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Li J, Wang M, Wang M, Sang H, Wang W, Gong M, Zhang H. Bradykinin induces acute kidney injury after hypothermic circulatory arrest through the repression of the Nrf2-xCT pathway. iScience 2024; 27:110075. [PMID: 38868208 PMCID: PMC11167524 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA); however, its underlying pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we established a rat cardiopulmonary bypass model and demonstrated that hypothermia during HCA, rather than circulatory arrest, was responsible for the occurrence of AKI. By recruiting 56 patients who underwent surgery with HCA and analyzing the blood samples, we found that post-HCA AKI was associated with an increase in bradykinin. Animal experiments confirmed this and showed that hypothermia during HCA increased bradykinin levels by increasing kallikrein expression. Mechanistically, bradykinin inhibited the Nrf2-xCT pathway through B2R and caused renal oxidative stress damage. Application of Icatibant, a B2R inhibitor, reversed changes in the Nrf2-xCT pathway and oxidative stress damage. Finally, Icatibant reversed hypothermia-induced AKI in vivo. This finding reveals the pathogenesis of AKI after HCA and helps to provide therapeutic strategy for patients with post-HCA AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Maozhou Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - He Sang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- Beijing Lab for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
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Song J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Qiu M, Xiang W, Ke B, Fang X. DKK3 promotes oxidative stress injury and fibrosis in HK-2 cells by activating NOX4 via β-catenin/TCF4 signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1231-1241. [PMID: 37368156 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and fibrosis may accelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). DKK3 is related to regulating renal fibrosis and CKD. However, the molecular mechanism of DKK3 in regulating oxidative stress and fibrosis during CKD development has not been clarified, which deserves to be investigated. Human proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were treated with H2O2 to establish a cell model of renal fibrosis. The mRNA and protein expressions were analyzed using qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. ROS production was estimated using DCFH-DA. The interactions among TCF4, β-catenin and NOX4 were validated using luciferase activity assay, ChIP and Co-IP. Herein, our results revealed that DKK3 was highly expressed in HK-2 cells treated with H2O2. DKK3 depletion increased H2O2-treated HK-2 cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Mechanically, DKK3 promoted formation of the β-catenin/TCF4 complex, and activated NOX4 transcription. Upregulation of NOX4 or TCF4 weakened the inhibitory effect of DKK3 knockdown on oxidative stress and fibrosis in H2O2-stimulated HK-2 cells. All our results suggested that DKK3 accelerated oxidative stress and fibrosis through promoting β-catenin/TCF4 complex-mediated activation of NOX4 transcription, which could lead to novel molecules and therapeutic targets for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Minzi Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenliu Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Ke
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ding J, Cui S, Li SY, Cui LY, Nan QY, Lin XJ, Xuan MY, Jin J, Piao SG, Jiang YJ, Zheng HL, Jin JZ, Chung BH, Yang CW, Cui JH, Li C. The angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 attenuates renal fibrosis via ASK1/JNK/p38 MAPK-mediated apoptosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286903. [PMID: 37310976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 affords superior cardioprotection and renoprotection compared with renin-angiotensin blockade monotherapy, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we evaluated whether LCZ696 attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting ASK1/JNK/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated apoptosis in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and in vitro. Rats with UUO were treated daily for 7 days with LCZ696, valsartan, or the selective ATP competitive inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), GS-444217. The effects of LCZ696 on renal injury were examined by assessing the histopathology, oxidative stress, intracellular organelles, apoptotic cell death, and MAPK pathways. H2O2-exposed human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells were also examined. LCZ696 and valsartan treatment significantly attenuated renal fibrosis caused by UUO, and this was paralleled by downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased inflammatory cell influx. Intriguingly, LCZ696 had stronger effects on renal fibrosis and inflammation than valsartan. UUO-induced oxidative stress triggered mitochondrial destruction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which resulted in apoptotic cell death; these effects were reversed by LCZ696. Both GS-444217 and LCZ696 hampered the expression of death-associated ASK1/JNK/p38 MAPKs. In H2O2-treated HK-2 cells, LCZ696 and GS-444217 increased cell viability but decreased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and MitoSOX and apoptotic cell death. Both agents also deactivated H2O2-stimulated activation of ASK1/JNK/p38 MAPKs. These findings suggest that LCZ696 protects against UUO-induced renal fibrosis by inhibiting ASK1/JNK/p38 MAPK-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Yu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Lin Yan Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Qi Yan Nan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Xue Jing Lin
- Department of Radionuclide Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Mei Ying Xuan
- Department of Health Examination Central, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of General Practice, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Shang Guo Piao
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Yu Ji Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Hai Lan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ji Zhe Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jing Hao Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu Prov., Suzhou, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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Piao SG, Ding J, Lin XJ, Nan QY, Xuan MY, Jiang YJ, Zheng HL, Jin JZ, Li C. Inhibition of RIP1-RIP3-mediated necroptosis attenuates renal fibrosis via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274116. [PMID: 36223414 PMCID: PMC9555645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis represents the final common outcome of chronic kidney disease of virtually any etiology. However, the mechanism underlying the evolution of renal fibrosis remains to be addressed. This study sought to clarify whether RIP1-RIP3-mediated necroptosis is involved in renal fibrosis via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in vitro and in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Rats with UUO were administered RIP inhibitors (necrostatin-1 or GSK872) or β-catenin/TCF inhibitor ICG-001 daily for 7 consecutive days. UUO caused significant renal tubular necrosis and overexpression of RIP1-RIP3-MLKL axis proteins, and was accompanied by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress caused by UUO was closely associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which resulted in apoptotic cell death via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling. All of these effects were abolished by an RIP inhibitor (necrostatin-1 or GSK872) or ICG-001. In H2O2-treated HK-2 cells, both RIP inhibitor and ICG-001 decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic cells, but increased cell viability. Activated Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling was decreased by either RIP inhibitor or ICG-001. Our findings suggest that RIP1-RIP3-mediated necroptosis contributes to the development of renal fibrosis via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in UUO and may be a therapeutic target for protection against renal scarring of other origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Guo Piao
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Xue Jing Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Radionuclide Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Qi Yan Nan
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Mei Ying Xuan
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
- Department of Health Examination Central, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Yu Ji Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Hai Lan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ji Zhe Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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Liu B, Deng J, Jie X, Lu F, Liu X, Zhang D. Protective effects of the Bupi Yishen formula on renal fibrosis through PI3K/AKT signaling inhibition. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115242. [PMID: 35367329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Bupi Yishen Formula (BYF) is a patented Chinese herbal compound that has been long used to treat chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the clinic. However, its main active ingredients and underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. AIM Identify the major active ingredients of BYF and investigate its protective effects and specific molecular mechanisms in renal fibrosis. METHODS First, we performed network pharmacology analysis combined with molecular docking to predict the main active compounds, potential therapeutic targets, and intervention pathways that might exert the anti-fibrotic effect of BYF in the kidney. Then, we validated the predictions in both adenine-induced CKD rats and TGFβ1-induced HK-2 cells. RESULTS A total of 233 common targets, 25 core targets, and 10 main active compounds from BYF were selected by network pharmacology analyses. Then, GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses indicated that the renoprotection conferred by BYF against renal fibrosis was mainly associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling. Besides, the molecular docking showed that the 10 main active compounds of BYF were closely docked with three main PI3K/AKT pathway proteins. During the experimental validations, BYF improved renal impairment and alleviated fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling activity in the kidney of adenine-induced CKD model rats. Moreover, increased PI3K/AKT signaling activation was associated with fibrotic phenotype changes in adenine-induced CKD rats and TGFβ1-induced HK-2 cells. On the other hand, BYF treatment reduced PI3K/AKT signaling activation and decreased renal fibrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, thereby indicating that PI3K/AKT signaling was essential for BYF to exert its anti-fibrotic effects. Finally, the inhibitory effect of BYF on renal fibrogenesis was not enhanced while blocking the PI3K/AKT pathway with a broad spectrum PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). CONCLUSION In the present study, we applied a comprehensive strategy based on systemic pharmacology to reveal the anti-fibrotic mechanisms of BYF, at least partially, through the inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling activation. We also identified BYF as a potential therapeutic agent for renal fibrosis and CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Liu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jiankun Deng
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, SHANTOU Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, 515031, China
| | - Xina Jie
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Fuhua Lu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Difei Zhang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Jiang YJ, Jin J, Nan QY, Ding J, Cui S, Xuan MY, Piao MH, Piao SG, Zheng HL, Jin JZ, Chung BH, Yang CW, Li C. Coenzyme Q10 attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-mediated necroinflammation via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108868. [PMID: 35636077 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) protects against various types of injury, but its role in preventing renal scarring in chronic kidney disease remains an open question. Herein, we evaluated whether CoQ10 attenuates renal fibrosis by interfering with necroinflammation in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and in vitro. METHODS Rats with UUO were treated daily with CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor (necrostatin-1 or GSK872) for 7 days. The influence of CoQ10 on renal injury caused by UUO was evaluated by histopathology and analysis of gene expression, oxidative stress, intracellular organelles, apoptosis, and Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling·H2O2-exposed human kidney (HK-2) cells were also examined after treatment with CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor. RESULTS UUO induced marked renal tubular necrosis, upregulation of RIP1-RIP3-MLKL axis proteins, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and evolution of renal fibrosis. UUO-induced oxidative stress evoked excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggered apoptotic cell death through Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling. All of these effects were mitigated by CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor. In H2O2-treated HK-2 cells, CoQ10 or an RIP inhibitor suppressed the expression of RIP1-RIP3-MLKL proteins and pyroptosis-related cytokines, and hindered the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species as shown by MitoSOX Red staining and apoptotic cell death but increased cell viability. The CoQ10 or Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor ICG-001 deactivated H2O2-stimulated activation of Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CoQ10 attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-mediated necroinflammation via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in UUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of General Practice, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Qi Yan Nan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China; Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Ying Xuan
- Department of Health Examination Central, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Mei Hua Piao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Shang Guo Piao
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Hai Lan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ji Zhe Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Can Li
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.
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Exogenous pancreatic kininogenase protects against tacrolimus-induced renal injury by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling: The role of bradykinin receptors. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xuan MY, Piao SG, Ding J, Nan QY, Piao MH, Jiang YJ, Zheng HL, Jin JZ, Li C. Dapagliflozin Alleviates Renal Fibrosis by Inhibiting RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-Mediated Necroinflammation in Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:798381. [PMID: 35069210 PMCID: PMC8777292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, offers renoprotection in diabetes. However, potential for use in nondiabetic kidney disease remains unknown. Herein, we assessed whether dapagliflozin alleviates renal fibrosis by interfering with necroinflammation in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and in vitro. After induction of UUO, rats were administered dapagliflozin daily for seven consecutive days. UUO induced significant renal tubular necrosis and overexpression of RIP1-RIP3-MLKL axis proteins; these coincided with NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and subsequent development of renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress caused by UUO is tightly associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to apoptotic cell death through Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling; all of which were abolished by both dapagliflozin and specific RIP inhibitors (necrostatin-1 and GSK872). In H2O2-treated HK-2 cells, dapagliflozin and RIP inhibitors suppressed overexpression of RIP1-RIP3-MLKL proteins and pyroptosis-related cytokines, decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic cell death, whereas cell viability was improved. Moreover, activated Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling was inhibited by dapagliflozin and Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor ICG-001. Our findings suggest that dapagliflozin ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting RIP1-RIP3-MLKL-mediated necroinflammation via Wnt3α/β-catenin/GSK-3β signaling in UUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ying Xuan
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of Health Examination Central, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Shang Guo Piao
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Qi Yan Nan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Mei Hua Piao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Yu Ji Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Hai Lan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ji Zhe Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Nephrology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
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9
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Li KX, Feng Y, Fan XX, Sun X, Li Y, Wu D, Liu L, Cui CP, Xiong X, Li HD, Zhou M, Ma HL, Liu Y, Zhang R, Li BY. Bradykinin-mediated estrogen-dependent depressor response by direct activation of female-specific distribution of myelinated Ah-type baroreceptor neurons in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 28:435-447. [PMID: 34964272 PMCID: PMC8841294 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To understand the direct impact of bradykinin in autonomic control of circulation through baroreflex afferent pathway. Methods The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored while bradykinin and its agonists were applied via nodose (NG) microinjection, the expression of bradykinin receptors (BRs) in the NG (1st‐order) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS, 2nd‐order) were tested in adult male, age‐matched female, and ovariectomized rats under physiological and hypertensive conditions. Additionally, bradykinin‐induced depolarization was also tested in identified baroreceptor and baroreceptive neurons using whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. Results Under physiological condition, bradykinin‐induced dose‐ and estrogen‐dependent reductions of MAP with lower estimated EC50 in females. B2R agonist mediated more dramatic MAP reduction with long‐lasting effect compared with B1R activation. These functional observations were consistent with the molecular and immunostaining evidences. However, under hypertensive condition, the MAP reduction was significantly less dramatic in N’‐Nitro‐L‐Arginine‐methyl ester (L‐NAME) induced secondary and spontaneous hypertension rats in males compared with female rats. Electrophysiological data showed that bradykinin‐elicited concentration‐dependent membrane depolarization with discharges during initial phase in identified myelinated Ah‐types baroreceptor neurons, not myelinated A‐types; while, higher concentration of bradykinin was required for depolarization of unmyelinated C‐types without initial discharges. Conclusion These datasets have demonstrated for the first time that bradykinin mediates direct activation of baroreflex afferent function to trigger estrogen‐dependent depressor response, which is due mainly to the direct activation/neuroexcitation of female‐specific myelinated Ah‐type baroreceptor neurons leading to a sexual dimorphism in parasympathetic domination of blood pressure regulation via activation of B2R/B1R expression in baroreflex afferent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiong-Xiong Fan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Peng Cui
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hu-Die Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai-Lan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of clinical Laboratory, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Huang L, Zhao B, Li Q, Wu J, Jiang H, Li Q. Ephedrine alleviates middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced neurological deficits and hippocampal neuronal damage in rats by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4136-4149. [PMID: 34288825 PMCID: PMC8806764 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1953218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are crucial in ischemic stroke. Ephedrine (EPH) has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. The present study analyzes whether EPH possessed neuroprotective effects and explored the underlying mechanisms of EPH based on an experimental model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We found that intraperitoneal injection with EPH attenuated the neurological deficit, cerebral infarction, and cerebral edema induced by MCAO in rats. Besides, EPH treatment alleviated MCAO-induced brain tissue damage and morphological abnormality, as well as neuronal loss. Moreover, EPH treatment upregulated GPx and CAT activity and downregulated MDA and NO content. EPH also evidently decreased the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α but increased IL-4 and IL-10 levels. Of note, EPH treatment promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT proteins in MCAO rats. Furthermore, administration of PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 abolished the beneficial effects of EPH. These results confirmed that EPH alleviated brain injury induced by MCAO via activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Huang
- Encephalopathy, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong Zhi Men Hospital, Tongzhou Hospital Area, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Encephalopathy, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong Zhi Men Hospital, Tongzhou Hospital Area, Beijing, China
| | - Qunxian Li
- Encephalopathy, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong Zhi Men Hospital, Tongzhou Hospital Area, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Encephalopathy, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong Zhi Men Hospital, Tongzhou Hospital Area, Beijing, China
- ENT Department, Dong Fang Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- ENT Department, Dong Fang Hospital of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- Encephalopathy, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong Zhi Men Hospital, Tongzhou Hospital Area, Beijing, China
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11
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Wang Y, Zhang R, Pan W, Xu Z, Yang H, Luo Q, Ye X, Cheng X. Effects of L-carnitine combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2, thioredoxin reductase 1, and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:3515-3523. [PMID: 34532275 PMCID: PMC8421838 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) combined with pancreatic kininogenase on thioredoxin 2 (Trx 2), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR 1), and sperm quality in patients with oligoasthenospermia. Methods A total of 300 male infertility patients with oligoasthenospermia who were treated in the andrology clinic of our hospital from December 2019 to December 2020 were randomly divided into an LC group and combined treatment group, and 50 males with normal semen were selected as a control group. The computer-assisted semen analysis system (CASA) was used to detect the total number, vitality, and forward motility of the sperm before and after treatment, and sperm morphology was detected by the Diff-Quik method of the sperm staining kit. Sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) method was used to detect sperm DNA fragments, and Western-blot was used to detect the protein expression of Trx 2 and TrxR 1. Results There were no significant differences in sperm density, motility rate, forward motile sperm rate, and DNA fragmentation rate in oligoasthenospermia patients before treatment (P>0.05). However, after 1 month of treatment, the sperm density, motility rate, and forward motile sperm rate were all higher than before treatment (P<0.05), while the DNA fragmentation rate was lower than before treatment. At the same time, each index of semen in the combination group was higher than that in the LC group (P<0.05), and the total effective rate in the combination group was significantly higher than in the LC group (P<0.01). The expression of Trx2 protein in oligoasthenospermia patients was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the expression of TrxR1 protein was significantly decreased (P<0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the expression of Trx2 protein was significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the expression of TrxR1 protein was significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusions The results suggest Trx 2 and TrxR 1 may be candidate protein markers for oligoasthenospermia. LC combined with pancreatic kininogenase in the treatment of male oligoasthenospermia can effectively promote sperm maturation, enhance sperm motility, and improve semen quality, which has high application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Andrology, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Department of reproductive center, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Xiping Ye
- Department of Reproduction laboratory, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Xianfeng Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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12
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Li D, Wang L, Ou J, Wang C, Zhou J, Lu L, Wu Y, Gao J. Reactive oxygen species induced by uric acid promote NRK‑52E cell apoptosis through the NEK7‑NLRP3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:729. [PMID: 34414459 PMCID: PMC8383041 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing uric acid (UA) could induce renal tubular epithelial cell (NRK-52E) injury. However, the specific mechanism by which UA induces renal tubular epithelial cell injury remains unknown. It was hypothesized that UA induces renal tubular epithelial cell injury through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Never in mitosis gene A (NIMA)-related kinase 7 (NEK7)/NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway. TUNEL assay and flow cytometry were applied to measure apoptosis, and the results of the present study showed that UA treatment induced apoptosis of NRK-52E cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-xl, it was found that levels were significantly increased after UA treatment in NRK-52E cells. ROS and apoptosis were predominantly induced in NRK-52E cells and there was an association between ROS and apoptosis. Enhanced expression of NEK7, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like and caspase-1 were observed in NRK-52E cells treated with UA. The ROS inhibitor, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, exerted a protective effect on the UA-induced apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells by reducing excess ROS production, which significantly inhibited NEK7 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These results indicated that UA activates ROS and induces apoptosis of NRK-52E cells. The mechanism might be related to the regulation of the NEK7/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Luobing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiaoying Ou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai TCM‑Integrated Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Lili Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yanshneg Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiandong Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Aranda-Rivera AK, Cruz-Gregorio A, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Ortega-Lozano AJ, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Redox signaling pathways in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:65-81. [PMID: 34077780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is an experimental rodent model that mimics renal fibrosis associated with obstructive nephropathy in an accelerated manner. After UUO, the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondrial dysfunction lead to reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in the kidney. ROS are secondary messengers able to induce post-translational modifications (PTMs) in redox-sensitive proteins, which activate or deactivate signaling pathways. Therefore, in UUO, it has been proposed that ROS overproduction causes changes in said pathways promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis that contribute to fibrosis development. Furthermore, mitochondrial metabolism impairment has been associated with UUO, contributing to renal damage in this model. Although ROS production and oxidative stress have been studied in UUO, the development of renal fibrosis associated with redox signaling pathways has not been addressed. This review focuses on the current information about the activation and deactivation of signaling pathways sensitive to a redox state and their effect on mitochondrial metabolism in the fibrosis development in the UUO model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Laboratorio F-225, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ariadna Jazmín Ortega-Lozano
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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