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Qin C, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Leng Y, Ma J, Qin C, Cheng S, Xue L, Song K, Huang B. Secretory Nogo-B regulates Th2 differentiation in the lung cancer microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112763. [PMID: 39083925 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Nogo-B, a ubiquitously expressed member of the reticulon family, plays an important role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure, regulating protein folding, and calcium homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrate that Nogo-B expression and secretion are upregulated in lung cancer and correlate to overall survival. Nogo-B is secreted by various cells, particularly lung cancer cells. ER stress and phosphorylation at serine 107 can induce Nogo-B secretion. Secretory Nogo-B suppresses the differentiation of Th2 cells and the release of type 2 cytokines, thus influencing the anti-tumor effects of Th2-related immune cells, including IgE+B cell class switching and eosinophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfei Qin
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China; Department of Pathology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Wenxia Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China; Department of Pathology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Thoracics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Yang Leng
- Department of Thoracics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Chao Qin
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Shumin Cheng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China
| | - Ling Xue
- Department of Pathology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China.
| | - Kuangyu Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University China.
| | - Bihui Huang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University China.
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2
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Yamamoto V, Ha DP, Liu Z, Huang M, Samanta S, Neamati N, Lee AS. GRP78 inhibitor YUM70 upregulates 4E-BP1 and suppresses c-MYC expression and viability of oncogenic c-MYC tumors. Neoplasia 2024; 55:101020. [PMID: 38991376 PMCID: PMC11294750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The 78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) commonly upregulated in a wide variety of tumors is an important prognostic marker and a promising target for suppressing tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. While GRP78 is well established as a major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone with anti-apoptotic properties and a master regulator of the unfolded protein response, its new role as a regulator of oncoprotein expression is just emerging. MYC is dysregulated in about 70 % of human cancers and is the most commonly activated oncoprotein. However, despite recent advances, therapeutic targeting of MYC remains challenging. Here we identify GRP78 as a new target for suppression of MYC expression. Using multiple MYC-dependent cancer models including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and their cisplatin-resistant clones, breast and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, our studies revealed that GRP78 knockdown by siRNA or inhibition of its activity by small molecule inhibitors (YUM70 or HA15) reduced c-MYC expression, leading to onset of apoptosis and loss of cell viability. This was observed in 2D cell culture, 3D spheroid and in xenograft models. Mechanistically, we determined that the suppression of c-MYC is at the post-transcriptional level and that YUM70 and HA15 treatment potently upregulated the eukaryotic translation inhibitor 4E-BP1, which targets eIF4E critical for c-MYC translation initiation. Furthermore, knock-down of 4E-BP1 via siRNA rescued YUM70-mediated c-MYC suppression. As YUM70 is also capable of suppressing N-MYC expression, this study offers a new approach to suppress MYC protein expression through knockdown or inhibition of GRP78.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Dat P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Soma Samanta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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3
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Li S, Chen J, Zhou B. The clinical significance of endoplasmic reticulum stress related genes in non-small cell lung cancer and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism for CAV1. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1414164. [PMID: 39165641 PMCID: PMC11334084 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1414164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, protein homeostasis imbalance caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress has become a major hallmark of cancer. Studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress is closely related to the occurrence, development, and drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer, however, the role of various endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes in non-small cell lung cancer is still unclear. In this study, we established an endoplasmic reticulum stress scores based on the Cancer Genome Atlas for non-small cell lung cancer to reflect patient features and predict prognosis. Survival analysis showed significant differences in overall survival among non-small cell lung cancer patients with different endoplasmic reticulum stress scores. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum stress scores was significantly correlated with the clinical features of non-small cell lung cancer patients, and can be served as an independent prognostic indicator. A nomogram based on endoplasmic reticulum stress scores indicated a certain clinical net benefit, while ssGSEA analysis demonstrated that there was a certain immunosuppressive microenvironment in high endoplasmic reticulum stress scores. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that scores was associated with cancer pathways and metabolism. Finally, weighted gene co-expression network analysis displayed that CAV1 was closely related to the occurrence of non-small cell lung cancer. Therefore, in order to further analyze the role of this gene, Chinese non-smoking females were selected as the research subjects to investigate the relationship between CAV1 rs3779514 and susceptibility and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. The results showed that the mutation of rs3779514 significantly reduced the risk of non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese non-smoking females, but no prognostic effect was found. In summary, we proposed an endoplasmic reticulum stress scores, which was an independent prognostic factor and indicated immune characteristics in the microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer. We also validated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism locus of core genes and susceptibility to non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Baosen Zhou
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Center of Evidence-Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Tang Y, Pu X, Yuan X, Pang Z, Li F, Wang X. Targeting KRASG12D mutation in non-small cell lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:961-969. [PMID: 38734764 PMCID: PMC11257988 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Lung malignant tumors are a type of cancer with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for over 80% of all lung malignant tumors, and most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to poor prognosis. Over the past decades, various oncogenic driver alterations associated with lung cancer have been identified, each of which can potentially serve as a therapeutic target. Rat sarcoma (RAS) genes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancers, with Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) being the most common subtype. The role of KRAS oncogene in NSCLC is still not fully understood, and its impact on prognosis remains controversial. Despite the significant advancements in targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that have transformed the treatment landscape of advanced NSCLC in recent years, targeting KRAS (both directly and indirectly) remains challenging and is still under intensive research. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of targeted drugs targeting the NSCLC KRASG12C mutant subtype. However, research progress on target drugs for the more common KRASG12D subtype has been slow, and currently, no specific drugs have been approved for clinical use, and many questions remain to be answered, such as the mechanisms of resistance in this subtype of NSCLC, how to better utilize combination strategies with multiple treatment modalities, and whether KRASG12D inhibitors offer substantial efficacy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Pu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonghao Pang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Xiao X, Chen CB, Wu Z, Ye Y, Deng F, Cao Y, Liu P, Zhang M. Novel mutation in EFEMP1 identified from two Chinese POAG families differentially activated endoplasmic reticulum stress markers and induced glaucoma in mouse. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:45-58. [PMID: 38083999 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified two independent families diagnosed as POAG from the China with a novel EFEMP1 variant (Exon3, c.175A>C p.Met59Leu); Three previously reported variants c.1160G>A p.R387Q, c.1189T>C p.Y397H, and c.1429C>T p.R477C in EFEPM1 from 55 sporadic POAG individuals were also identified. The variant c.175A>C p.Met59Leu co-segregated with the disease phenotype within the families. Immunoprecipitation and western blot assays showed that all three EFEMP1 mutants (p.Met59Leu, pArg140Trp, pArg345Trp) increased intracellular protein aggregations, and pMet59Leu and pArg140Arg also enhanced their extracellular proteins secretion, compared to WT in HEK293T. The differential regulations to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers ATF4, GPR78/94, and CHOP, and differential phosphorylation activations to CREB at Ser133, AKT at Ser473, p44/42 at Thr202/Tyr204, and STAT3 at Tyr705, were also detected among the mutants and WT. Finally, we revealed a significant increment of intraocular pressure and obvious reduction of RGC cells at the sixth week following intravitreal injection of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) expressing in pMet59Leu compared to WT and GFP controls. Together, variant c.175A>C p.Met59Leu in EFEMP1 is pathogenic and different mutants in EFEMP1 triggered distinct signaling pathways, explaining the reason of mutation-dependent disease phenotypes of EFEMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Xiao
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Chong-Bo Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Zhenggen Wu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yuhang Ye
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Pingting Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
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Wang J, Zhang J, Guo Z, Hua H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Targeting HSP70 chaperones by rhein sensitizes liver cancer to artemisinin derivatives. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155156. [PMID: 37897861 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is one of common types of cancer with poor prognosis and limited therapies. Heat shock proteins (HSP) are molecular chaperones that have important roles in tumorigenesis, and emerging as therapeutic targets. Artemisinin and rhein are natural agents from Artemisia annua L. and Rheum undulatum L., respectively. Both rhein and artemisinin have anticancer effects; however, the molecular targets of rhein remain to be identified. It is also unclear whether rhein can synergize with artemisinin derivatives to inhibit liver cancer. PURPOSE We aim to identify the targets of rhein in the treatment of hepatocarcinoma and determine the effects of combining rhein and artemisinin derivatives on liver cancer cells. METHODS The targets of rhein were detected by mass spectrometry and validated by rhein-proteins interaction assays. The effects of rhein on the chaperone activity of HSP72/HSC70/GRP78 were determined by luciferase refolding assays. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by CCK8 and flow cytometry assays. For in vivo study, xenograft tumor models were established and treated with rhein and artesunate. Tumor growth was monitored regularly. RESULTS Mass spectrometry analysis of rhein-binding proteins in HepG2 cells revealed that HSP72, HSC70 and GRP78 were more profoundly pulled down by rhein-crosslinked sepharose 4B beads compared to the control beads. Further experiments demonstrated that rhein directly interacted with HSP72/HSC70/GRP78 proteins, and inhibit their activity of refolding denatured luciferase. Meanwhile, rhein induced proteasomal degradation of HIF1α and β-catenin. Artesunate or dihydroartemisinin in combination with knockdown of both HSP72 and HSC70 significantly inhibited cell viability. The HSP70/HSC70/GRP78 inhibitors VER-155,008 and rhein phenocopied HSP72/HSC70 knockdown, synergizing with artesunate or dihydroartemisinin to inhibit hepatocarcinoma cell viability. Combinatorial treatment with rhein and artemisinin derivatives significantly induced hepatocarcinoma cell apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates that rhein is a novel HSP72/HSC70/GRP78 inhibitor that suppresses the chaperone activity of HSP70s. Dual inhibition of HSP72 and HSC70 can enhance the sensitivity of hepatocarcinoma cells to artemisinin derivatives. Combined treatment with artemisinin derivative and rhein significantly inhibits hepatocarcinoma. Artemisinin derivatives in combination with dual inhibition of HSP72 and HSC70 represents a new approach to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Cancer center, Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Cancer center, Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zeyu Guo
- Cancer center, Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Cancer center, Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Cancer center, Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yangfu Jiang
- Cancer center, Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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7
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Guo W, Wang M, Yang Z, Liu D, Ma B, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Hu Y. Recent advances in small molecule and peptide inhibitors of glucose-regulated protein 78 for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115792. [PMID: 37690265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is one of key endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone proteins that regulates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain ER homeostasis. As a core factor in the regulation of the UPR, GRP78 takes a critical part in the cellular processes required for tumorigenesis, such as proliferation, metastasis, anti-apoptosis, immune escape and chemoresistance. Overexpression of GRP78 is closely correlated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in various malignant tumors. Targeting GRP78 is regarded as a potentially promising therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Although none of the GRP78 inhibitors have been approved to date, there have been several studies of GRP78 inhibitors. Herein, we comprehensively review the structure, physiological functions of GRP78 and the recent progress of GRP78 inhibitors, and discuss the structures, in vitro and in vivo efficacies, and merits and demerits of these inhibitors to inspire further research. Additionally, the feasibility of GRP78-targeting proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), disrupting GRP78 cochaperone interactions, or covalent inhibition are also discussed as novel strategies for drugs discovery targeting GRP78, with the hope that these strategies can provide new opportunities for targeted GRP78 antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Guo
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Manjie Wang
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhengfan Yang
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Danyang Liu
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Borui Ma
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- The Jointed National Laboratory of Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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8
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Gurri S, Siegenthaler B, Cangkrama M, Restivo G, Huber M, Saliba J, Dummer R, Blank V, Hohl D, Werner S. NRF3 suppresses squamous carcinogenesis, involving the unfolded protein response regulator HSPA5. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17761. [PMID: 37807968 PMCID: PMC10630885 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial skin cancers are extremely common, but the mechanisms underlying their malignant progression are still poorly defined. Here, we identify the NRF3 transcription factor as a tumor suppressor in the skin. NRF3 protein expression is strongly downregulated or even absent in invasively growing cancer cells of patients with basal and squamous cell carcinomas (BCC and SCC). NRF3 deficiency promoted malignant conversion of chemically induced skin tumors in immunocompetent mice, clonogenic growth and migration of human SCC cells, their invasiveness in 3D cultures, and xenograft tumor formation. Mechanistically, the tumor-suppressive effect of NRF3 involves HSPA5, a key regulator of the unfolded protein response, which we identified as a potential NRF3 interactor. HSPA5 levels increased in the absence of NRF3, thereby promoting cancer cell survival and migration. Pharmacological inhibition or knock-down of HSPA5 rescued the malignant features of NRF3-deficient SCC cells in vitro and in preclinical mouse models. Together with the strong expression of HSPA5 in NRF3-deficient cancer cells of SCC patients, these results suggest HSPA5 inhibition as a treatment strategy for these malignancies in stratified cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Gurri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Siegenthaler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Cangkrama
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gaetana Restivo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Huber
- Service of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James Saliba
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Blank
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Service of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Spaan CN, de Boer RJ, Smit WL, van der Meer JH, van Roest M, Vermeulen JL, Koelink PJ, Becker MA, Go S, Silva J, Faller WJ, van den Brink GR, Muncan V, Heijmans J. Grp78 is required for intestinal Kras-dependent glycolysis proliferation and adenomagenesis. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301912. [PMID: 37643866 PMCID: PMC10465924 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In development of colorectal cancer, mutations in APC are often followed by mutations in oncogene KRAS The latter changes cellular metabolism and is associated with the Warburg phenomenon. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) is an important regulator of the protein-folding machinery, involved in processing and localization of transmembrane proteins. We hypothesize that targeting Grp78 in Apc and Kras (AK)-mutant intestines interferes with the metabolic phenotype imposed by Kras mutations. In mice with intestinal epithelial mutations in Apc, Kras G12D and heterozygosity for Grp78 (AK-Grp78 HET ) adenoma number and size is decreased compared with AK-Grp78 WT mice. Organoids from AK-Grp78 WT mice exhibited a glycolysis metabolism which was completely rescued by Grp78 heterozygosity. Expression and correct localization of glucose transporter GLUT1 was diminished in AK-Grp78 HET cells. GLUT1 inhibition restrained the increased growth observed in AK-mutant organoids, whereas AK-Grp78 HET organoids were unaffected. We identify Grp78 as a critical factor in Kras-mutated adenomagenesis. This can be attributed to a critical role for Grp78 in GLUT1 expression and localization, targeting glycolysis and the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Spaan
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruben J de Boer
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Smit
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Hm van der Meer
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Lm Vermeulen
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marte Aj Becker
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simei Go
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joana Silva
- Department of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William J Faller
- Department of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jarom Heijmans
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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James AW, Bahader GA, Albassan M, Shah ZA. The ER chaperone, BIP protects Microglia from ER stress-mediated Apoptosis in Hyperglycemia. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105573. [PMID: 37454816 PMCID: PMC10528316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, binding of Immunoglobulin heavy chain protein (BIP) facilitates the assembly of newly synthesized proteins in the ER. Microglia vigorously respond to brain injuries and eliminate the damaged neuronal and apoptotic cells through phagocytosis in the central nervous system. However, the mechanism of BIP-mediated microglial function is not clear in hyperglycemia. We explored the molecular mechanism of BIP in microglial function during hyperglycemic conditions. Hyperglycemia was induced in mice by two consecutive intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ 100/kg) and confirmed by measuring the blood glucose from day 2 to day 14. After 14 days of experimental hyperglycemia, mice were sacrificed and brains were collected for ER chaperone expression. In-vitro hyperglycemia was induced by exposing HMC3 cells to 25 mM glucose for 5 days and proteins involved in ER stress, apoptosis, and autophagy were analyzed. In hyperglycemic conditions, BIP protein expression was dramatically reduced in HMC3 cells, which led to increased apoptosis through the activation of CHOP and mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad, and cleaved caspase-3). The flow cytometry results indicate hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Interestingly, the BIP inducer X restored the apoptosis in HMC3 cells by derepressing BIP expression and inhibiting ER stress. These results suggest that the ER chaperone BIP is required for the microglial function and protects from apoptosis in hyperglycemia. A better understanding of BIP's molecular mechanism and role in microglial function may contribute to developing novel therapies for microglia dysfunction-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonisamy William James
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mohammad Albassan
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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11
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Liu Z, Liu G, Ha DP, Wang J, Xiong M, Lee AS. ER chaperone GRP78/BiP translocates to the nucleus under stress and acts as a transcriptional regulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303448120. [PMID: 37487081 PMCID: PMC10400976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303448120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are commonly subjected to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To gain survival advantage, cancer cells exploit the adaptive aspects of the unfolded protein response such as upregulation of the ER luminal chaperone GRP78. The finding that when overexpressed, GRP78 can escape to other cellular compartments to gain new functions regulating homeostasis and tumorigenesis represents a paradigm shift. Here, toward deciphering the mechanisms whereby GRP78 knockdown suppresses EGFR transcription, we find that nuclear GRP78 is prominent in cancer and stressed cells and uncover a nuclear localization signal critical for its translocation and nuclear activity. Furthermore, nuclear GRP78 can regulate expression of genes and pathways, notably those important for cell migration and invasion, by interacting with and inhibiting the activity of the transcriptional repressor ID2. Our study reveals a mechanism for cancer cells to respond to ER stress via transcriptional regulation mediated by nuclear GRP78 to adopt an invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Guanlin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Dat P. Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Justin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of System Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA91010
| | - Amy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90033
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
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12
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Wang YF, Ma RX, Zou B, Li J, Yao Y, Li J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates autophagic response that is involved in Saikosaponin a-induced liver cell damage. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105534. [PMID: 36539104 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Saikosaponin a (Ssa) is an active ingredient of the Chinese herbal plant Radix Bupleuri (RB) and has severe hepatotoxicity. However, biomolecular mechanisms involved in Ssa-induced hepatotoxicity are not yet entirely clear. Previous studies reported that Ssd (an isomer of Ssa) as a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor can induce autophagy in apoptotic defective cells, leading to autophagy-dependent cell death. Therefore, we speculate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy may also play an important role in Ssa-induced hepatocyte death. This study aimed to explore the connection between ER stress and autophagy and Ssa-induced hepatotoxicity. Experiments in vitro showed that the cell viability of L-02 cells in the Ssa treatment group decreased, the level of autophagy marker LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin1 increased, the level of p62 decreased, the colocalization of autophagosome and lysosome increased, and the cell viability was significantly increased after the application of autophagy inhibitors 3-MA. In addition, SSa can induce ER stress in L-02 cells in vitro. Further studies demonstrated that SSa activated the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway, IRE1-TRAF2 pathway, ATF6 pathway, and AMPK/mTOR pathway associated with ER stress. Application of ER stress inhibitors 4-PBA can significantly down-regulate the level of autophagy and improve cell viability. Results of in vivo experiments showed that treatment with 150 and 300 mg/kg Ssa significantly elevated the liver/body weight ratio and caused histological injury in mice liver. Furthermore, Ssa treatment induced significantly downregulated p62 expression but upregulated LC3-II, CHOP, and GRP78 expression in mice livers. Taken together, our results showed that SSa can activate endoplasmic reticulum stress, promote toxic autophagy, and then induce cell death. We revealed an alternative mechanism involving autophagy and ERs, by which Ssa induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Feng Wang
- School of Public Health & Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Rui-Xia Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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13
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Zhao K, Zhou G, Liu Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu L, Zhang G. HSP70 Family in Cancer: Signaling Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances. Biomolecules 2023; 13:601. [PMID: 37189349 PMCID: PMC10136146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70s) are a group of highly conserved and inducible heat shock proteins. One of the main functions of HSP70s is to act as molecular chaperones that are involved in a large variety of cellular protein folding and remodeling processes. HSP70s are found to be over-expressed and may serve as prognostic markers in many types of cancers. HSP70s are also involved in most of the molecular processes of cancer hallmarks as well as the growth and survival of cancer cells. In fact, many effects of HSP70s on cancer cells are not only related to their chaperone activities but rather to their roles in regulating cancer cell signaling. Therefore, a number of drugs directly or indirectly targeting HSP70s, and their co-chaperones have been developed aiming to treat cancer. In this review, we summarized HSP70-related cancer signaling pathways and corresponding key proteins regulated by the family of HSP70s. In addition, we also summarized various treatment approaches and progress of anti-tumor therapy based on targeting HSP70 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guanyu Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lunxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong 999077, China
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14
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Alhasan B, Mikeladze M, Guzhova I, Margulis B. Autophagy, molecular chaperones, and unfolded protein response as promoters of tumor recurrence. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:217-254. [PMID: 36723697 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is a paradoxical function of a machinery, whereby a small proportion of the cancer cell population enters a resistant, dormant state, persists long-term in this condition, and then transitions to proliferation. The dormant phenotype is typical of cancer stem cells, tumor-initiating cells, disseminated tumor cells, and drug-tolerant persisters, which all demonstrate similar or even equivalent properties. Cancer cell dormancy and its conversion to repopulation are regulated by several protein signaling systems that inhibit or induce cell proliferation and provide optimal interrelations between cancer cells and their special niche; these systems act in close connection with tumor microenvironment and immune response mechanisms. During dormancy and reawakening periods, cell proteostasis machineries, autophagy, molecular chaperones, and the unfolded protein response are recruited to protect refractory tumor cells from a wide variety of stressors and therapeutic insults. Proteostasis mechanisms functionally or even physically interfere with the main regulators of tumor relapse, and the significance of these interactions and implications in the tumor recurrence phases are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Alhasan
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Marina Mikeladze
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Guzhova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris Margulis
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Huang S, Chu Q. KRAS Mutations in Solid Tumors: Characteristics, Current Therapeutic Strategy, and Potential Treatment Exploration. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020709. [PMID: 36675641 PMCID: PMC9861148 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) gene is one of the most common mutated oncogenes in solid tumors. Yet, KRAS inhibitors did not follow suit with the development of targeted therapy, for the structure of KRAS has been considered as being implausible to target for decades. Chemotherapy was the initial recommended therapy for KRAS-mutant cancer patients, which was then replaced by or combined with immunotherapy. KRAS G12C inhibitors became the most recent breakthrough in targeted therapy, with Sotorasib being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) based on its significant efficacy in multiple clinical studies. However, the subtypes of the KRAS mutations are complex, and the development of inhibitors targeting non-G12C subtypes is still at a relatively early stage. In addition, the monotherapy of KRAS inhibitors has accumulated possible resistance, acquiring the exploration of combination therapies or next-generation KRAS inhibitors. Thus, other non-target, conventional therapies have also been considered as being promising. Here in this review, we went through the characteristics of KRAS mutations in cancer patients, and the prognostic effect that it poses on different therapies and advanced therapeutic strategy, as well as cutting-edge research on the mechanisms of drug resistance, tumor development, and the immune microenvironment.
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16
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Ha DP, Huang B, Wang H, Rangel DF, Van Krieken R, Liu Z, Samanta S, Neamati N, Lee AS. Targeting GRP78 suppresses oncogenic KRAS protein expression and reduces viability of cancer cells bearing various KRAS mutations. Neoplasia 2022; 33:100837. [PMID: 36162331 PMCID: PMC9516447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancers with limited therapeutic options, thus there is a critical need to identify novel targets and inhibiting agents. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein GRP78, which is upregulated in KRAS cancers, is an essential chaperone and the master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Following up on our recent discoveries that GRP78 haploinsufficiency suppresses both KRASG12D-driven pancreatic and lung tumorigenesis, we seek to determine the underlying mechanisms. Here, we report that knockdown of GRP78 via siRNA reduced oncogenic KRAS protein level in human lung, colon, and pancreatic cancer cells bearing various KRAS mutations. This effect was at the post-transcriptional level and is independent of proteasomal degradation or autophagy. Moreover, targeting GRP78 via small molecule inhibitors such as HA15 and YUM70 with anti-cancer activities while sparing normal cells significantly suppressed oncogenic KRAS expression in vitro and in vivo, associating with onset of apoptosis and loss of viability in cancer cells bearing various KRAS mutations. Collectively, our studies reveal that GRP78 is a previously unidentified regulator of oncogenic KRAS expression, and, as such, augments the other anti-cancer activities of GRP78 small molecule inhibitors to potentially achieve general, long-term suppression of mutant KRAS-driven tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat P Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Daisy Flores Rangel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Richard Van Krieken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Soma Samanta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center.
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