Multi-parametric MRI of kidney disease progression for autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: mouse model and initial patient results

Severity of polycystic kidney disease revealed by multiparametric MRI

PURPOSE

We aimed to compare multiple MRI parameters, including relaxation rates (R 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ ,R 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ , andR 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ ), ADC from diffusion weighted imaging, pool size ratio (PSR) from quantitative magnetization transfer, and measures of exchange from spin-lock imaging (S ρ $$ {S}_{\rho } $$ ), for assessing and predicting the severity of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) over time.

METHODS

Pcy/Pcy mice with CD1 strain, a mouse model of autosomal dominant PKD, were imaged at 5, 9, and 26 wk of age using a 7T MRI system. Twelve-week normal CD1 mice were used as controls. Post-mortem paraffin tissue sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and picrosirius red to identify histological changes.

RESULTS

Histology detected segmental cyst formation in the early stage (week 5) and progression of PKD over time in Pcy kidneys. InT 2 $$ {T}_2 $$ -weighted images, small cysts appeared locally in cystic kidneys in week 5 and gradually extended to the whole cortex and outer stripe of outer medulla region from week 5 to week 26. Regional PSR,R 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ ,R 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ , andR 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ decreased consistently over time compared to normal kidneys, with significant changes detected in week 5. Among all the MRI measures,R 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ andR 1 ρ $$ {R}_{1\rho } $$ allow highest detectability to PKD, while PSR andR 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ have highest correlation with pathological indices of PKD. Using optimum MRI parameters as regressors, multiple linear regression provides reliable prediction of PKD progression.

CONCLUSION

R 2 $$ {R}_2 $$ ,R 1 $$ {R}_1 $$ , and PSR are sensitive indicators of the presence of PKD. Multiparametric MRI allows a comprehensive analysis of renal changes caused by cyst formation and expansion.

Evaluation of galectin-3 and intestinal fatty acid binding protein as serum biomarkers in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) causes fibrocystic kidney disease, congenital hepatic fibrosis, and portal hypertension. Serum galectin-3 (Gal-3) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) are potential biomarkers of kidney fibrosis and portal hypertension, respectively. We examined whether serum Gal-3 associates with kidney disease severity and serum I-FABP associates with liver disease severity in ARPKD.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study of 29 participants with ARPKD (0.2-21 years old) and presence of native kidneys (Gal-3 analyses, n = 18) and/or native livers (I-FABP analyses, n = 21). Serum Gal-3 and I-FABP were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Kidney disease severity variables included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV). Liver disease severity was characterized using ultrasound elastography to measure liver fibrosis, and spleen length and platelet count as markers of portal hypertension. Simple and multivariable linear regression examined associations between Gal-3 and kidney disease severity (adjusted for liver disease severity) and between I-FABP and liver disease severity (adjusted for eGFR).

RESULTS

Serum Gal-3 was negatively associated with eGFR; 1 standard deviation (SD) lower eGFR was associated with 0.795 SD higher Gal-3 level (95% CI - 1.116, - 0.473; p < 0.001). This association remained significant when adjusted for liver disease severity. Serum Gal-3 was not associated with htTKV in adjusted analyses. Overall I-FABP levels were elevated, but there were no linear associations between I-FABP and liver disease severity in unadjusted or adjusted models.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum Gal-3 is associated with eGFR in ARPKD, suggesting its value as a possible novel biomarker of kidney disease severity. We found no associations between serum I-FABP and ARPKD liver disease severity despite overall elevated I-FABP levels.

Multiparametric quantitative renal MRI in children and young adults: comparison between healthy individuals and patients with chronic kidney disease

PURPOSE

Multiparametric quantitative renal MRI may provide noninvasive radiologic biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on investigations in animal models and adults. We aimed to (1) obtain normative multiparametric quantitative MRI data from the kidneys of healthy children and young adults, (2) compare MRI measurements between healthy control participants and patients with CKD, and (3) determine if MRI measurements correlate with clinical and laboratory data as well as histology.

METHODS

This was a prospective, case-control study of 20 healthy controls and 12 CKD patients who underwent percutaneous renal biopsy ranging from 12 to 23 years of age between October 2018 and March 2020. Kidney function was documented and pathology assessed for fibrosis/inflammation. Utilizing a field strength of 1.5T, we examined renal T1, T2, and T2* relaxation mapping, MR elastography (MRE), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). A single analyst made all manual measurements for quantitative MRI pulse sequences. Independent measurements from cortex, medulla, and whole kidney were obtained by drawing regions of interest on single slices from the upper, mid, and lower kidney. A weighted average was calculated for each kidney; if two kidneys, the right and left were averaged. Continuous variables were compared with Mann-Whitney U test; bivariate relationships were assessed using Spearman rank-order correlation.

RESULTS

Median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 112.3 ml/min/1.73 m² in controls (n = 20, 10 females) and 55.0 ml/min/m² in CKD patients (n = 12, 2 females) (p < 0.0001). Whole kidney (1333 vs. 1291 ms; p = 0.018) and cortical (1212 vs 1137 ms; p < 0.0001) T1 values were higher in CKD patients. Cortical T1 values correlated with eGFR (rho = - 0.62; p = 0.0003) and cystatin C (rho = 0.58; p = 0.0007). Whole kidney (1.87 vs. 2.02 10^-3 mm²/s; p = 0.007), cortical (1.89 vs. 2.04 10^-3 mm²/s; p = 0.008), and medullary (1.87 vs. 1.98 10^-3 mm²/s; p = 0.0095) DWI apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were lower in CKD patients. Whole kidney ADC correlated with eGFR (rho = 0.45; p = 0.012) and cystatin C (rho = - 0.46; p = 0.009). Cortical histologic inflammation correlated with DWI ADC (rho = - 0.71; p = 0.011).

CONCLUSION

Renal T1 relaxation and DWI ADC measurements differ between pediatric healthy controls and CKD patients, correlate with laboratory markers of CKD, and may have histologic correlates.

Multiparametric Functional MRI of the Kidney: Current State and Future Trends with Deep Learning Approaches

BACKGROUND

 Until today, assessment of renal function has remained a challenge for modern medicine. In many cases, kidney diseases accompanied by a decrease in renal function remain undetected and unsolved, since neither laboratory tests nor imaging diagnostics provide adequate information on kidney status. In recent years, developments in the field of functional magnetic resonance imaging with application to abdominal organs have opened new possibilities combining anatomic imaging with multiparametric functional information. The multiparametric approach enables the measurement of perfusion, diffusion, oxygenation, and tissue characterization in one examination, thus providing more comprehensive insight into pathophysiological processes of diseases as well as effects of therapeutic interventions. However, application of multiparametric fMRI in the kidneys is still restricted mainly to research areas and transfer to the clinical routine is still outstanding. One of the major challenges is the lack of a standardized protocol for acquisition and postprocessing including efficient strategies for data analysis. This article provides an overview of the most common fMRI techniques with application to the kidney together with new approaches regarding data analysis with deep learning.

METHODS

 This article implies a selective literature review using the literature database PubMed in May 2021 supplemented by our own experiences in this field.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

 Functional multiparametric MRI is a promising technique for assessing renal function in a more comprehensive approach by combining multiple parameters such as perfusion, diffusion, and BOLD imaging. New approaches with the application of deep learning techniques could substantially contribute to overcoming the challenge of handling the quantity of data and developing more efficient data postprocessing and analysis protocols. Thus, it can be hoped that multiparametric fMRI protocols can be sufficiently optimized to be used for routine renal examination and to assist clinicians in the diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment of kidney diseases in the future.

KEY POINTS

  · Multiparametric fMRI is a technique performed without the use of radiation, contrast media, and invasive methods.. · Multiparametric fMRI provides more comprehensive insight into pathophysiological processes of kidney diseases by combining functional and structural parameters.. · For broader acceptance of fMRI biomarkers, there is a need for standardization of acquisition, postprocessing, and analysis protocols as well as more prospective studies.. · Deep learning techniques could significantly contribute to an optimization of data acquisition and the postprocessing and interpretation of larger quantities of data..

CITATION FORMAT

· Zhang C, Schwartz M, Küstner T et al. Multiparametric Functional MRI of the Kidney: Current State and Future Trends with Deep Learning Approaches. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; DOI: 10.1055/a-1775-8633.

Predictors of progression in autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) are characterized by bilateral cystic kidney disease leading to progressive kidney function decline. These diseases also have distinct liver manifestations. The range of clinical presentation and severity of both ADPKD and ARPKD is much wider than was once recognized. Pediatric and adult nephrologists are likely to care for individuals with both diseases in their lifetimes. This article will review genetic, clinical, and imaging predictors of kidney and liver disease progression in ADPKD and ARPKD and will briefly summarize pharmacologic therapies to prevent progression.

Rapid B1-Insensitive MR Fingerprinting for Quantitative Kidney Imaging

Background MR fingerprinting (MRF) provides rapid and simultaneous quantification of multiple tissue parameters in a single scan. Purpose To evaluate a rapid kidney MRF technique at 3.0 T in phantoms, healthy volunteers, and patients. Materials and Methods A 15-second kidney MRF acquisition was designed with 12 acquisition segments, a range of low flip angles (5°-12°), multiple magnetization preparation schema (T1, T2, and fat suppression), and an undersampled spiral trajectory. This technique was first validated in vitro using standardized T1 and T2 phantoms. Kidney T1 and T2 maps were then obtained for 10 healthy adult volunteers (mean age ± standard deviation, 35 years ± 13; six men) and three pediatric patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) (mean age, 10 years ± 3; two boys) between August 2019 and October 2020 to evaluate the method in vivo. Results Results in nine phantoms showed good agreement with spin-echo-based T1 and T2 values (R² > 0.99). In vivo MRF kidney T1 and T2 assessments in healthy adult volunteers (cortex: T1, 1362 msec ± 5; T2, 64 msec ± 5; medulla: T1, 1827 msec ± 94; T2, 69 msec ± 3) were consistent with values in the literature but with improved precision in comparison with prior MRF implementations. In vivo MRF-based kidney T1 and T2 values with and without B₁ correction were in good agreement (R² > 0.96, P < .001), demonstrating limited sensitivity to B₁ field inhomogeneities. Additional MRF reconstructions using the first nine segments of the MRF profiles (11-second acquisition time) were in good agreement with the reconstructions using 12 segments (15-second acquisition time) (R² > 0.87, P < .001). Repeat kidney MRF scans for the three patients with ARPKD on successive days also demonstrated good reproducibility (T1 and T2: <3% difference). Conclusion A kidney MR fingerprinting method provided in vivo kidney T1 and T2 maps at 3.0 T in a single breath hold with improved precision and no need for B₁ correction. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Laustsen in this issue.