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Yu L, Zhu X, Peng K, Qin H, Yang K, Cai F, Hu J, Zhang Y. Propofol Alleviates Anxiety-Like Behaviors Associated with Pain by Inhibiting the Hyperactivity of PVN CRH Neurons via GABA A Receptor β3 Subunits. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309059. [PMID: 38639389 PMCID: PMC11267288 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Pain, a comorbidity of anxiety disorders, causes substantial clinical, social, and economic burdens. Emerging evidence suggests that propofol, the most commonly used general anesthetic, may regulate psychological disorders; however, its role in pain-associated anxiety is not yet described. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a single dose of propofol (100 mg kg-1) in alleviating pain-associated anxiety and examines the underlying neural mechanisms. In acute and chronic pain models, propofol decreased anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests. Propofol also reduced the serum levels of stress-related hormones including corticosterone, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and norepinephrine. Fiber photometry recordings indicated that the calcium signaling activity of CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVNCRH) is reduced after propofol treatment. Interestingly, artificially activating PVNCRH neurons through chemogenetics interfered with the anxiety-reducing effects of propofol. Electrophysiological recordings indicated that propofol decreases the activity of PVNCRH neurons by increasing spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). Further, reducing the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor β3 (GABAAβ3) subunits in PVNCRH neurons diminished the anxiety-relieving effects of propofol. In conclusion, this study provides a mechanistic and preclinical rationale to treat pain-associated anxiety-like behaviors using a single dose of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei230601China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesAnhui Medical UniversityHefei230032China
| | - Xiaona Zhu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Kang Peng
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei230601China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesAnhui Medical UniversityHefei230032China
| | - Huimin Qin
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Kexin Yang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Fang Cai
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei230601China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesAnhui Medical UniversityHefei230032China
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Zhao L, Qu HL, Zhang Y, Wu X, Ji QX, Zhang Z, Li D. ZL006 mitigates anxiety-like behaviors induced by closed head injury through modulation of the neural circuit from the medial prefrontal cortex to amygdala. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae237. [PMID: 38850218 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Closed head injury is a prevalent form of traumatic brain injury with poorly understood effects on cortical neural circuits. Given the emotional and behavioral impairments linked to closed head injury, it is vital to uncover brain functional deficits and their driving mechanisms. In this study, we employed a robust viral tracing technique to identify the alteration of the neural pathway connecting the medial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral amygdala, and we observed the disruptions in neuronal projections between the medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala following closed head injury. Remarkably, our results highlight that ZL006, an inhibitor targeting PSD-95/nNOS interaction, stands out for its ability to selectively reverse these aberrations. Specifically, ZL006 effectively mitigates the disruptions in neuronal projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to basolateral amygdala induced by closed head injury. Furthermore, using chemogenetic approaches, we elucidate that activating the medial prefrontal cortex projections to the basolateral amygdala circuit produces anxiolytic effects, aligning with the therapeutic potential of ZL006. Additionally, ZL006 administration effectively mitigates astrocyte activation, leading to the restoration of medial prefrontal cortex glutamatergic neuron activity. Moreover, in the context of attenuating anxiety-like behaviors through ZL006 treatment, we observe a reduction in closed head injury-induced astrocyte engulfment, which may correlate with the observed decrease in dendritic spine density of medial prefrontal cortex glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shenyang Fifth People's Hospital, No. 188 Xingshun Street, Tiexi District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui Ling Qu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, NO. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qian Xin Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
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3
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Qin Y, Liu Q, Wang S, Wang Q, Du Y, Yao J, Chen Y, Yang Q, Wu Y, Liu S, Zhao M, Wei G, Yang L. Santacruzamate A Alleviates Pain and Pain-Related Adverse Emotions through the Inhibition of Microglial Activation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1002-1012. [PMID: 38633586 PMCID: PMC11019733 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex disease. It seriously affects patients' quality of life and imposes a significant economic burden on society. Santacruzamate A (SCA) is a natural product isolated from marine cyanobacteria in Panama. In this study, we first demonstrated that SCA could alleviate chronic inflammatory pain, pain-related anxiety, and depression emotions induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in mice while inhibiting microglial activation in the anterior cingulate cortex. Moreover, SCA treatment attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by downregulating interleukin 1β and 6 (IL-1β and IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in BV2 cells. Furthermore, we found that SCA could bind to soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) through molecular docking technology, and the thermal stability of sEH was enhanced after binding of SCA to the sEH protein. Meanwhile, we identified that SCA could reduce the sEH enzyme activity and inhibit sEH protein overexpression in the LPS stimulation model. The results indicated that SCA could alleviate the development of inflammation by inhibiting the enzyme activity and expression of sEH to further reduce chronic inflammatory pain. Our study suggested that SCA could be a potential drug for treating chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Saiying Wang
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Qinhui Wang
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yaya Du
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Jingyue Yao
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air
Force Medical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shuibing Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air
Force Medical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Minggao Zhao
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Gaofei Wei
- Institute
of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical
University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision
Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038, China
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Cao YY, Wu LL, Li XN, Yuan YL, Zhao WW, Qi JX, Zhao XY, Ward N, Wang J. Molecular Mechanisms of AMPA Receptor Trafficking in the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:111. [PMID: 38203282 PMCID: PMC10779435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity enhances or reduces connections between neurons, affecting learning and memory. Postsynaptic AMPARs mediate greater than 90% of the rapid excitatory synaptic transmission in glutamatergic neurons. The number and subunit composition of AMPARs are fundamental to synaptic plasticity and the formation of entire neural networks. Accordingly, the insertion and functionalization of AMPARs at the postsynaptic membrane have become a core issue related to neural circuit formation and information processing in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the related mechanisms of AMPAR expression and trafficking. The proteins related to AMPAR trafficking are discussed in detail, including vesicle-related proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, synaptic proteins, and protein kinases. Furthermore, significant emphasis was placed on the pivotal role of the actin cytoskeleton, which spans throughout the entire transport process in AMPAR transport, indicating that the actin cytoskeleton may serve as a fundamental basis for AMPAR trafficking. Additionally, we summarize the proteases involved in AMPAR post-translational modifications. Moreover, we provide an overview of AMPAR transport and localization to the postsynaptic membrane. Understanding the assembly, trafficking, and dynamic synaptic expression mechanisms of AMPAR may provide valuable insights into the cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yu-Lian Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Wan-Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Jing-Xuan Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Xu-Yu Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Natalie Ward
- Medical Laboratory, Exceptional Community Hospital, 19060 N John Wayne Pkwy, Maricopa, AZ 85139, USA;
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
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5
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Chen S, Shao Q, Chen J, Lv X, Ji J, Liu Y, Song Y. Bile acid signalling and its role in anxiety disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1268865. [PMID: 38075046 PMCID: PMC10710157 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1268865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that afflicts 7.3%~28.0% of the world's population. Bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes and modulate metabolism via farnesoid X receptor (FXR), G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5), etc. These effects are not limited to the gastrointestinal tract but also extend to tissues and organs such as the brain, where they regulate emotional centers and nerves. A rise in serum bile acid levels can promote the interaction between central FXR and TGR5 across the blood-brain barrier or activate intestinal FXR and TGR5 to release fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), respectively, which in turn, transmit signals to the brain via these indirect pathways. This review aimed to summarize advancements in the metabolism of bile acids and the physiological functions of their receptors in various tissues, with a specific focus on their regulatory roles in brain function. The contribution of bile acids to anxiety via sending signals to the brain via direct or indirect pathways was also discussed. Different bile acid ligands trigger distinct bile acid signaling cascades, producing diverse downstream effects, and these pathways may be involved in anxiety regulation. Future investigations from the perspective of bile acids are anticipated to lead to novel mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic targets for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehan Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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6
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Zhu LJ, Li F, Zhu DY. nNOS and Neurological, Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A 20-Year Story. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1439-1453. [PMID: 37074530 PMCID: PMC10113738 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, nitric oxide (NO), a free gas with multitudinous bioactivities, is mainly produced from the oxidation of L-arginine by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In the past 20 years, the studies in our group and other laboratories have suggested a significant involvement of nNOS in a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, the interactions between the PDZ domain of nNOS and its adaptor proteins, including post-synaptic density 95, the carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS, and the serotonin transporter, significantly influence the subcellular localization and functions of nNOS in the brain. The nNOS-mediated protein-protein interactions provide new attractive targets and guide the discovery of therapeutic drugs for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we summarize the work on the roles of nNOS and its association with multiple adaptor proteins on neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dong-Ya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Sha Z, Xu J, Li N, Li O. Regulatory Molecules of Synaptic Plasticity in Anxiety Disorder. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:2877-2886. [PMID: 37435365 PMCID: PMC10332425 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s413176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is the capacity of synaptic transmission between neurons to be strengthened or weakened. There are many signal molecules accumulated in the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes that can lead to the regulation of synaptic plasticity and involvement in numerous of neurological and psychiatric diseases, including anxiety disorder. However, the regulatory mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the development of anxiety disorder have not been well summarized. This review mainly aims to discuss the biological functions and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity-related molecules in anxiety disorder, with a particular focus on the metabotropic glutamate receptors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, and postsynaptic density 95. The summarized functions and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity-related molecules in anxiety will provide insight into novel neuroplasticity modifications for targeted therapy for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Sha
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ou Li
- Department of Mental Diseases, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Rong Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Qin Y, Cheng CY, Zhao J, Li LF, Ma X, Wu YM, Liu SB, Liang YN, Zhao MG. Sophoridine alleviates hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behavior in an inflammatory pain mouse model induced by complete freund's adjuvant. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231177634. [PMID: 37207346 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231177634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain, along with comorbid psychiatric disorders, is a common problem worldwide. A growing number of studies have focused on non-opioid-based medicines, and billions of funds have been put into digging new analgesic mechanisms. Peripheral inflammation is one of the critical causes of chronic pain, and drugs with anti-inflammatory effects usually alleviate pain hypersensitivity. Sophoridine (SRI), one of the most abundant alkaloids in Chinese herbs, has been proved to exert antitumor, antivirus and anti-inflammation effects. Here, we evaluated the analgesic effect of SRI in an inflammatory pain mouse model induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection. SRI treatment significantly decreased pro-inflammatory factors release after LPS stimuli in microglia. Three days of SRI treatment relieved CFA-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behavior, and recovered abnormal neuroplasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex of mice. Therefore, SRI may be a candidate compound for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain and may serve as a structural basis for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cai-Yan Cheng
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Long-Fei Li
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Ni Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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