1
|
Ismail EA, El-Sakka AI. An overview of conventional and investigational phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for treating erectile dysfunction and other conditions. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39096237 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2388569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a rising concern about developing innovative, efficacious PDE5I molecules that provide better safety, efficacy, and tolerability with less adverse effects. Innovative PDE5I with dual targets have also been defined in the literature. Additionally, some of PDE5I are able to selectively inhibit other enzymes such as histone deacetylase, acetylcholine esterase, and cyclooxygenase or act as nitric oxide donors. This review presents knowledge concerning the advanced trends and perspectives in using PDE5I in treatment of ED and other conditions. AREAS COVERED Pre-clinical and early clinical trials that investigated the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of novel PDE5I such as Udenafil, Mirodenafil, Lodenafil, Youkenafil, Celecoxib, and TPN729 in treatment of ED and other conditions. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and limited early clinical studies of the new molecules of PDE5I have demonstrated encouraging results; however, safety, efficacy, and tolerability are still issues that necessitate further long-term multicenter clinical studies to ensure justification of their uses in treatment of ED and other conditions. Progress in molecular delivery techniques and tailored patient-specific management and additional therapeutic technology will dramatically improve care for ED and other conditions. The dream of ED and many other conditions becoming more effectively managed may be feasible in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat A Ismail
- Department of Urology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du X, Cai H, Jin N, Wu Z, Wang L, Wang Z, Xie B. Differences in the pharmacokinetics and steady-state blood concentrations of orally administered lenvatinib in adult and juvenile rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1140849. [PMID: 37576809 PMCID: PMC10420079 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1140849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and steady-state serum concentrations of lenvatinib in adult and juvenile rats. Experimental study: An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method was developed to quantify lenvatinib in the serum and liver of rats. Six juvenile and six adult rats in each group were orally administered with a single dose of 7.0 mg/kg lenvatinib suspension for pharmacokinetics. Another 12 juvenile and adult rats were subjected to oral gavage with 7.0 mg/kg lenvatinib once daily for 5 days. Biofluild samples were pre-treated by protein precipitation and sorafenib was used as the internal standard for UPLC-MS analysis. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by compartment and statistical model. The mRNA expression of CYP3A2 and SLC22A1 in liver of adult and juvenile rats was measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Results: The UPLC-MS method met the requirements for quantitative analysis of lenvatinib in serum and liver. The pharmacokinetic results showed that the mean retention time (MRT(0-∞)) was 19.64 ± 7.64 h and 126.38 ± 130.18 h, with AUC(0-∞) values of 3.97 ± 0.73 μg‧mL-1 h and 5.95 ± 2.27 μg mL-1 h in adult and juvenile rats, respectively. When comparing adult rats (0.35 ± 0.15 μg/mL) to juvenile rats, no significant differences were observed in steady-state serum lenvatinib (0.32 ± 0.11 μg/mL), but a noteworthy decrease to one-third of steady-state liver lenvatinib was observed after multiple oral doses of lenvatinib in juvenile rats. Additional findings revealed that the mRNA expression of CYP3A2 and SLC22A1 was notably increased by 6.86 and 14.67 times, respectively, in juvenile rats compared to adult rats. Conclusion: Juvenile rats exhibit lower levels of lenvatinib in the liver's steady-state, potentially due to the disparity in CYP3A2 mRNA expression. These results imply that the dosage of lenvatinib for pediatric patients may need to be augmented in order to attain the desired clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Du
- Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Medical College of Jiaxing University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Hongxin Cai
- Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Medical College of Jiaxing University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Medical College of Jiaxing University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Medical College of Jiaxing University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Medical College of Jiaxing University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Medical College of Jiaxing University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Baogang Xie
- Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Medical College of Jiaxing University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma Y, Hu L, Tang J, Guo W, Feng Y, Liu Y, Tang F. Three-Dimensional Cell Co-Culture Liver Models and Their Applications in Pharmaceutical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076248. [PMID: 37047220 PMCID: PMC10094553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the primary site for the biotransformation of drugs, the liver is the most focused on organ type in pharmaceutical research. However, despite being widely used in pharmaceutical research, animal models have inherent species differences, while two-dimensional (2D) liver cell monocultures or co-cultures and three-dimensional (3D) liver cell monoculture in vitro liver models do not sufficiently represent the complexity of the human liver’s structure and function, making the evaluation results from these tools less reliable. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop more representative in vitro liver models for pharmaceutical research. Fortunately, an exciting new development in recent years has been the emergence of 3D liver cell co-culture models. These models hold great promise as in vitro pharmaceutical research tools, because they can reproduce liver structure and function more practically. This review begins by explaining the structure and main cell composition of the liver, before introducing the potential advantages of 3D cell co-culture liver models for pharmaceutical research. We also discuss the main sources of hepatocytes and the 3D cell co-culture methods used in constructing these models. In addition, we explore the applications of 3D cell co-culture liver models with different functional states and suggest prospects for their further development.
Collapse
|
4
|
Metabolic characterization of a potent natural neuroprotective agent dendrobine in vitro and in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1059-1071. [PMID: 34183753 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobine is the main sesquiterpene alkaloid of Dendrobium nobile Lindl, which exhibits potent neuroprotective activity. However, its metabolism and disposition are little known. In this study, we investigated the metabolic characteristics of dendrobine in vitro and in rats. The metabolic stability and temporal profile of metabolites formation of dendrobine were assayed in human/rat liver microsomal and S9 fractions. Dendrobine metabolites were separated and identified mainly by UPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS. After oral administration of dendrobine (50 mg/kg) to rats, the accumulative excretion rate of dendrobine in feces, urine, and bile was 0.27%, 0.52%, and 0.031%, respectively, and low systematic exposure of dendrobine (AUC0-∞ = 629.2 ± 56.4 ng·h/mL) was observed. We demonstrated that the elimination of dendrobine was very rapid in liver microsomal incubation (the in vitro elimination t1/2 in rat and human liver microsomes was 1.35 and 5.61 min, respectively). Dendrobine underwent rapid and extensive metabolism; cytochrome P450, especially CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C19, were mainly responsible for its metabolism. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase were involved in the formation of carboxylic acid metabolites. By the aid of in-source fragmentation screening, hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiment, post-acquisition processing software, and available reference standards, 50 metabolites were identified and characterized in liver microsomal incubation and in rats. The major metabolic pathways of dendrobine were N-demethylation, N-oxidation, and dehydrogenation, followed by hydroxylation and glucuronidation. Collectively, the metabolic fate of dendrobine elucidated in this study not only yields benefits for its subsequent metabolism study but also facilitates to better understanding the mode of action of dendrobine and evaluating the pharmacologic efficiency of the high exposure metabolites.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng H, Yu J, Yang C, Zhang N, Fan Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang Z, Zhong DF, He JX, Yan S, Diao X. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of [ 14C]TPN729 after oral administration to rats. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:79-90. [PMID: 35038952 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
TPN729, a novel phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), is in phase II clinical trials in China. Previous studies suggested that TPN729 possesses promising therapeutic value. In previous non-radiolabeled rat excretion studies, the recovery of TPN729 and its major metabolites accounted for approximately 8.58% of the administration dose in urine and feces by 48 h post-dose.To solve this problem and further study the metabolism of TPN729 in rats, we used the radio-isotopic tracing technique for the first time. In this study, the mass balance, tissue distribution, and metabolism of TPN729 were evaluated in rats after a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg [14C]TPN729 (150 μCi/kg).At 168 h post-dose, the mean total radioactivity recovery of the dose was 92.13%. Feces was the major excretion route, accounting for 74.63% of the dose, and urine excretion accounted for 17.50%. After oral administration of [14C]TPN729, radioactivity was widely distributed in all examined tissues, and a higher radioactivity concentration was observed in the stomach, large intestine, lung, liver, small intestine, and eyes. The concentration of drug-related materials were similar in plasma and blood cells. A total of 51 metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine, feces, and bile, and the predominant metabolically susceptible position of TPN729 was the pyrrolidine moiety. The main metabolic pathways were N-dealkylation, oxidation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation.In summary, we solved the previous problem of low drug recovery, elucidated the major excretion pathway, determined the tissue distribution patterns, and investigated the metabolism of TPN729 in rats by using a radioisotopic tracing technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Henan Topfond Pharma Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | | | - Junchen Wang
- Henan Topfond Pharma Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Da-Fang Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ji-Xiang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Shu Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Liu J, Huang Y, Li R, Ma C, Zhang B, Wu F, Yu W, Zuo X, Liang Y, Wang Q. Insights into oral bioavailability enhancement of therapeutic herbal constituents by cytochrome P450 3A inhibition. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:491-507. [PMID: 33905669 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1917598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Herbal plants typically have complex compositions and diverse mechanisms. Among them, bioactive constituents with relatively high exposure in vivo are likely to exhibit therapeutic efficacy. On the other hand, their bioavailability may be influenced by the synergistic effects of different bioactive components. Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) is one of the most abundant CYP enzymes, responsible for the metabolism of 50% of approved drugs. In recent years, many therapeutic herbal constituents have been identified as CYP3A substrates. It is more evident that CYP3A inhibition derived from the herbal formula plays a critical role in improving the oral bioavailability of therapeutic constituents. CYP3A inhibition may be the mechanism of the synergism of herbal formula. In this review, we explored the multiplicity of CYP3A, summarized herbal monomers with CYP3A inhibitory effects, and evaluated herb-mediated CYP3A inhibition, thereby providing new insights into the mechanisms of CYP3A inhibition-mediated oral herb bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinman Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiru Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beiping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanchang Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Yu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zuo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|