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Wang S, Wei Z, Shu H, Xu Y, Fan Z, Shuang S, Li P, Lu P, Ye C. Early diagnosis and prognostic potential of RAC3 in bladder tumor. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:475-482. [PMID: 37728806 PMCID: PMC10808170 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bladder tumors are among the most prevalent malignancies in the urinary system, and RAC3 has been linked to various types of cancer. This article seeks to explore the potential of RAC3 as both an early diagnostic marker for bladder tumors and a novel therapeutic target. METHODS/PATIENTS The expression of RAC3 in bladder tissue was detected using immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, the protein expression of RAC3 was measured and quantified through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, the correlation between the expression level of RAC3 and bladder tumors was investigated through multifactorial analysis and survival analysis. RESULTS Our findings revealed that RAC3 expression was upregulated in bladder tumor tissues. Moreover, we observed higher levels of RAC3 expression in the serum and urine of patients with bladder tumors compared to those with non-bladder tumors. Additionally, we identified a significant positive correlation between RAC3 expression levels and the stage, degree of differentiation, and infiltration of bladder tumors. Importantly, high RAC3 expression emerged as an influential factor in the poor prognosis of bladder tumors, as patients with high RAC3 expression exhibited a lower overall survival rate than those with low RAC3 expression. CONCLUSION Based on our results, RAC3 shows promise as both a marker for early diagnosis of bladder tumors and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Postgraduate Training Base of Xiaogan Central Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Zhuo Wei
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Hui Shu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Yandong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Zheqi Fan
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Songtao Shuang
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China
| | - Pan Lu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China.
| | - Chang Ye
- Postgraduate Training Base of Xiaogan Central Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Xiaogan, 432000, China.
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Xiaogan, Xiaogan, 432000, China.
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2
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Wu D, Bi X, Chow KHM. Identification of female-enriched and disease-associated microglia (FDAMic) contributes to sexual dimorphism in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:1. [PMID: 38178204 PMCID: PMC10765928 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most common form of dementia; it disproportionally affects women in terms of both incidence rates and severity of progression. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this clinical phenomenon remain elusive and ill-defined. METHODS In-depth analyses were performed with multiple human LOAD single-nucleus transcriptome datasets to thoroughly characterize cell populations in the cerebral cortex. ROSMAP bulk human brain tissue transcriptome and DNA methylome datasets were also included for validation. Detailed assessments of microglial cell subpopulations and their relevance to sex-biased changes at the tissue level were performed. Clinical trait associations, cell evolutionary trajectories, and transcription regulon analyses were conducted. RESULTS The relative numbers of functionally defective microglia were aberrantly increased uniquely among affected females. Substratification of the microglia into different subtypes according to their transcriptomic signatures identified a group of female-enriched and disease-associated microglia (FDAMic), the numbers of which were positively associated with disease severity. Phenotypically, these cells exhibit transcriptomic signatures that support active proliferation, MHC class II autoantigen presentation and amyloid-β binding, but they are also likely defective in phagocytosis. FDAMic are likely evolved from female activated response microglia (ARMic) with an APOE4 background and compromised estrogen receptor (ER) signaling that is deemed to be active among most subtypes of microglia. CONCLUSION This study offered important insights at both the cellular and molecular levels into how ER signaling affects microglial heterogeneity and function. FDAMic are associated with more advanced pathologies and severe trends of cognitive decline. Their emergence could, at least in part, explain the phenomenon of greater penetrance of the APOE4 genotype found in females. The biases of FDAMic emergence toward female sex and APOE4 status may also explain why hormone replacement therapy is more effective in APOE4 carriers. The pathologic nature of FDAMic suggests that selective modulations of these cells may help to regain brain neuroimmune homeostasis, serving as a new target for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Kim Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
- Nexus of Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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3
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Crespo GV, Ortiz J, O'Farrill EH, Vlaar CP, Inyushin M, Kucheryavykh Y, Kucheryavykh L. The Rac inhibitor HV-107 as a potential therapeutic for metastatic breast cancer. Mol Med 2023; 29:75. [PMID: 37316799 PMCID: PMC10268403 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significant challenge in treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lies in its high rate of distant metastasis. To address this, inhibiting metastasis formation in TNBC is vital. Rac is a key player in cancer metastasis. Previously, we developed Ehop-016, a Rac inhibitor that successfully reduced tumor growth and metastasis in mice. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of HV-107, a derivative of Ehop-016, in inhibiting TNBC metastasis at lower doses. METHODS Rho GTPases activity assays were performed with the use of GST-PAK beads and Rac, Rho, and Cdc42 GLISA. Cell viability was assessed through trypan blue exclusion and MTT assays. Cell cycle analysis was conducted using flow cytometry. To evaluate invading capabilities, transwell assays and invadopodia formation assays were performed. Metastasis formation studies were conducted using a breast cancer xenograft mouse model. RESULTS HV-107 inhibited Rac activity by 50% in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells at concentrations of 250-2000 nM, leading to a 90% decrease in invasion and invadopodia activity. Concentrations of 500 nM and above caused dose-dependent reductions in cell viability, resulting in up to 20% cell death after 72 h. Concentrations exceeding 1000 nM upregulated PAK1, PAK2, FAK, Pyk2, Cdc42, and Rho signallings, while Pyk2 was downregulated at 100-500 nM. Through in vitro experiments, optimal concentrations of HV-107 ranging from 250 to 500 nM were identified, effectively inhibiting Rac activity and invasion while minimizing off-target effects. In a breast cancer xenograft model, administration of 5 mg/kg HV-107 (administered intraperitoneally, 5 days a week) reduced Rac activity by 20% in tumors and decreased metastasis by 50% in the lungs and liver. No observed toxicity was noted at the tested doses. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that HV-107 exhibits promising potential as a therapeutic medication utilizing Rac inhibition mechanisms to address metastasis formation in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Velez Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
| | - Jescelica Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Eliud Hernández O'Farrill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Cornelis P Vlaar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Mikhail Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Yuriy Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Lilia Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
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4
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Drula R, Pardini B, Fu X, De los Santos MC, Jurj A, Pang L, El-Daly SM, Fabris L, Knutsen E, Dragomir MP, Bayraktar R, Li Y, Chen M, Del Vecchio F, Berland L, Dae J, Fan D, Shimizu M, Tran AM, Barzi M, Pioppini C, Gutierrez AM, Ivan C, Meas S, Hall CS, Alahari SK, Berindan-Neagoe I, Fabbri M, Lucci A, Arun B, Anfossi S, Calin GA. 17β-estradiol promotes extracellular vesicle release and selective miRNA loading in ERα-positive breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2122053120. [PMID: 37252969 PMCID: PMC10266002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122053120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The causes and consequences of abnormal biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not yet well understood in malignancies, including in breast cancers (BCs). Given the hormonal signaling dependence of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC, we hypothesized that 17β-estradiol (estrogen) might influence EV production and microRNA (miRNA) loading. We report that physiological doses of 17β-estradiol promote EV secretion specifically from ER+ BC cells via inhibition of miR-149-5p, hindering its regulatory activity on SP1, a transcription factor that regulates the EV biogenesis factor nSMase2. Additionally, miR-149-5p downregulation promotes hnRNPA1 expression, responsible for the loading of let-7's miRNAs into EVs. In multiple patient cohorts, we observed increased levels of let-7a-5p and let-7d-5p in EVs derived from the blood of premenopausal ER+ BC patients, and elevated EV levels in patients with high BMI, both conditions associated with higher levels of 17β-estradiol. In brief, we identified a unique estrogen-driven mechanism by which ER+ BC cells eliminate tumor suppressor miRNAs in EVs, with effects on modulating tumor-associated macrophages in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rares Drula
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o FPO-IRCCS Candiolo, 10060Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060Candiolo, Italy
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi, China
| | - Mireia Cruz De los Santos
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164Solna, Sweden
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Sherien M. El-Daly
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo12622, Egypt
| | - Linda Fabris
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Erik Knutsen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT, The Artic University of Norway, N-9037Tromso, Norway
- Centre for Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, N-9037Tromso, Norway
| | - Mihnea P. Dragomir
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10178Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120Heidelberg, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178Berlin, Germany
| | - Recep Bayraktar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Filippo Del Vecchio
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, Honolulu, HI96813
| | - Léa Berland
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Research Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215
| | - Jessica Dae
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Daniel Fan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Masayoshi Shimizu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Anh M. Tran
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Chemistry, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA01075
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Carlotta Pioppini
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelica M. Gutierrez
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Salyna Meas
- Breast Surgical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Carolyn S. Hall
- Breast Surgical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Suresh K. Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA70112
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Muller Fabbri
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, Honolulu, HI96813
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Hospital, WashingtonDC20010
| | - Anthony Lucci
- Breast Surgical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Banu Arun
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Simone Anfossi
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
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5
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Khalid E, Chang JP. Small GTPase control of pituitary hormone secretion: Evidence from studies in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) neuroendocrine model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 339:114287. [PMID: 37060929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The secretion of vertebrate pituitary hormones is regulated by multiple hypothalamic factors, which, while generally activating unique receptor systems, ultimately propagate signals through interacting intracellular regulatory elements to modulate hormone exocytosis. One important family of intracellular regulators is the monomeric small GTPases, a subset of which (Arf1/6, Rac, RhoA, and Ras) is highly conserved across vertebrates and regulates secretory vesicle exocytosis in many cell types. In this study, we investigated the roles of these small GTPases in basal and agonist-dependent hormone release from dispersed goldfish (Carassius auratus) pituitary cells in perifusion experiments. Inhibition of these small GTPases elevated basal LH and GH secretion, except for Ras inhibition which only increased basal LH release. However, variable responses were observed with regard to LH and GH responses to the two goldfish native gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH2 and GnRH3). GnRH-dependent LH release, but not GH secretion, was mediated by Arf1/6 GTPases. In contrast, inhibition of Rac and RhoA GTPases selectively enhanced GnRH3- and GnRH2-dependent GH release, respectively, while Ras inhibition only enhanced GnRH3-evoked LH secretion. Together, our results reveal novel divergent cell-type- and ligand-specific roles for small GTPases in the control of goldfish pituitary hormone exocytosis in unstimulated and GnRH-evoked release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enezi Khalid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9.
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6
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Chen F, Gurler SB, Novo D, Selli C, Alferez DG, Eroglu S, Pavlou K, Zhang J, Sims AH, Humphreys NE, Adamson A, Campbell A, Sansom OJ, Tournier C, Clarke RB, Brennan K, Streuli CH, Ucar A. RAC1B function is essential for breast cancer stem cell maintenance and chemoresistance of breast tumor cells. Oncogene 2023; 42:679-692. [PMID: 36599922 PMCID: PMC9957727 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) are presumed to be responsible for treatment resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis of breast tumors. However, development of BCSC-targeting therapies has been held back by their heterogeneity and the lack of BCSC-selective molecular targets. Here, we demonstrate that RAC1B, the only known alternatively spliced variant of the small GTPase RAC1, is expressed in a subset of BCSCs in vivo and its function is required for the maintenance of BCSCs and their chemoresistance to doxorubicin. In human breast cancer cell line MCF7, RAC1B is required for BCSC plasticity and chemoresistance to doxorubicin in vitro and for tumor-initiating abilities in vivo. Unlike Rac1, Rac1b function is dispensable for normal mammary gland development and mammary epithelial stem cell (MaSC) activity. In contrast, loss of Rac1b function in a mouse model of breast cancer hampers the BCSC activity and increases their chemosensitivity to doxorubicin treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that RAC1B is a clinically relevant molecular target for the development of BCSC-targeting therapies that may improve the effectiveness of doxorubicin-mediated chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhui Chen
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sevim B. Gurler
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Novo
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cigdem Selli
- grid.470904.e0000 0004 0496 2805Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Denis G. Alferez
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Breast Biology Group, Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Secil Eroglu
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kyriaki Pavlou
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew H. Sims
- grid.470904.e0000 0004 0496 2805Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil E. Humphreys
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Antony Adamson
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Genome Editing Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Campbell
- grid.23636.320000 0000 8821 5196Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- grid.23636.320000 0000 8821 5196Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cathy Tournier
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B. Clarke
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Breast Biology Group, Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Charles H. Streuli
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ahmet Ucar
- Manchester Breast Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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7
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Allahyari E, Velaei K, Sanaat Z, Jalilzadeh N, Mehdizadeh A, Rahmati M. RNA interference: Promising approach for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cell Biol Int 2022; 47:833-847. [PMID: 36571107 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Today, cancer is one of the main health-related challenges, and in the meantime, breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers among women, with an alarming number of incidences and deaths every year. For this reason, the discovery of novel and more effective approaches for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of the disease are very important. In this regard, scientists are looking for diagnostic molecules to achieve the above-mentioned goals with higher accuracy and specificity. RNA interference (RNAi) is a posttranslational regulatory process mediated by microRNA intervention and small interfering RNAs. After transcription and edition, these two noncoding RNAs are integrated and activated with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and AGO2 to connect the target mRNA by their complementary sequence and suppress their translation, thus reducing the expression of their target genes. These two RNAi categories show different patterns in different BC types and stages compared to healthy cells, and hence, these molecules have high diagnostic, monitoring, and therapeutic potentials. This article aims to review the RNAi pathway and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials with a special focus on BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Allahyari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kobra Velaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical, Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sanaat
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Jalilzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Rac Inhibition Causes Impaired GPVI Signalling in Human Platelets through GPVI Shedding and Reduction in PLCγ2 Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073746. [PMID: 35409124 PMCID: PMC8998833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a small Rho GTPase that is activated in platelets upon stimulation with various ligands, including collagen and thrombin, which are ligands for the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) receptor and the protease-activated receptors, respectively. Rac1-deficient murine platelets have impaired lamellipodia formation, aggregation, and reduced PLCγ2 activation, but not phosphorylation. The objective of our study is to investigate the role of Rac1 in GPVI-dependent human platelet activation and downstream signalling. Therefore, we used human platelets stimulated using GPVI agonists (collagen and collagen-related peptide) in the presence of the Rac1-specific inhibitor EHT1864 and analysed platelet activation, aggregation, spreading, protein phosphorylation, and GPVI clustering and shedding. We observed that in human platelets, the inhibition of Rac1 by EHT1864 had no significant effect on GPVI clustering on collagen fibres but decreased the ability of platelets to spread or aggregate in response to GPVI agonists. Additionally, in contrast to what was observed in murine Rac1-deficient platelets, EHT1864 enhanced GPVI shedding in platelets and reduced the phosphorylation levels of PLCγ2 following GPVI activation. In conclusion, Rac1 activity is required for both human and murine platelet activation in response to GPVI-ligands, but Rac1's mode of action differs between the two species.
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