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Zhou X, Zhu Y, Gao D, Li M, Lin L, Wang Z, Du H, Xu Y, Liu J, He Y, Guo Y, Wang S, Qiao S, Bao Y, Liu Y, Zhang H. Matrilin-3 supports neuroprotection in ischemic stroke by suppressing astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113980. [PMID: 38520693 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the brain, the role of matrilin-3, an extracellular matrix component in cartilage, is unknown. Here, we identify that matrilin-3 decreased in reactive astrocytes but was unchanged in neurons after ischemic stroke in animals. Importantly, it declined in serum of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition or supplementation of matrilin-3 aggravates or reduces brain injury, astrocytic cell death, and glial scar, respectively, but has no direct effect on neuronal cell death. RNA sequencing demonstrates that Matn3-/- mice display an increased inflammatory response profile in the ischemic brain, including the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Both endogenous and exogenous matrilin-3 reduce inflammatory mediators. Mechanistically, extracellular matrilin-3 enters astrocytes via caveolin-1-mediated endocytosis. Cytoplasmic matrilin-3 translocates into the nucleus by binding to NF-κB p65, suppressing inflammatory cytokine transcription. Extracellular matrilin-3 binds to BMP-2, blocking the BMP-2/Smads pathway. Thus, matrilin-3 is required for astrocytes to exert neuroprotection, at least partially, by suppressing astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yongming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Defei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liang Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Huaping Du
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yang He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shigang Qiao
- Kunshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215301, China; Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Yingshi Bao
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, China.
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Ren Y, Sun J, Mao X. Quality changes in gazami crab (Portunus trituberculatus) during refrigeration. Food Chem 2024; 437:137942. [PMID: 37951080 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Gazami crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is prone to spoilage during storage and transportation. More research is needed to determine how to reliably show its freshness and explain the mechanism of quality deterioration. We hypothesized that proteins extracted from crabs can be biomarkers to detect crab muscle quality changes. This work used physicochemical and proteomic approaches to investigate protein biomarkers and molecular mechanisms driving changes in gazami crab muscle quality after long-term refrigeration. It was shown that 66 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were closely associated with pH and texture and can be used as biomarkers to assess crab muscle freshness. According to bioinformatics studies, ribosomes and autophagy were significant mechanisms in crab rotting. These findings provided new concepts and a theoretical foundation for evaluating the freshness of refrigerated gazami crab and help uncover the molecular mechanism of its quality deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Jianan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
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Xie XD, Dong SS, Liu RJ, Shi LL, Zhu T. Mechanism of Efferocytosis in Determining Ischaemic Stroke Resolution-Diving into Microglia/Macrophage Functions and Therapeutic Modality. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04060-4. [PMID: 38409642 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
After ischaemic cerebral vascular injury, efferocytosis-a process known as the efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by various phagocytes in both physiological and pathological states-is crucial for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and regaining prognosis. The mechanisms of efferocytosis in ischaemic stroke and its influence on preventing inflammation progression from secondary injury were still not fully understood, despite the fact that the fundamental process of efferocytosis has been described in a series of phases, including AC recognition, phagocyte engulfment, and subsequent degradation. The genetic reprogramming of macrophages and brain-resident microglia after an ischaemic stroke has been equated by some researchers to that of the peripheral blood and brain. Based on previous studies, some molecules, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), CD300A, and sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1), were discovered to be largely associated with aspects of apoptotic cell elimination and accompanying neuroinflammation, such as inflammatory cytokine release, phenotype transformation, and suppressing of antigen presentation. Exacerbated stroke outcomes are brought on by defective efferocytosis and improper modulation of pertinent signalling pathways in blood-borne macrophages and brain microglia, which also results in subsequent tissue inflammatory damage. This review focuses on recent researches which contain a number of recently discovered mechanisms, such as studies on the relationship between benign efferocytosis and the regulation of inflammation in ischaemic stroke, the roles of some risk factors in disease progression, and current immune approaches that aim to promote efferocytosis to treat some autoimmune diseases. Understanding these pathways provides insight into novel pathophysiological processes and fresh characteristics, which can be used to build cerebral ischaemia targeting techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ru-Juan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liu-Liu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China.
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Shen C, Liu J, Liu H, Li G, Wang H, Tian H, Mao Y, Hua D. Timosaponin AIII induces lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis by enhancing Rab7-mediated lipophagy in colorectal cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155079. [PMID: 37863004 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common digestive system malignancy, and despite significant therapeutic advancements, more effective treatments are needed. Timosaponin AIII (TA-III), a major steroidal saponin derived from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge, is a potential anticancer agent. Ferroptosis plays an important role in cancer treatment. PURPOSE To investigate the molecular mechanism of TA-III as a novel ferroptosis inducer in suppressing CRC through lipophagy. Ferroptosis, an autophagy-dependent mode of cell death, has been implicated in CRC. METHODS CRC cells were treated with TA-III, and lipophagy levels were evaluated via BODIPY493/503 staining and western blotting. Autophagy turnover was tracked using GFP-RFP-LC3B. Lipid peroxidation was quantified using an malondialdehyde kit and C11-BODIPY flow assay. Mitochondrial morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy. GC-MS/MS was used to detect lipid metabolism changes. The role of ras related protein Rab 7a (Rab7) was assessed by western blotting and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays. In vivo, the anticancer efficacy of TA-III was tested using a xenograft model. RESULTS RNA-seq analysis unveiled the potential of TA-III as an anticancer agent through ferroptosis. In vivo experiments revealed how TA-III treatment triggered degradation of lipid droplets in CRC cells, resulting in an accumulation of FFAs, heightened unsaturated free fatty acids, and increased lipid peroxidation. These events ultimately lead to mitochondrial shrinkage and downregulation of ferroptosis markers (FSP1 and GPX4). Intriguingly, the Rab7 protein emerged as a crucial bridge between lipophagy and ferroptosis, underlining its significance in the anticancer mechanism of TA-III. Moreover, TA-III treatment in a xenograft tumour model substantially reduced tumour volume via ferroptosis, underscoring its therapeutic efficacy. CONLUSION Our study is the first to establish that TA-III triggers lipophagy in CRC cells via the Rab7 gene, subsequently promoting ferroptosis. This suggests its potential use as an antitumour agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Shen
- Jiangnan University, School of Medicine, Wuxi, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinging Liu
- Jiangnan University, School of Medicine, Wuxi, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Jiangnan University, School of Medicine, Wuxi, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guifang Li
- Jiangnan University, School of Medicine, Wuxi, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Jiangnan University, School of Medicine, Wuxi, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haixia Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Mao
- Jiangnan University, School of Medicine, Wuxi, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Dong Hua
- Jiangnan University, School of Medicine, Wuxi, China; The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
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Wang Z, He W, Li C, Chen Y, Li Z, Jiao Y, Zhang J, Shi J, Wang G, Guan J, Zhao K, Song D, Gao F, Lan Y. The role of lysosomes as intermediates in betacoronavirus PHEV egress from nerve cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0133823. [PMID: 38009916 PMCID: PMC10734498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01338-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Betacoronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), exploit the lysosomal exocytosis pathway for egress. However, whether all betacoronaviruses members use the same pathway to exit cells remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) egress occurs by Arl8b-dependent lysosomal exocytosis, a cellular egress mechanism shared by SARS-CoV-2 and MHV. Notably, PHEV acidifies lysosomes and activates lysosomal degradative enzymes, while SARS-CoV-2 and MHV deacidify lysosomes and limit the activation of lysosomal degradative enzymes. In addition, PHEV release depends on V-ATPase-mediated lysosomal pH. Furthermore, this is the first study to evaluate βCoV using lysosome for spreading through the body, and we have found that lysosome played a critical role in PHEV neural transmission and brain damage caused by virus infection in the central nervous system. Taken together, different betacoronaviruses could disrupt lysosomal function differently to exit cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenqi He
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Caili Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yubo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Gaili Wang
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Deguang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yungang Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Zhou XY, Lin B, Chen W, Cao RQ, Guo Y, Said A, Khan T, Zhang HL, Zhu YM. The brain protection of MLKL inhibitor necrosulfonamide against focal ischemia/reperfusion injury associating with blocking the nucleus and nuclear envelope translocation of MLKL and RIP3K. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1157054. [PMID: 37964865 PMCID: PMC10642205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1157054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase like protein (MLKL) is a key mediator of necroptosis. While previous studies highlighted the important role of MLKL as one of the central regulators of brain damage against acute ischemic neuronal injury, how the activation of MLKL mediates brain injuries and cell death remains unclear, especially in astrocytes. In a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model in vivo, and an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/Re) injury model in both primary cultured astrocytes and human astrocytes, we show that necrosulfonamide (NSA), a MLKL specific inhibitor, reduces infarction volume and improves neurological deficits in tMCAO-treated rats. In addition, NSA treatment, as well as RIP1K inhibitor Nec-1 or RIP3K inhibitor GSK-872 treatment, decreases the OGD/Re-induced leakage of LDH in both primary cultured astrocytes and human astrocytes. NSA treatment also reduces the number of propidium iodide (PI)-positive cells, and prevents the upregulation of necroptotic biomarkers such as MLKL/p-MLKL, RIP3K/p-RIP3K, and RIP1K/p-RIP1K in ischemic penumbra of cerebral cortex in tMCAO-treated rats or in OGD/Re-treated human astrocytes. Importantly, NSA treatment blocks both the nucleus and nuclear envelope localization of MLKL/p-MLKL and RIP3K/p-RIP3K in ischemic cerebral cortex induced by tMCAO. Similarly, Co-immunoprecipitation assay shows that NSA treatment decreases tMCAO- or OGD/Re- induced increased combination of MLKL and RIP3K in nuclear envelope of ischemic penumbra of cerebral cortex or of primary cultured astrocytes, respectively. RIP3K inhibitor GSK-872 also reduces tMCAO-induced increased combination of MLKL and RIP3K in nuclear envelope of ischemic penumbra of cerebral cortex. These data suggest NSA exerts protective effects against focal ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting astrocytic necroptosis through preventing the upregulation of necroptotic kinases as well as blocking both the nucleus and nuclear envelope co-localization of p-MLKL and p-RIP3K. The translocation of p-MLKL, along with p-RIP3K, to the nuclear envelope and the nucleus may play a crucial role in MLKL-mediated necroptosis under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Qi Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ali Said
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Cheng J, Wang W, Xia Y, Li Y, Jia J, Xiao G. Regulators of phagocytosis as pharmacologic targets for stroke treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122527. [PMID: 37601043 PMCID: PMC10433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, causes massive cell death in the brain, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease-associated molecular patterns released from dead cells. Phagocytosis, a cellular process of engulfment and digestion of dead cells, promotes the resolution of inflammation and repair following stroke. However, professional or non-professional phagocytes also phagocytose stressed but viable cells in the brain or excessively phagocytose myelin sheaths or prune synapses, consequently exacerbating brain injury and impairing repair following stroke. Phagocytosis includes the smell, eating and digestion phases. Notably, efficient phagocytosis critically depends on phagocyte capacity to take up dead cells continually due to the limited number of phagocytes vs. dead cells after injury. Moreover, phenotypic polarization of phagocytes occurring after phagocytosis is also essential to the proresolving and prorepair properties of phagocytosis. Much has been learned about the molecular signals and regulatory mechanisms governing the sense and recognition of dead cells by phagocytes during the smell and eating phase following stroke. However, some key areas remain extremely understudied, including the mechanisms involved in digestion regulation, continual phagocytosis and phagocytosis-induced phenotypic switching following stroke. Here, we summarize new discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms and multifaceted effects of phagocytosis on brain injury and repair following stroke and highlight the knowledge gaps in poststroke phagocytosis. We suggest that advancing the understanding of poststroke phagocytosis will help identify more biological targets for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yin G, Huang J, Petela J, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Gong S, Wu J, Liu B, Shi J, Gao Y. Targeting small GTPases: emerging grasps on previously untamable targets, pioneered by KRAS. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:212. [PMID: 37221195 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases including Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran are omnipresent molecular switches in regulating key cellular functions. Their dysregulation is a therapeutic target for tumors, neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathies, and infection. However, small GTPases have been historically recognized as "undruggable". Targeting KRAS, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, has only come into reality in the last decade due to the development of breakthrough strategies such as fragment-based screening, covalent ligands, macromolecule inhibitors, and PROTACs. Two KRASG12C covalent inhibitors have obtained accelerated approval for treating KRASG12C mutant lung cancer, and allele-specific hotspot mutations on G12D/S/R have been demonstrated as viable targets. New methods of targeting KRAS are quickly evolving, including transcription, immunogenic neoepitopes, and combinatory targeting with immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the vast majority of small GTPases and hotspot mutations remain elusive, and clinical resistance to G12C inhibitors poses new challenges. In this article, we summarize diversified biological functions, shared structural properties, and complex regulatory mechanisms of small GTPases and their relationships with human diseases. Furthermore, we review the status of drug discovery for targeting small GTPases and the most recent strategic progress focused on targeting KRAS. The discovery of new regulatory mechanisms and development of targeting approaches will together promote drug discovery for small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Yin
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Johnny Petela
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yuetong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Siqi Gong
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bei Liu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Yijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Du HP, Guo Y, Zhu YM, Gao DF, Lin B, Liu Y, Xu Y, Said A, Khan T, Liu LJ, Zhu JJ, Ni Y, Zhang HL. RIPK1 inhibition contributes to lysosomal membrane stabilization in ischemic astrocytes via a lysosomal Hsp70.1B-dependent mechanism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023:10.1038/s41401-023-01069-8. [PMID: 37055533 PMCID: PMC10374908 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) contributes to necroptosis. Our previous study showed that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of RIPK1 protects against ischemic stroke-induced astrocyte injury. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying RIPK1-mediated astrocyte injury in vitro and in vivo. Primary cultured astrocytes were transfected with lentiviruses and then subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). In a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), lentiviruses carrying shRNA targeting RIPK1 or shRNA targeting heat shock protein 70.1B (Hsp70.1B) were injected into the lateral ventricles 5 days before pMCAO was established. We showed that RIPK1 knockdown protected against OGD-induced astrocyte damage, blocked the OGD-mediated increase in lysosomal membrane permeability in astrocytes, and inhibited the pMCAO-induced increase in astrocyte lysosome numbers in the ischemic cerebral cortex; these results suggested that RIPK1 contributed to the lysosomal injury in ischemic astrocytes. We revealed that RIPK1 knockdown upregulated the protein levels of Hsp70.1B and increased the colocalization of Lamp1 and Hsp70.1B in ischemic astrocytes. Hsp70.1B knockdown exacerbated pMCAO-induced brain injury, decreased lysosomal membrane integrity and blocked the protective effects of the RIPK1-specific inhibitor necrostatin-1 on lysosomal membranes. On the other hand, RIPK1 knockdown further exacerbated the pMCAO- or OGD-induced decreases in the levels of Hsp90 and the binding of Hsp90 to heat shock transcription factor-1 (Hsf1) in the cytoplasm, and RIPK1 knockdown promoted the nuclear translocation of Hsf1 in ischemic astrocytes, resulting in increased Hsp70.1B mRNA expression. These results suggest that inhibition of RIPK1 protects ischemic astrocytes by stabilizing lysosomal membranes via the upregulation of lysosomal Hsp70.1B; the mechanism underlying these effects involves decreased Hsp90 protein levels, increased Hsf1 nuclear translocation and increased Hsp70.1B mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ping Du
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215200, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - De-Fei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215200, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Ali Said
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Pain Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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10
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Diab R, Pilotto F, Saxena S. Autophagy and neurodegeneration: Unraveling the role of C9ORF72 in the regulation of autophagy and its relationship to ALS-FTD pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1086895. [PMID: 37006471 PMCID: PMC10060823 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1086895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of the cell clearance machinery is critical for neuronal health within the central nervous system (CNS). In normal physiological conditions, the cell clearance machinery is actively involved in the elimination of misfolded and toxic proteins throughout the lifetime of an organism. The highly conserved and regulated pathway of autophagy is one of the important processes involved in preventing and neutralizing pathogenic buildup of toxic proteins that could eventually lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The most common genetic cause of ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a hexanucleotide expansion consisting of GGGGCC (G4C2) repeats in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9ORF72). These abnormally expanded repeats have been implicated in leading to three main modes of disease pathology: loss of function of the C9ORF72 protein, the generation of RNA foci, and the production of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). In this review, we discuss the normal physiological role of C9ORF72 in the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP), and present recent research deciphering how dysfunction of the ALP synergizes with C9ORF72 haploinsufficiency, which together with the gain of toxic mechanisms involving hexanucleotide repeat expansions and DPRs, drive the disease process. This review delves further into the interactions of C9ORF72 with RAB proteins involved in endosomal/lysosomal trafficking, and their role in regulating various steps in autophagy and lysosomal pathways. Lastly, the review aims to provide a framework for further investigations of neuronal autophagy in C9ORF72-linked ALS-FTD as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Diab
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federica Pilotto
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Smita Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Center for Experimental Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Smita Saxena,
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11
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Loss of small GTPase Rab7 activation in prion infection negatively affects a feedback loop regulating neuronal cholesterol metabolism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102883. [PMID: 36623732 PMCID: PMC9926124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal and infectious neurodegenerative diseases that occur in humans and animals. They are caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein PrPc into the infectious isoform PrPSc. PrPSc accumulates mostly in endolysosomal vesicles of prion-infected cells, eventually causing neurodegeneration. In response to prion infection, elevated cholesterol levels and a reduction in membrane-attached small GTPase Rab7 have been observed in neuronal cells. Here, we investigated the molecular events causing an impaired Rab7 membrane attachment and the potential mechanistic link with elevated cholesterol levels in prion infection. We demonstrate that prion infection is associated with reduced levels of active Rab7 (Rab7.GTP) in persistently prion-infected neuronal cell lines, primary cerebellar granular neurons, and neurons in the brain of mice with terminal prion disease. In primary cerebellar granular neurons, levels of active Rab7 were increased during the very early stages of the prion infection prior to a significant decrease concomitant with PrPSc accumulation. The reduced activation of Rab7 in prion-infected neuronal cell lines is also associated with its reduced ubiquitination status, decreased interaction with its effector RILP, and altered lysosomal positioning. Consequently, the Rab7-mediated trafficking of low-density lipoprotein to lysosomes is delayed. This results in an impaired feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis leading to an increase in cholesterol levels. Notably, transient overexpression of the constitutively active mutant of Rab7 rescues the delay in the low-density lipoprotein trafficking, hence reducing cholesterol levels and attenuating PrPSc propagation, demonstrating a mechanistic link between the loss of Rab7.GTP and elevated cholesterol levels.
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12
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Zeb S, Ye H, Liu Y, Du HP, Guo Y, Zhu YM, Ni Y, Zhang HL, Xu Y. Necroptotic kinases are involved in the reduction of depression-induced astrocytes and fluoxetine's inhibitory effects on necroptotic kinases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1060954. [PMID: 36686688 PMCID: PMC9847570 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in major depressive disorder has received great attention. Increasing evidence indicates that decreased astrocyte numbers in the hippocampus may be associated with depression, but the role of necroptosis in depression is unknown. Here, in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model and a corticosterone (Cort)-induced human astrocyte injury model in vitro, we found that mice treated with chronic unpredictable mild stress for 3-5 weeks presented depressive-like behaviors and reduced body weight gain, accompanied by a reduction in astrocytes and a decrease in astrocytic brain-derived neurotropic factors (BDNF), by activation of necroptotic kinases, including RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1)/p-RIPK1, RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3)/p-RIPK3 and MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein)/p-MLKL, and by upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in astrocytes of the mouse hippocampus. In contrast, necroptotic kinase inhibitors suppressed Cort-induced necroptotic kinase activation, reduced astrocytes, astrocytic necroptosis and dysfunction, and decreased Cort-mediated inflammatory cytokines in astrocytes. Treatment with fluoxetine (FLX) for 5 weeks improved chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced mouse depressive-like behaviors; simultaneously, fluoxetine inhibited depression-induced necroptotic kinase activation, reversed the reduction in astrocytes and astrocytic necroptosis and dysfunction, decreased inflammatory cytokines and upregulated brain-derived neurotropic factors and 5-HT1A levels. Furthermore, fluoxetine had no direct inhibitory effect on receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 phosphorylation. The combined administration of fluoxetine and necroptotic kinase inhibitors further reduced corticosterone-induced astrocyte injury. In conclusion, the reduction in astrocytes caused by depressive-like models in vivo and in vitro may be associated with the activation of necroptotic kinases and astrocytic necroptosis, and fluoxetine exerts an antidepressive effect by indirectly inhibiting receptor-interacting protein kinase 1-mediated astrocytic necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zeb
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan Ye
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ping Du
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Pain Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hui-Ling Zhang, ; Yuan Xu,
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hui-Ling Zhang, ; Yuan Xu,
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13
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Jordan KL, Koss DJ, Outeiro TF, Giorgini F. Therapeutic Targeting of Rab GTPases: Relevance for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051141. [PMID: 35625878 PMCID: PMC9138223 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases (Rabs) are small proteins that play crucial roles in vesicle transport and membrane trafficking. Owing to their widespread functions in several steps of vesicle trafficking, Rabs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including cancer, diabetes, and multiple neurodegenerative diseases. As treatments for neurodegenerative conditions are currently rather limited, the identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets, such as Rabs, is of great importance. This review summarises proof-of-concept studies, demonstrating that modulation of Rab GTPases in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can ameliorate disease-related phenotypes, and provides an overview of the current state of the art for the pharmacological targeting of Rabs. Finally, we also discuss the barriers and challenges of therapeutically targeting these small proteins in humans, especially in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Jordan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - David J. Koss
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.J.K.); (T.F.O.)
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (D.J.K.); (T.F.O.)
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Scientific Employee with a Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Jain V, Bose S, Arya AK, Arif T. Lysosomes in Stem Cell Quiescence: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1618. [PMID: 35406389 PMCID: PMC8996909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that regulate essential biological processes such as cellular homeostasis, development, and aging. They are primarily connected to the degradation/recycling of cellular macromolecules and participate in cellular trafficking, nutritional signaling, energy metabolism, and immune regulation. Therefore, lysosomes connect cellular metabolism and signaling pathways. Lysosome's involvement in the critical biological processes has rekindled clinical interest towards this organelle for treating various diseases, including cancer. Recent research advancements have demonstrated that lysosomes also regulate the maintenance and hemostasis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which play a critical role in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other types of cancer. Lysosomes regulate both HSCs' metabolic networks and identity transition. AML is a lethal type of blood cancer with a poor prognosis that is particularly associated with aging. Although the genetic landscape of AML has been extensively described, only a few targeted therapies have been produced, warranting the need for further research. This review summarizes the functions and importance of targeting lysosomes in AML, while highlighting the significance of lysosomes in HSCs maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jain
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Swaroop Bose
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Awadhesh K. Arya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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15
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Gao X, Zeb S, He YY, Guo Y, Zhu YM, Zhou XY, Zhang HL. Valproic Acid Inhibits Glial Scar Formation after Ischemic Stroke. Pharmacology 2022; 107:263-280. [PMID: 35316816 DOI: 10.1159/000514951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia induces reactive proliferation of astrocytes (astrogliosis) and glial scar formation. As a physical and biochemical barrier, the glial scar not only hinders spontaneous axonal regeneration and neuronal repair but also deteriorates the neuroinflammation in the recovery phase of ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of the valproic acid (2-n-propylpentanoic acid, VPA) against ischemic stroke, but its effects on the ischemia-induced formation of astrogliosis and glial scar are still unknown. As targeting astrogliosis has become a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke, this study was designed to determine whether VPA can inhibit the ischemic stroke-induced glial scar formation and to explore its molecular mechanisms. METHODS Glial scar formation was induced by an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model in vivo and an oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-reoxygenation (OGD/Re) model in vitro. Animals were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of VPA (250 mg/kg/day) for 28 days, and the ischemic stroke-related behaviors were assessed. RESULTS Four weeks of VPA treatment could markedly reduce the brain atrophy volume and improve the behavioral deficits in rats' I/R injury model. The results showed that VPA administrated upon reperfusion or 1 day post-reperfusion could also decrease the expression of the glial scar makers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurocan, and phosphacan in the peri-infarct region after I/R. Consistent with the in vivo data, VPA treatment showed a protective effect against OGD/Re-induced astrocytic cell death in the in vitro model and also decreased the expression of GFAP, neurocan, and phosphacan. Further studies revealed that VPA significantly upregulated the expression of acetylated histone 3, acetylated histone 4, and heat-shock protein 70.1B in the OGD/Re-induced glial scar formation model. CONCLUSION VPA produces neuroprotective effects and inhibits the glial scar formation during the recovery period of ischemic stroke via inhibition of histone deacetylase and induction of Hsp70.1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Salman Zeb
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xian-Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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RIPK1-RIPK3 mediates myocardial fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus by impairing autophagic flux of cardiac fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:147. [PMID: 35165268 PMCID: PMC8844355 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and 3 (RIPK3) are critical regulators of programmed necrosis or necroptosis. However, the role of the RIPK1/RIPK3 signaling pathway in myocardial fibrosis and related diabetic cardiomyopathy is still unclear. We hypothesized that RIPK1/RIPK3 activation mediated myocardial fibrosis by impairing the autophagic flux. To this end, we established in vitro and in vivo models of type 2 diabetes mellitus with high glucose fat (HGF) medium and diet respectively. HGF induced myocardial fibrosis, and impaired cardiac diastolic and systolic function by activating the RIPK1/RIPK3 pathway, which increased the expression of autophagic related proteins such as LC3-II, P62 and active-cathepsin D. Inhibition of RIPK1 or RIPK3 alleviated HGF-induced death and fibrosis of cardiac fibroblasts by restoring the impaired autophagic flux. The autophagy blocker neutralized the effects of the RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and RIPK3 inhibitor GSK872 (GSK). RIPK1/RIPK3 inhibition respectively decreased the levels of RIPK3/p-RIPK3 and RIPK1/p-RIPK1. P62 forms a complex with RIPK1-RIPK3 and promotes the binding of RIPK1 and RIPK3, silencing of RIPK1 decreased the association of RIPK1 with P62 and the binding of P62 to LC3. Furthermore, inhibition of both kinases in combination with a low dose of Nec-1 and GSK in the HGF-treated fibroblasts significantly decreased cell death and fibrosis, and restored the autophagic flux. In the diabetic rat model, Nec-1 (1.65 mg/kg) treatment for 4 months markedly alleviated myocardial fibrosis, downregulated autophagic related proteins, and improved cardiac systolic and diastolic function. In conclusion, HGF induces myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction by activating the RIPK1-RIPK3 pathway and by impairing the autophagic flux, which is obviated by the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of RIPK1/RIPK3.
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Targeting lysosomes in human disease: from basic research to clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:379. [PMID: 34744168 PMCID: PMC8572923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of lysosomes in dynamically regulating cellular and organismal homeostasis. Lysosomal changes and dysfunction have been correlated with the development of numerous diseases. In this review, we interpreted the key biological functions of lysosomes in four areas: cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cell death. More importantly, we actively sought to determine the characteristic changes and dysfunction of lysosomes in cells affected by these diseases, the causes of these changes and dysfunction, and their significance to the development and treatment of human disease. Furthermore, we outlined currently available targeting strategies: (1) targeting lysosomal acidification; (2) targeting lysosomal cathepsins; (3) targeting lysosomal membrane permeability and integrity; (4) targeting lysosomal calcium signaling; (5) targeting mTOR signaling; and (6) emerging potential targeting strategies. Moreover, we systematically summarized the corresponding drugs and their application in clinical trials. By integrating basic research with clinical findings, we discussed the current opportunities and challenges of targeting lysosomes in human disease.
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18
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Zeng H, Chen H, Li M, Zhuang J, Peng Y, Zhou H, Xu C, Yu Q, Fu X, Cao S, Cai J, Yan F, Chen G. Autophagy protein NRBF2 attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress via promoting autophagosome maturation by interacting with Rab7 after SAH. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:210. [PMID: 34530854 PMCID: PMC8447596 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is the first to show that activation of autophagy protein nuclear receptor binding factor 2 (NRBF2) could reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-associated inflammation and oxidative stress after SAH. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to endovascular perforation to establish a model of SAH. NRBF2 overexpression adeno-associated virus (AAV), NRBF2 small interfering RNAs (siRNA), lysosomal inhibitor-chloroquine (CQ), and late endosome GTPase Rab7 receptor antagonist-CID1067700 (CID) were used to investigate the role of NRBF2 in EBI after SAH. Neurological tests, brain water content, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were evaluated. Results Our study found that the level of NRBF2 was increased after SAH and peaked at 24 h after SAH. In addition, we found that the overexpression of NRBF2 significantly improved neurobehavioral scores and reduced ERS, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in SAH, whereas the inhibition of NRBF2 exacerbated these phenotypes. In terms of mechanism, NRBF2 overexpression significantly promoted autophagosome maturation, with the downregulation of CHOP, Romo-1, TXNIP, NLRP3, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression through interaction with Rab7. The protective effect of NRBF2 on ERS-associated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress after SAH was eliminated by treatment with CQ. Meanwhile, it was also reversed by intraperitoneal injection of CID. Moreover, the MIT domain of NRBF2 was identified as a critical binding site that interacts with Rab7 and thereby promotes autophagosome maturation. Conclusion Our data provide evidence that the autophagy protein NRBF2 has a protective effect on endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by promoting autophagosome maturation through interactions with Rab7 after SAH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02270-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min Li
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shenglong Cao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Coley AB, Ward A, Keeton AB, Chen X, Maxuitenko Y, Prakash A, Li F, Foote JB, Buchsbaum DJ, Piazza GA. Pan-RAS inhibitors: Hitting multiple RAS isozymes with one stone. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 153:131-168. [PMID: 35101229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the three RAS oncogenes are present in approximately 30% of all human cancers that drive tumor growth and metastasis by aberrant activation of RAS-mediated signaling. Despite the well-established role of RAS in tumorigenesis, past efforts to develop small molecule inhibitors have failed for various reasons leading many to consider RAS as "undruggable." Advances over the past decade with KRAS(G12C) mutation-specific inhibitors have culminated in the first FDA-approved RAS drug, sotorasib. However, the patient population that stands to benefit from KRAS(G12C) inhibitors is inherently limited to those patients harboring KRAS(G12C) mutations. Additionally, both intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance have been reported that indicate allele-specificity may afford disadvantages. For example, the compensatory activation of uninhibited wild-type (WT) NRAS and HRAS isozymes can rescue cancer cells harboring KRAS(G12C) mutations from allele-specific inhibition or the occurrence of other mutations in KRAS. It is therefore prudent to consider alternative drug discovery strategies that may overcome these potential limitations. One such approach is pan-RAS inhibition, whereby all RAS isozymes co-expressed in the tumor cell population are targeted by a single inhibitor to block constitutively activated RAS regardless of the underlying mutation. This chapter provides a review of past and ongoing strategies to develop pan-RAS inhibitors in detail and seeks to outline the trajectory of this promising strategy of RAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Coley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States; Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Antonio Ward
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States; Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Adam B Keeton
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yulia Maxuitenko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gary A Piazza
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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20
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Simvastatin accelerated motoneurons death in SOD1 G93A mice through inhibiting Rab7-mediated maturation of late autophagic vacuoles. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:392. [PMID: 33846297 PMCID: PMC8041862 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by motoneuron loss, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Statins, as inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, are used as drugs for treatment for a variety of disease such as ischemic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. However, our previous evidence has demonstrated that simvastatin leads to cytotoxicity in NSC34-hSOD1G93A cells by aggravating the impairment of autophagic flux, but the role of simvastatin in ALS model remains elusive. In present study, we reported that after simvastatin treatment, SOD1G93A mice showed early onset of the disease phenotype and shortened life span, with aggravated autophagic flux impairment and increased aggregation of SOD1 protein in spinal cord motoneurons (MNs) of SOD1G93A mice. In addition, simvastatin repressed the ability of Rab7 localization on the membrane by inhibiting isoprenoid synthesis, leading to impaired late stage of autophagic flux rather than initiation. This study suggested that simvastatin significantly worsened impairment of late autophagic flux, resulting in massive MNs death in spinal cord and accelerated disease progression of SOD1G93A mice. Together, these findings might imply a potential risk of clinic application of statins in ALS.
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21
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Su H, Fan S, Zhang L, Qi H. TMAO Aggregates Neurological Damage Following Ischemic Stroke by Promoting Reactive Astrocytosis and Glial Scar Formation via the Smurf2/ALK5 Axis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:569424. [PMID: 33815059 PMCID: PMC8012716 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.569424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has been reported to cause significant changes to memory, thinking, and behavior. Intriguingly, recently reported studies have indicated the association of Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) with the acute phase of ischemic stroke. However, the comprehensive underlying mechanism remained unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between TMAO and recovery of neurological function after ischemic stroke. For this purpose, a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model was established and treated with TMAO or/and sh-ALK5, followed by the neurological function evaluation. Behaviors of rats were observed through staircase and cylinder tests. Moreover, the expression of Smurf2 and ALK5 was detected by immunohistochemistry while expression of GFAP, Neurocan, and Phosphacan in brain tissues was determined by immunofluorescence. Thereafter, gain- and loss-of-function assays in astrocytes, the proliferation, viability, and migration were evaluated by the EdU, CCK-8, and Transwell assays. Besides, Smurf2 mRNA expression was determined by the RT-qPCR, whereas, Smurf2, ALK5, GFAP, Neurocan, and Phosphacan expression was evaluated by the Western blotting. Finally, the interaction of Smurf2 with ALK5 and ALK5 ubiquitination was assessed by the co-immunoprecipitation. Notably, our results showed that TMAO promoted the proliferation of reactive astrocyte and formation of glial scar in MCAO/R rats. However, this effect was abolished by the Smurf2 overexpression or ALK5 silencing. We further found that TMAO upregulated the ALK5 expression by inhibiting the ubiquitination role of Smurf2. Overexpression of ALK5 reversed the inhibitory effect of Smurf2 on astrocyte proliferation, migration, and viability. Collectively, our work identifies the evolutionarily TMAO/Smurf2/ALK5 signaling as a major genetic factor in the control of reactive astrocyte proliferation and glial scar formation in ischemic stroke, thus laying a theoretical foundation for the identification of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoping Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingqiong Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Wang X, Fang Y, Huang Q, Xu P, Lenahan C, Lu J, Zheng J, Dong X, Shao A, Zhang J. An updated review of autophagy in ischemic stroke: From mechanisms to therapies. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113684. [PMID: 33676918 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is important for developing effective therapies for treating stroke. Autophagy is a self-eating cellular catabolic pathway, which plays a crucial homeostatic role in the regulation of cell survival. Increasing evidence shows that autophagy, observed in various cell types, plays a critical role in brain pathology after ischemic stroke. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy can be a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment. In the present review, we summarize the recent progress that research has made regarding autophagy and ischemic stroke, including common signaling pathways, the role of autophagic subtypes (e.g. mitophagy, pexophagy, aggrephagy, endoplasmic reticulum-phagy, and lipophagy) in ischemic stroke, as well as the current methods for autophagy detection and potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Department of Echocardiography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Penglei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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23
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Zhu YM, Lin L, Wei C, Guo Y, Qin Y, Li ZS, Kent TA, McCoy CE, Wang ZX, Ni Y, Zhou XY, Zhang HL. The Key Regulator of Necroptosis, RIP1 Kinase, Contributes to the Formation of Astrogliosis and Glial Scar in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:991-1017. [PMID: 33629276 PMCID: PMC8557200 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis initiation relies on the receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K). We recently reported that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of RIP1K produces protection against ischemic stroke-induced astrocytic injury. However, the role of RIP1K in ischemic stroke-induced formation of astrogliosis and glial scar remains unknown. Here, in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model and an oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/Re)-induced astrocytic injury model, we show that RIP1K was significantly elevated in the reactive astrocytes. Knockdown of RIP1K or delayed administration of RIP1K inhibitor Nec-1 down-regulated the glial scar markers, improved ischemic stroke-induced necrotic morphology and neurologic deficits, and reduced the volume of brain atrophy. Moreover, knockdown of RIP1K attenuated astrocytic cell death and proliferation and promoted neuronal axonal generation in a neuron and astrocyte co-culture system. Both vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) and its receptor VEGFR-3 were elevated in the reactive astrocytes; simultaneously, VEGF-D was increased in the medium of astrocytes exposed to OGD/Re. Knockdown of RIP1K down-regulated VEGF-D gene and protein levels in the reactive astrocytes. Treatment with 400 ng/ml recombinant VEGF-D induced the formation of glial scar; conversely, the inhibitor of VEGFR-3 suppressed OGD/Re-induced glial scar formation. RIP3K and MLKL may be involved in glial scar formation. Taken together, these results suggest that RIP1K participates in the formation of astrogliosis and glial scar via impairment of normal astrocyte responses and enhancing the astrocytic VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 signaling pathways. Inhibition of RIP1K promotes the brain functional recovery partially via suppressing the formation of astrogliosis and glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361001, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shi-Zi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claire E McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Greens, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zhan-Xiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361001, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian-Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Qiao S, Zhao WJ, Li HQ, Ao GZ, An JZ, Wang C, Zhang HL. Necrostatin-1 Analog DIMO Exerts Cardioprotective Effect against Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Necroptosis via Autophagic Pathway in Rats. Pharmacology 2021; 106:189-201. [PMID: 33621976 DOI: 10.1159/000510864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been reported that necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a specific necroptosis inhibitor that could attenuate programmed cell death induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study aimed to observe the effect and mechanism of novel Nec-1 analog (Z)-5-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imine-1-methylimidazolin-4-1 (DIMO) on myocardial I/R injury. METHODS Male SD rats underwent I/R injury with or without different doses of DIMO (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg) treatment. Isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment with or without DIMO (0.1, 1, 10, or 100 μM). Myocardial infarction was measured by TTC staining. Cardiomyocyte injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH) and flow cytometry. Receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K) and autophagic markers were detected by co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting analysis. Molecular docking of DIMO into the ATP binding site of RIP1K was performed using GLIDE. RESULTS DIMO at doses of 1 or 2 mg/kg improved myocardial infarct size. However, the DIMO 4 mg/kg dose was ineffective. DIMO at the dose of 0.1 μM decreased LDH leakage and the ratio of PI-positive cells followed by OGD/R treatment. I/R or OGD/R increased RIP1K expression and in its interaction with RIP3K, as well as impaired myocardial autophagic flux evidenced by an increase in LC3-II/I ratio, upregulated P62 and Beclin-1, and activated cathepsin B and L. In contrast, DIMO treatment reduced myocardial cell death and reversed the above mentioned changes in RIP1K and autophagic flux caused by I/R and OGD/R. DIMO binds to RIP1K and inhibits RIP1K expression in a homology modeling and ligand docking. CONCLUSION DIMO exerts cardioprotection against I/R- or OGD/R-induced injury, and its mechanisms may be associated with the reduction in RIP1K activation and restoration impaired autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan-Qiu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Ao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong An
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China,
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China,
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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25
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Liu J, Zhu YM, Guo Y, Lin L, Wang ZX, Gu F, Dong XY, Zhou M, Wang YF, Zhang HL. Inhibition of GSK3β and RIP1K Attenuates Glial Scar Formation Induced by Ischemic Stroke via Reduction of Inflammatory Cytokine Production. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 32595496 PMCID: PMC7303311 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the chronic phase following ischemic stroke, glial scars can prevent axonal regeneration and the intensification of inflammation. The protective effect of inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) or receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K) on ischemic stroke has been previously reported. The current study examined the effects of RIP1K and GSK3β on ischemic stroke-induced glial scar formation. To investigate this, we used an in vivo model of ischemic stroke based on middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 7 d, and an in vitro model in primary cultured astrocytes involving oxygen and glucose deprivation for 6 h followed by reoxygenation for 24 h. Both in vivo and in vitro, we found that SB216763, a GSK3β inhibitor, and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a RIP1K inhibitor, decreased levels of glial scar markers, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurocan, and phosphacan. SB216763 and Nec-1 also decreased levels of inflammatory related cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, only Nec-1 increased the level of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Concurrent neutralization of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 with their antibodies provided better reduction in oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced increases in scar markers than obtained with separate use of each antibody. Further investigations showed that SB216763 reduced the levels of necroptosis-related proteins, including RIP1K, p-RIP1K, RIP3K, p-RIP3K, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), and p-MLKL, while Nec-1 decreased the expression of p-GSK3β. Compared with Nec-1 (10 μM) and SB216763 (1 μM) alone, Nec-1 and SB216763 in combination reduced levels of GFAP, neurocan, and inflammatory-related cytokines. In conclusion, inhibition of GSK3β or RIP1K reduced glial scar formation induced by ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms might be at least, partially related to reducing levels of inflammatory-related cytokines and to blocking an interaction between GSK3β- and RIP1K-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhan-Xiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yi Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Qi J, Rong Y, Wang L, Xu J, Zhao K. Rab7b Overexpression-Ameliorated Ischemic Brain Damage Following tMCAO Involves Suppression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:163-170. [PMID: 30911939 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 play a critical role in brain damage following ischemia-induced stroke. Rab7b, a lysosome-associated small Rab GTPase, has been implicated in TLR4 regulation; however, its role in cerebral stroke is poorly understood. In this study, by investigating a rat model with cerebral stroke, we found that Rab7b was upregulated in the rat brain following the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Functionally, overexpression of Rab7b in the brain by DNA transfection reduced cerebral infarction and improved neurological outcome following tMCAO, suggesting that Rab7b alleviates ischemic brain damage. Mechanistically, Rab7b overexpression suppressed the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 and also inhibited the activation of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, Rab7b overexpression suppressed the production of proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the brain following tMCAO. In summary, these results suggest that Rab7b protects against ischemic brain damage following tMCAO and that this protection may relate to the suppressed inflammatory response mediated by TLR4 and NF-κB p65. Our study might offer Rab7b as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cerebral stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, No.8 of Guang Chuan Road, Baodi District, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Yanhong Rong
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, No.8 of Guang Chuan Road, Baodi District, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, No.8 of Guang Chuan Road, Baodi District, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Junying Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, No.8 of Guang Chuan Road, Baodi District, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, No.8 of Guang Chuan Road, Baodi District, Tianjin, 301800, China.
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