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Liu H, Jiang C, Peng J, Hu X, Xia Y. Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells-Overexpressed Ku70 Improves Neurological Deficits in a Mice Model of Cerebral Ischemia Stroke. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:718-731. [PMID: 38063947 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease, which is related to DNA damage. Many researches have shown that Ku70 is a key regulator for DNA damage. Here, we aimed to explore Ku70 roles in cerebral ischemic stroke and its potential molecular mechanism. In our study, neural stem cells (NSCs) were induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) for constructing cerebral ischemic stroke cell model. CCK8 assay, Brdu/GFP staining, flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were performed to examine cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, respectively. Relative mRNA and protein levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Ku70 positive cells were examined by immunofluorescence staining. Comet assay was employed to determine DNA damage. Animal experiments were performed to assess the effect of transplanting NSCs and Ku70-overexpressed NSCs on neurological deficits, infarct volume, brain edema and blood‒brain barrier (BBB) integrity in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Our data found that Ku70 expression was decreased in NSCs after OGD/R. Overexpression of Ku70 reduced DNA damage and apoptosis of OGD/R-induced NSCs. Knockdown of Ku70 promoted the activity of ATM/p53. Moreover, KU60019 (ATM-specific inhibitor) reversed the promoting effects of Ku70 silencing on DNA damage and apoptosis in OGD/R-induced NSCs. In animal experiments, transplantation of NSCs-overexpressed Ku70 enhanced cell survival, improved motor function, reduced infarct volume, relieved brain edema and alleviated BBB dysfunction in MCAO mice models. In conclusion, Ku70 overexpression repressed the DNA damage and apoptosis in OGD/R-induced NSCs by regulating ATM/p53 pathway, and transplantation of NSCs-overexpressed Ku70 played neuroprotective effects in MCAO mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, 570203, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Chonghua Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, No.43, People's Avenue, Haidian Island, 570203, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, No.43, People's Avenue, Haidian Island, 570203, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiqi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, No.43, People's Avenue, Haidian Island, 570203, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University, No.43, People's Avenue, Haidian Island, 570203, Haikou City, Hainan Province, P.R. China.
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Udroiu I, Marinaccio J, Sgura A. Effects of p53 and ATRX inhibition on telomeric recombination in aging fibroblasts. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1322438. [PMID: 38333682 PMCID: PMC10850245 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1322438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to avoid replicative senescence, tumor cells must acquire a telomere maintenance mechanism. Beside telomerase activation, a minority of tumors employs a recombinational mechanism called Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Several studies have investigated the potential ALT stimulation by inactivation of ATRX in tumor cells, obtaining contrasting results. Differently, since ALT can be viewed as a mechanism to overcome telomere shortening-mediated replicative senescence, we have investigated the effects of the inhibition of ATRX and p53 in aging primary fibroblasts. We observed that senescence leads to a phenotype that seems permissive for ALT activity, i.e. high levels of ALT-associated PML bodies (APB), telomeric damage and telomeric cohesion. On the other hand, RAD51 is highly repressed and thus telomeric recombination, upon which the ALT machinery relies, is almost absent. Silencing of ATRX greatly increases telomeric recombination in young cells, but is not able to overcome senescence-induced repression of homologous recombination. Conversely, inhibition of both p53 and ATRX leads to a phenotype reminiscent of some aspects of ALT activity, with a further increase of APB, a decrease of telomere shortening (and increased proliferation) and, above all, an increase of telomeric recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Udroiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università “Roma Tre“, Rome, Italy
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3
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Udroiu I, Marinaccio J, Sgura A. Inhibition of p53 and ATRX increases telomeric recombination in primary fibroblasts. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1683-1698. [PMID: 37499040 PMCID: PMC10476563 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length can be maintained either by the telomerase enzyme or by alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), which is based on telomeric recombination. However, both mechanisms are inactive in most human somatic cells. ATRX has been previously identified as an ALT repressor gene. Nonetheless, TP53 is also deficient in most ALT cell lines, and previous works showed that it is an inhibitor of homologous recombination (HR). Despite this, the role of p53 as an ALT repressor has not been previously examined. Therefore, we investigated the effects of p53 and ATRX inhibition on normal human fibroblasts (devoid of any mutation), in the presence or absence of X-ray-induced telomeric damage. Performing immunofluorescence with antibodies for RAD51, H2AX, and TRF1 (for studying HR-mediated DNA damage repair) and CO-FISH (for telomeric sister chromatid exchanges), we observed that HR is a normal mechanism for the repair of telomeric damage, present also in noncancer cells. Moreover, we discovered that telomeric HR, as for HR in general, is significantly inhibited by p53. Indeed, we observed that inhibition of p53 drastically increases telomeric sister chromatid exchanges. We also confirmed that ATRX inhibition increases telomeric recombination. In particular, we observed an increase in crossover products, but a much higher increase in noncrossover products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Udroiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università "Roma Tre", Italy
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Panova VV, Dolinnaya NG, Novoselov KA, Savitskaya VY, Chernykh IS, Kubareva EA, Alexeevski AV, Zvereva MI. Conserved G-Quadruplex-Forming Sequences in Mammalian TERT Promoters and Their Effect on Mutation Frequency. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1478. [PMID: 37511853 PMCID: PMC10381784 DOI: 10.3390/life13071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in the promoter region of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene have been identified in many types of cancer. The hTERT promoter is known to be enriched with sequences that enable the formation of G-quadruplex (G4) structures, whose presence is associated with elevated mutagenicity and genome instability. Here, we used a bioinformatics tool (QGRS mapper) to search for G4-forming sequences (G4 motifs) in the 1000 bp TERT promoter regions of 141 mammalian species belonging to 20 orders, 5 of which, including primates and predators, contain more than 10 species. Groups of conserved G4 motifs and single-nucleotide variants within these groups were discovered using a block alignment approach (based on the Nucleotide PanGenome explorer). It has been shown that: (i) G4 motifs are predominantly located in the region proximal to the transcription start site (up to 400 bp) and are over-represented on the non-coding strand of the TERT promoters, (ii) 11 to 22% of the G4 motifs found are evolutionarily conserved across the related organisms, and (iii) a statistically significant higher frequency of nucleotide substitutions in the conserved G4 motifs compared to the surrounding regions was confirmed only for the order Primates. These data support the assumption that G4s can interfere with the DNA repair process and affect the evolutionary adaptation of organisms and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Panova
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nina G Dolinnaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kirill A Novoselov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktoriia Yu Savitskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ivan S Chernykh
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Elena A Kubareva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrei V Alexeevski
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Department of Mathematics, Scientific Research Institute for System Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovskii Prospekt 36-1, Moscow 117218, Russia
| | - Maria I Zvereva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Parvin S, Akter J, Takenobu H, Katai Y, Satoh S, Okada R, Haruta M, Mukae K, Wada T, Ohira M, Ando K, Kamijo T. ATM depletion induces proteasomal degradation of FANCD2 and sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to PARP inhibitors. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:313. [PMID: 37020276 PMCID: PMC10077671 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic alterations, including loss of function in chromosome band 11q22-23, are frequently observed in neuroblastoma, which is the most common extracranial childhood tumour. In neuroblastoma, ATM, a DNA damage response-associated gene located on 11q22-23, has been linked to tumorigenicity. Genetic changes in ATM are heterozygous in most tumours. However, it is unclear how ATM is associated with tumorigenesis and cancer aggressiveness. METHODS To elucidate its molecular mechanism of action, we established ATM-inactivated NGP and CHP-134 neuroblastoma cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The knock out cells were rigorously characterized by analyzing proliferation, colony forming abilities and responses to PARP inhibitor (Olaparib). Western blot analyses were performed to detect different protein expression related to DNA repair pathway. ShRNA lentiviral vectors were used to knockdown ATM expression in SK-N-AS and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. ATM knock out cells were stably transfected with FANCD2 expression plasmid to over-expressed the FANCD2. Moreover, knock out cells were treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 to determine the protein stability of FANCD2. FANCD2, RAD51 and γH2AX protein expressions were determined by Immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Haploinsufficient ATM resulted in increased proliferation (p < 0.01) and cell survival following PARP inhibitor (olaparib) treatment. However, complete ATM knockout decreased proliferation (p < 0.01) and promoted cell susceptibility to olaparib (p < 0.01). Complete loss of ATM suppressed the expression of DNA repair-associated molecules FANCD2 and RAD51 and induced DNA damage in neuroblastoma cells. A marked downregulation of FANCD2 expression was also observed in shRNA-mediated ATM-knockdown neuroblastoma cells. Inhibitor experiments demonstrated that the degradation of FANCD2 was regulated at the protein level through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Reintroduction of FANCD2 expression is sufficient to reverse decreased proliferation mediated by ATM depletion. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the molecular mechanism underlying ATM heterozygosity in neuroblastomas and elucidated that ATM inactivation enhances the susceptibility of neuroblastoma cells to olaparib treatment. These findings might be useful in the treatment of high-risk NB patients showing ATM zygosity and aggressive cancer progression in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Parvin
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Jesmin Akter
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hisanori Takenobu
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yutaka Katai
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Shunpei Satoh
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Ryu Okada
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masayuki Haruta
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Mukae
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Tomoko Wada
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Miki Ohira
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Ando
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan.
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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Aguilera P, López-Contreras AJ. ATRX, a guardian of chromatin. Trends Genet 2023; 39:505-519. [PMID: 36894374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
ATRX (alpha-thalassemia mental retardation X-linked) is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancers, especially in glioma, and recent findings indicate roles for ATRX in key molecular pathways, such as the regulation of chromatin state, gene expression, and DNA damage repair, placing ATRX as a central player in the maintenance of genome stability and function. This has led to new perspectives about the functional role of ATRX and its relationship with cancer. Here, we provide an overview of ATRX interactions and molecular functions and discuss the consequences of its impairment, including alternative lengthening of telomeres and therapeutic vulnerabilities that may be exploited in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla - Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
| | - Andrés J López-Contreras
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla - Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
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7
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Ognibene M, Cangelosi D, Sorrentino S, Zanardi S, Zara F, Pezzolo A, Parodi S. E2F3 gene expression is a potential negative prognostic marker for localised and MYCN not-amplified neuroblastoma: Results of in silico analysis of 786 samples. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29800. [PMID: 35652628 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) is an enigmatic childhood malignancy characterised by a wide range of clinical behaviour. Many potential oncogenes for NB have recently been identified. Among them, E2 transcription factor 3 (E2F3) expression was associated with a poor survival in 134 stage 4S patients, but evidence for other stage groups remains poorly investigated. METHODS We have analysed the expression of E2F3 gene from a database of 786 NB samples. Overall and event-free survivals (EFS) were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method, splitting the data on the median and tertile expression values. The Cox model was applied to control for the confounding by stage, age and MYCN amplification. Validation was performed by an in silico analysis of an independent cohort of 283 NB patients. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence analysis on 48 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NB specimens was also performed. RESULTS E2F3 overexpression was associated with a poor survival (EFS = 84%, 95% CI: 79%-95%, for low expression levels; EFS = 62%, 95% CI: 56%-68% for middle levels; EFS = 30%, 95% CI: 24%-36%, for high levels, p < .001). This association was confirmed in multivariable analysis and was more evident in patients with MYCN not-amplified and localised stages. Immunofluorescence results and the validation on an independent cohort of NB primary samples confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS E2F3 is a new potential prognostic marker in NB with favourable characteristics at diagnosis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential role of E2F3 in NB oncogenesis and progression, in order to identify new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Ognibene
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Cangelosi
- Unità di Bioinformatica Clinica, Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sorrentino
- U.O.C. Divisione di Oncologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Zanardi
- U.O.S.I.D. Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Parodi
- Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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Yu EY, Cheung NKV, Lue NF. Connecting telomere maintenance and regulation to the developmental origin and differentiation states of neuroblastoma tumor cells. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:117. [PMID: 36030273 PMCID: PMC9420296 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature that distinguishes clinically high-risk neuroblastoma from low-risk tumors is telomere maintenance. Specifically, neuroblastoma tumors with either active telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres exhibit aggressive growth characteristics that lead to poor outcomes, whereas tumors without telomere maintenance can be managed with observation or minimal treatment. Even though the need for cancer cells to maintain telomere DNA-in order to sustain cell proliferation-is well established, recent studies suggest that the neural crest origin of neuroblastoma may enforce unique relationships between telomeres and tumor malignancy. Specifically in neuroblastoma, telomere structure and telomerase activity are correlated with the adrenergic/mesenchymal differentiation states, and manipulating telomerase activity can trigger tumor cell differentiation. Both findings may reflect features of normal neural crest development. This review summarizes recent advances in the characterization of telomere structure and telomere maintenance mechanisms in neuroblastoma and discusses the findings in the context of relevant literature on telomeres during embryonic and neural development. Understanding the canonical and non-canonical roles of telomere maintenance in neuroblastoma could reveal vulnerabilities for telomere-directed therapies with potential applications to other pediatric malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Neal F Lue
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang Z, Wang J, Roychoudhury S, Tomasik B, Wu G, Wang G, Rao X, Zhou R. Replication Stress: A Review of Novel Targets to Enhance Radiosensitivity-From Bench to Clinic. Front Oncol 2022; 12:838637. [PMID: 35875060 PMCID: PMC9305609 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.838637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a process fundamental in all living organisms in which deregulation, known as replication stress, often leads to genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. Most malignant tumors sustain persistent proliferation and tolerate replication stress via increasing reliance to the replication stress response. So whilst replication stress induces genomic instability and tumorigenesis, the replication stress response exhibits a unique cancer-specific vulnerability that can be targeted to induce catastrophic cell proliferation. Radiation therapy, most used in cancer treatment, induces a plethora of DNA lesions that affect DNA integrity and, in-turn, DNA replication. Owing to radiation dose limitations for specific organs and tumor tissue resistance, the therapeutic window is narrow. Thus, a means to eliminate or reduce tumor radioresistance is urgently needed. Current research trends have highlighted the potential of combining replication stress regulators with radiation therapy to capitalize on the high replication stress of tumors. Here, we review the current body of evidence regarding the role of replication stress in tumor progression and discuss potential means of enhancing tumor radiosensitivity by targeting the replication stress response. We offer new insights into the possibility of combining radiation therapy with replication stress drugs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shrabasti Roychoudhury
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bartlomiej Tomasik
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinrui Rao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Zhou, ; Xinrui Rao,
| | - Rui Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Zhou, ; Xinrui Rao,
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Jothimani G, Bhatiya M, Pathak S, Paul S, Banerjee A. Tumor Suppressor microRNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Mini-Review. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 16:5-15. [PMID: 35670340 DOI: 10.2174/2772270816666220606112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is associated with a group of cancers affecting the organs in the GI tract, with a high incidence and mortality rate. This type of cancer development involves a series of molecular events that arise by the dysregulation of gene expressions and microRNAs (miRNAs). OBJECTIVES This mini-review focuses on elucidating the mechanism of tumor suppressor miRNA-mediated oncogenic gene silencing, which may contribute to a better understanding of miRNA-mediated gene expression regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis in GI cancers. In this review, the biological significance of tumor suppressor miRNAs involved in gastrointestinal cancers is briefly explained. METHODS The articles were searched with the keywords 'miRNA', 'gastrointestinal cancers', 'esophageal cancer', 'gastric cancer', 'colorectal cancer', 'pancreatic cancer', 'liver cancer', and 'gall bladder cancer' from the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. A total of 71 research and review articles have been collected and referred for this study. RESULTS This review summarises recent research enhancing the effectiveness of miRNAs as novel prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic markers for GI cancer treatment strategies. The expression pattern of various miRNAs has been dysregulated in GI cancers, which are associated with proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. CONCLUSION The role of tumor suppressor miRNAs in the negative regulation of oncogenic gene expression was thoroughly explained in this review. Its potential role as a microRNA therapeutic candidate is also discussed. Profiling and regulating tumor suppressor miRNA expression in gastrointestinal cancers using miRNA mimics could be used as a prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic marker, as well as an elucidating molecular therapeutic approach to tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Jothimani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Meenu Bhatiya
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, Querétaro CP 76130, Mexico
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
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11
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Li D, Hou K, Zhang K, Jia S. Regulation of Replication Stress in Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres by Fanconi Anaemia Protein. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020180. [PMID: 35205225 PMCID: PMC8872277 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA)-related proteins function in interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathways and multiple damage repair pathways. Recent studies have found that FA proteins are involved in the regulation of replication stress (RS) in alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Since ALT cells often exhibit high-frequency ATRX mutations and high levels of telomeric secondary structure, high levels of DNA damage and replicative stress exist in ALT cells. Persistent replication stress is required to maintain the activity of ALT mechanistically, while excessive replication stress causes ALT cell death. FA proteins such as FANCD2 and FANCM are involved in the regulation of this balance by resolving or inhibiting the formation of telomere secondary structures to stabilize stalled replication forks and promote break-induced repair (BIR) to maintain the survival of ALT tumour cells. Therefore, we review the role of FA proteins in replication stress in ALT cells, providing a rationale and direction for the targeted treatment of ALT tumours.
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