctiva is a morphologically-defined group of primary cutaneous/conjunctival neuroendocrine neoplasm, although it may be heterogeneous similar to other-site LCNEC or Merkel cell carcinoma. This study highlighted the predominant location for the face, high metastatic and lethal potential, possible combination with other tumor components, and frequent mutant-type immunoexpressions of p53, PTEN, and Rb in this tumor group.