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Xu R, Sheng R, Lin W, Jiang S, Zhang D, Liu L, Lei K, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Seriwatanachai D, Zhou X, Yuan Q. METTL3 Modulates Ctsk + Lineage Supporting Cranial Osteogenesis via Hedgehog. J Dent Res 2024; 103:734-744. [PMID: 38752256 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241245033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, a eukaryotic messenger RNA modification catalyzed by methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), plays a pivotal role in stem cell fate determination. Calvarial bone development and maintenance are orchestrated by the cranial sutures. Cathepsin K (CTSK)-positive calvarial stem cells (CSCs) contribute to mice calvarial ossification. However, the role of m6A modification in regulating Ctsk+ lineage cells during calvarial development remains elusive. Here, we showed that METTL3 was colocalized with cranial nonosteoclastic Ctsk+ lineage cells, which were also associated with GLI1 expression. During neonatal development, depletion of Mettl3 in the Ctsk+ lineage cells delayed suture formation and decreased mineralization. During adulthood maintenance, loss of Mettl3 in the Ctsk+ lineage cells impaired calvarial bone formation, which was featured by the increased bone porosity, enhanced bone marrow cavity, and decreased number of osteocytes with the less-developed cellular outline. The analysis of methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing data indicated that loss of METTL3 reduced Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Restoration of Hh signaling pathway by crossing Sufufl/+ alleles or by local administration of SAG21 partially rescued the abnormity. Our data indicate that METTL3 modulates Ctsk+ lineage cells supporting calvarial bone formation by regulating the Hh signaling pathway, providing new insights for clinical treatment of skull vault osseous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - S Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - K Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Seriwatanachai
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - X Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Lung H, Wentworth KL, Moody T, Zamarioli A, Ram A, Ganesh G, Kang M, Ho S, Hsiao EC. Wnt pathway inhibition with the porcupine inhibitor LGK974 decreases trabecular bone but not fibrosis in a murine model with fibrotic bone. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae011. [PMID: 38577521 PMCID: PMC10994528 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate a wide spectrum of physiological functions, including the development, remodeling, and repair of the skeleton. Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of the bone is characterized by fibrotic, expansile bone lesions caused by activating mutations in GNAS. There are no effective therapies for FD. We previously showed that ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice, in which Gs-GPCR signaling was hyper-activated in osteoblastic cell lineages using an engineered receptor strategy, developed a fibrotic bone phenotype with trabecularization that could be reversed by normalizing Gs-GPCR signaling, suggesting that targeting the Gs-GPCR or components of the downstream signaling pathway could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for FD. The Wnt signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of FD-like bone, but the specific Wnts and which cells produce them remain largely unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing on long-bone stromal cells of 9-wk-old male ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice and littermate controls showed that fibroblastic stromal cells in ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice were expanded. Multiple Wnt ligands were up- or downregulated in different cellular populations, including in non-osteoblastic cells. Treatment with the porcupine inhibitor LGK974, which blocks Wnt signaling broadly, induced partial resorption of the trabecular bone in the femurs of ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice, but no significant changes in the craniofacial skeleton. Bone fibrosis remained evident after treatment. Notably, LGK974 caused significant bone loss in control mice. These results provide new insights into the role of Wnt and Gs-signaling in fibrosis and bone formation in a mouse model of Gs-GPCR pathway overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Lung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kelly L Wentworth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Tania Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Ariane Zamarioli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Anesthesiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (SP) 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Apsara Ram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Gauri Ganesh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Misun Kang
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Sunita Ho
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Edward C Hsiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
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Sun L, Niu H, Wu Y, Dong S, Li X, Kim BY, Liu C, Ma Y, Jiang W, Yuan Y. Bio-integrated scaffold facilitates large bone regeneration dominated by endochondral ossification. Bioact Mater 2024; 35:208-227. [PMID: 38327823 PMCID: PMC10847751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Repair of large bone defects caused by severe trauma, non-union fractures, or tumor resection remains challenging because of limited regenerative ability. Typically, these defects heal through mixed routines, including intramembranous ossification (IMO) and endochondral ossification (ECO), with ECO considered more efficient. Current strategies to promote large bone healing via ECO are unstable and require high-dose growth factors or complex cell therapy that cause side effects and raise expense while providing only limited benefit. Herein, we report a bio-integrated scaffold capable of initiating an early hypoxia microenvironment with controllable release of low-dose recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), aiming to induce ECO-dominated repair. Specifically, we apply a mesoporous structure to accelerate iron chelation, this promoting early chondrogenesis via deferoxamine (DFO)-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Through the delicate segmentation of click-crosslinked PEGylated Poly (glycerol sebacate) (PEGS) layers, we achieve programmed release of low-dose rhBMP-2, which can facilitate cartilage-to-bone transformation while reducing side effect risks. We demonstrate this system can strengthen the ECO healing and convert mixed or mixed or IMO-guided routes to ECO-dominated approach in large-size models with clinical relevance. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a biomaterial-based strategy for driving ECO-dominated healing, paving a promising pave towards its clinical use in addressing large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Haoyi Niu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuqiong Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Shiyan Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Betty Y.S. Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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Yang W, Zuo Y, Zhang N, Wang K, Zhang R, Chen Z, He Q. GNAS locus: bone related diseases and mouse models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1255864. [PMID: 37920253 PMCID: PMC10619756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1255864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GNASis a complex locus characterized by multiple transcripts and an imprinting effect. It orchestrates a variety of physiological processes via numerous signaling pathways. Human diseases associated with the GNAS gene encompass fibrous dysplasia (FD), Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO), parathyroid hormone(PTH) resistance, and Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia (POH), among others. To facilitate the study of the GNAS locus and its associated diseases, researchers have developed a range of mouse models. In this review, we will systematically explore the GNAS locus, its related signaling pathways, the bone diseases associated with it, and the mouse models pertinent to these bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangning Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Cabrera Pereira A, Dasgupta K, Ho TV, Pacheco-Vergara M, Kim J, Kataria N, Liang Y, Mei J, Yu J, Witek L, Chai Y, Jeong J. Lineage-specific mutation of Lmx1b provides new insights into distinct regulation of suture development in different areas of the calvaria. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1225118. [PMID: 37593235 PMCID: PMC10427921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1225118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The calvaria (top part of the skull) is made of pieces of bone as well as multiple soft tissue joints called sutures. The latter is crucial to the growth and morphogenesis of the skull, and thus a loss of calvarial sutures can lead to severe congenital defects in humans. During embryogenesis, the calvaria develops from the cranial mesenchyme covering the brain, which contains cells originating from the neural crest and the mesoderm. While the mechanism that patterns the cranial mesenchyme into bone and sutures is not well understood, function of Lmx1b, a gene encoding a LIM-domain homeodomain transcription factor, plays a key role in this process. In the current study, we investigated a difference in the function of Lmx1b in different parts of the calvaria using neural crest-specific and mesoderm-specific Lmx1b mutants. We found that Lmx1b was obligatory for development of the interfrontal suture and the anterior fontanel along the dorsal midline of the skull, but not for the posterior fontanel over the midbrain. Also, Lmx1b mutation in the neural crest-derived mesenchyme, but not the mesoderm-derived mesenchyme, had a non-cell autonomous effect on coronal suture development. Furthermore, overexpression of Lmx1b in the neural crest lineage had different effects on the position of the coronal suture on the apical part and the basal part. Other unexpected phenotypes of Lmx1b mutants led to an additional finding that the coronal suture and the sagittal suture are of dual embryonic origin. Together, our data reveal a remarkable level of regional specificity in regulation of calvarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Cabrera Pereira
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Krishnakali Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria Pacheco-Vergara
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julie Kim
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Niam Kataria
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yaowei Liang
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeslyn Mei
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinyeong Yu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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Krishnan N, McMullan P, Yang Q, Buscarello AN, Germain-Lee EL. Prevalence of Chiari malformation type 1 is increased in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A and associated with aberrant bone development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280463. [PMID: 36662765 PMCID: PMC9858345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in GNAS. Patients with maternally-inherited mutations develop pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) with multi-hormone resistance and aberrant craniofacial and skeletal development among other abnormalities. Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1), a condition in which brain tissue extends into the spinal canal when the skull is too small, has been reported in isolated cases of PHP1A. It has been hypothesized to be associated with growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Given the adverse clinical sequelae that can occur if CM1 goes unrecognized, we investigated the previously undetermined prevalence of CM1, as well as any potential correlations with GH status, given the known increased prevalence of GH deficiency in PHP1A. We also investigated these metrics for low lying cerebellar tonsils (LLCT), defined as tonsillar descent less than 5 mm below the foramen magnum. In addition, we investigated possible correlations of CM1/LLCT with advanced hand/wrist bone ages and craniofacial abnormalities known to occur in PHP1A to determine whether premature chondrocyte differentiation and/or aberrant craniofacial development could be potential etiologies of CM1/LLCT through both human studies and investigations of our AHO mouse model. METHODS We examined patients with PHP1A in our clinic and noticed CM1 more frequently than expected. Therefore, we set out to determine the true prevalence of CM1 and LLCT in a cohort of 54 mutation-confirmed PHP1A participants who had clinically-indicated brain imaging. We examined potential correlations with GH status, clinical features, biological sex, genotype, and hand/wrist bone age determinations. In addition, we investigated the craniofacial development in our mouse model of AHO (Gnas E1+/-m) by histologic analyses, dynamic histomorphometry, and micro-computerized tomographic imaging (MCT) in order to determine potential etiologies of CM1/LLCT in PHP1A. RESULTS In our cohort of PHP1A, the prevalence of CM1 is 10.8%, which is at least 10-fold higher than in the general population. If LLCT is included, the prevalence increases to 21.7%. We found no correlation with GH status, biological sex, genotype, or hand/wrist bone age. Through investigations of our Gnas E1+/-m mice, the correlate to PHP1A, we identified a smaller cranial vault and increased cranial dome angle with evidence of hyperostosis due to increased osteogenesis. We also demonstrated that there was premature closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS), a cartilaginous structure essential to the development of the cranial base. These findings lead to craniofacial abnormalities and could contribute to CM1 and LLCT development in PHP1A. CONCLUSION The prevalence of CM1 is at least 10-fold higher in PHP1A compared to the general population and 20-fold higher when including LLCT. This is independent of the GH deficiency that is found in approximately two-thirds of patients with PHP1A. In light of potential serious consequences of CM1, clinicians should have a low threshold for brain imaging. Investigations of our AHO mouse model revealed aberrant cranial formation including a smaller cranium, increased cranial dome angle, hyperostosis, and premature SOS closure rates, providing a potential etiology for the increased prevalence of CM1 and LLCT in PHP1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Krishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Albright Center, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Connecticut Children’s, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patrick McMullan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Qingfen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alexzandrea N. Buscarello
- Albright Center, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Connecticut Children’s, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Albright Center, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Connecticut Children’s, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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Tokita M, Sato H. Creating morphological diversity in reptilian temporal skull region: A review of potential developmental mechanisms. Evol Dev 2023; 25:15-31. [PMID: 36250751 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reptilian skull morphology is highly diverse and broadly categorized into three categories based on the number and position of the temporal fenestrations: anapsid, synapsid, and diapsid. According to recent phylogenetic analysis, temporal fenestrations evolved twice independently in amniotes, once in Synapsida and once in Diapsida. Although functional aspects underlying the evolution of tetrapod temporal fenestrations have been well investigated, few studies have investigated the developmental mechanisms responsible for differences in the pattern of temporal skull region. To determine what these mechanisms might be, we first examined how the five temporal bones develop by comparing embryonic cranial osteogenesis between representative extant reptilian species. The pattern of temporal skull region may depend on differences in temporal bone growth rate and growth direction during ontogeny. Next, we compared the histogenesis patterns and the expression of two key osteogenic genes, Runx2 and Msx2, in the temporal region of the representative reptilian embryos. Our comparative analyses suggest that the embryonic histological condition of the domain where temporal fenestrations would form predicts temporal skull morphology in adults and regulatory modifications of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells are likely involved in generating morphological diversity in the temporal skull region of reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromu Sato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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Ang PS, Matrongolo MJ, Zietowski ML, Nathan SL, Reid RR, Tischfield MA. Cranium growth, patterning and homeostasis. Development 2022; 149:dev201017. [PMID: 36408946 PMCID: PMC9793421 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of multiple signaling pathways that crosstalk to coordinate the growth and patterning of the skull with surrounding tissues. Recent insights into these signaling pathways and previously uncharacterized progenitor cell populations have refined our understanding of skull patterning, bone mineralization and tissue homeostasis. Here, we touch upon classical studies and recent advances with an emphasis on developmental and signaling mechanisms that regulate the osteoblast lineage for the calvaria, which forms the roof of the skull. We highlight studies that illustrate the roles of osteoprogenitor cells and cranial suture-derived stem cells for proper calvarial growth and homeostasis. We also discuss genes and signaling pathways that control suture patency and highlight how perturbing the molecular regulation of these pathways leads to craniosynostosis. Finally, we discuss the recently discovered tissue and signaling interactions that integrate skull and cerebrovascular development, and the potential implications for both cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics and brain waste clearance in craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S. Ang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matt J. Matrongolo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Shelby L. Nathan
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Max A. Tischfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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9
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Zhang L, Fu X, Ni L, Liu C, Zheng Y, You H, Li M, Xiu C, Zhang L, Gong T, Luo N, Zhang Z, He G, Hu S, Yang H, Chen D, Chen J. Hedgehog Signaling Controls Bone Homeostasis by Regulating Osteogenic/Adipogenic Fate of Skeletal Stem/Progenitor Cells in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:559-576. [PMID: 34870341 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) can differentiate into osteogenic or adipogenic lineage. The mechanism governing lineage allocation of SSPCs is still not completely understood. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an essential role in specifying osteogenic fate of mesenchymal progenitors during embryogenesis. However, it is still unclear whether Hh signaling is required for lineage allocation of SSPCs in postnatal skeleton, and whether its dysregulation is related to age-related osteoporosis. Here, we demonstrated that Hh signaling was activated in metaphyseal SSPCs during osteogenic differentiation in the adult skeleton, and its activity decreased with aging. Inactivation of Hh signaling by genetic ablation of Smo, a key molecule in Hh signaling, in Osx-Cre-targeted SSPCs and hypertrophic chondrocytes led to decreased bone formation and increased bone marrow adiposity, two key pathological features of age-related osteoporosis. Moreover, we found that the bone-fat imbalance phenotype caused by Smo deletion mainly resulted from aberrant allocation of SSPCs toward adipogenic lineage at the expense of osteogenic differentiation, but not due to accelerated transdifferentiation of chondrocytes into adipocytes. Mechanistically, we found that Hh signaling regulated osteoblast versus adipocyte fate of SSPCs partly through upregulating Wnt signaling. Thus, our results indicate that Hh signaling regulates bone homeostasis and age-related osteoporosis by acting as a critical switch of cell fate decisions of Osx-Cre-targeted SSPCs in mice and suggest that Hh signaling may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhang
- Orthopedic Department, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.,Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejie Fu
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cunchang Liu
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zheng
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongji You
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Xiu
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Luo
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangxu He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Chen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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10
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Xu R, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Lin W, Yuan Q, Zhou X, Yang Y. Gnas Loss Causes Chondrocyte Fate Conversion in Cranial Suture Formation. J Dent Res 2022; 101:931-941. [PMID: 35220829 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221075215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calvaria development is distinct from limb formation. Craniosynostosis is a skull deformity characterized by premature cranial suture fusion due to the loss of the GNAS gene and, consequently, its encoded protein Gαs. This birth defect requires surgery, with potential lethal consequences. So far, hardly any early-stage nonsurgical interventions for GNAS loss-related craniosynostosis are available. Here, we investigated the role of the Gnas gene in mice in guarding the distinctiveness of intramembranous ossification and how loss of Gnas triggered endochondral-like ossification within the cranial sutures. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of normal neonatal mice cranial suture chondrocytes showed a Hedgehog (Hh) inactivation pattern, which was associated with Gαs signaling activation. Loss of Gnas evoked chondrocyte-to-osteoblast fate conversion and resulted in cartilage heterotopic ossification (HO) within cranial sutures and fontanels of the mouse model, leading to a skull deformity resembling craniosynostosis in patients with loss of GNAS. Activation of ectopic Hh signaling within cranial chondrocytes stimulated the conversion of cell identity through a hypertrophy-like stage, which shared features of endochondral ossification in vivo. Reduction of Gli transcription activity by crossing with a loss-of-function Gli2 allele or injecting GLI1/2 antagonist hindered the progression of cartilage HO in neonatal stage mice. Our study uncovered the role of Gαs in maintaining cranial chondrocyte identity during neonatal calvaria development in mice and how reduction of Hh signaling could be a nonsurgical intervention to reduce skull deformity in craniosynostosis due to loss of GNAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W. Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q. Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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On the horizon: Hedgehog signaling to heal broken bones. Bone Res 2022; 10:13. [PMID: 35165260 PMCID: PMC8844053 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the molecular pathways that drive skeletal repair has been an ongoing challenge. Initial efforts have relied on in vitro assays to identify the key signaling pathways that drive cartilage and bone differentiation. While these assays can provide some clues, assessing specific pathways in animal models is critical. Furthermore, definitive proof that a pathway is required for skeletal repair is best provided using genetic tests. Stimulating the Hh (Hedgehog) pathway can promote cartilage and bone differentiation in cell culture assays. In addition, the application of HH protein or various pathway agonists in vivo has a positive influence on bone healing. Until recently, however, genetic proof that the Hh pathway is involved in bone repair has been lacking. Here, we consider both in vitro and in vivo studies that examine the role of Hh in repair and discuss some of the challenges inherent in their interpretation. We also identify needed areas of study considering a new appreciation for the role of cartilage during repair, the variety of cell types that may have differing roles in repair, and the recent availability of powerful lineage tracing techniques. We are optimistic that emerging genetic tools will make it possible to precisely define when and in which cells promoting Hh signaling can best promote skeletal repair, and thus, the clinical potential for targeting the Hh pathway can be realized.
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12
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Hopkins C, de Castro LF, Corsi A, Boyce A, Collins MT, Riminucci M, Heegaard AM. Fibrous dysplasia animal models: A systematic review. Bone 2022; 155:116270. [PMID: 34875396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare genetic bone disorder resulting in an overproduction of cAMP leading to a structurally unsound tissue, caused by a genetic mutation in the guanine nucleotide-binding protein gene (GNAS). In order to better understand this disease, several animal models have been developed with different strategies and features. OBJECTIVE Conduct a systematic review to analyze and compare animal models with the causative mutation and features of FD. METHODS A PRISMA search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies reporting an in vivo model of FD that expressed the causative mutation were included for analysis. Models without the causative mutation, but developed an FD phenotype and models of FD cell implantation were included for subanalysis. RESULTS Seven unique models were identified. The models were assessed and compared for their face validity, construct validity, mosaicism, and induction methods. This was based on the features of clinical FD that were reported within the categories of: macroscopic features, imaging, histology and histomorphometry, histochemical and cellular markers, and blood/urine markers. LIMITATIONS None of the models reported all features of FD and some features were only reported in one model. This made comparing models a challenge, but indicates areas where further research is necessary. CONCLUSION The benefits and disadvantages of every model were assessed from a practical and scientific standpoint. While all published reports lacked complete data, the models have nonetheless informed our understanding of FD and provided meaningful information to guide researchers in bench and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hopkins
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alison Boyce
- Metabolic Bone Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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McMullan P, Germain-Lee EL. Aberrant Bone Regulation in Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy dueto Gnas Inactivation: Mechanisms and Translational Implications. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:78-89. [PMID: 35226254 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the impact of Gnas inactivation on both bone remodeling and the development of heterotopic subcutaneous ossifications in Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Here we discuss recent advancements in understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the aberrant bone development in AHO as well as potential translational implications. RECENT FINDINGS Gnas inactivation can regulate the differentiation and function of not only osteoblasts but also osteoclasts and osteocytes. Investigations utilizing a mouse model of AHO generated by targeted disruption of Gnas have revealed that bone formation and resorption are differentially affected based upon the parental origin of the Gnas mutation. Data suggest that Gnas inactivation leads to heterotopic bone formation within subcutaneous tissue by changing the connective tissue microenvironment, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation of tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitors. Observed variations in bone formation and resorption based upon the parental origin of the Gnas mutation warrant future investigations and may have implications in the management and treatment of AHO and related conditions. Additionally, studies of heterotopic bone formation due to Gnas inactivation have identified an essential role of sonic hedgehog signaling, which could have therapeutic implications not only for AHO and related conditions but also for heterotopic bone formation in a wide variety of settings in which aberrant bone formation is a cause of significant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMullan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 505 Farmington Ave, 2nd floor, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 505 Farmington Ave, 2nd floor, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Albright Center, Connecticut Children's, Farmington, CT, USA.
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14
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Wnt/β-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:3. [PMID: 34980884 PMCID: PMC8724284 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 258.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway comprises a family of proteins that play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling often leads to various serious diseases, including cancer and non-cancer diseases. Although many articles have reviewed Wnt/β-catenin from various aspects, a systematic review encompassing the origin, composition, function, and clinical trials of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in tumour and diseases is lacking. In this article, we comprehensively review the Wnt/β-catenin pathway from the above five aspects in combination with the latest research. Finally, we propose challenges and opportunities for the development of small-molecular compounds targeting the Wnt signalling pathway in disease treatment.
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15
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Yamamoto M, Jin Z, Hayashi S, Rodríguez‐Vázquez JF, Murakami G, Abe S. Association between the developing sphenoid and adult morphology: A study using sagittal sections of the skull base from human embryos and fetuses. J Anat 2021; 239:1300-1317. [PMID: 34268732 PMCID: PMC8602018 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing sphenoid is regarded as a median cartilage mass (basisphenoid [BS]) with three cartilaginous processes (orbitosphenoid [OS], ala temporalis [AT], and alar process [AP]). The relationships of this initial configuration with the adult morphology are difficult to determine because of extensive membranous ossification along the cartilaginous elements. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the anatomical connections between each element of the fetal sphenoid and adult morphology. Sagittal sections from 25 embryos and fetuses of gestational age 6-34 weeks and crown-rump length 12-295 mm were therefore examined and compared with horizontal and frontal sections from the other 25 late-term fetuses (217-340 mm). The OS was identified as a set of three mutually attached cartilage bars in early fetuses. At all stages, the OS-post was continuous with the anterolateral part of the BS. The BS included the notochord and Rathke's pouch remnant in embryos and early fetuses. The dorsum sellae was absent from embryos, but it protruded from the BS in early fetuses before a fossa for the hypophysis became evident. Although not higher than the hypophysis at midterm, the dorsum sellae elongated superiorly after gestational age 25 weeks. In early fetuses, the AP was located on the side immediately anterior to the otic capsule. The AT developed on the side immediately posterior to the extraocular rectus muscles. At late term, the greater wing was formed by membranous bones from the AT and AP. The AT and AP formed a complex bridge between the BS and the greater wing. A small cartilage, future medial pterygoid process (PTmed) was located inferior to the AT in early fetuses. At midterm, one endochondral bone and multiple membranous bones formed the PTmed. The lateral pterygoid process (PTlat) was formed by a single membranous bone plate. Therefore, we connected fetal elements and the adult morphology as follows. (1) Derivative of the OS makes not only the lesser wing but also the anterior margin of the body of the sphenoid. (2) Derivatives of the BS are the body of the sphenoid including the sella turcica and the dorsum sellae. (3) Most of the greater wing including the foramen rotundum and the foramen oval originate from the AT and AP and multiple membranous bones. (4) The PTmed originate from endochondral bones and multiple membranous bones, while the PTlat derive from a single membranous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhe‐Wu Jin
- Department of AnatomyWuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of AnatomySchool of MedicineInternational University of Health and WelfareNaritaJapan
| | | | - Gen Murakami
- Division of Internal MedicineCupid‐Fair ClinicIwamizawaJapan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of AnatomyTokyo Dental CollegeTokyoJapan
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16
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McMullan P, Maye P, Yang Q, Rowe DW, Germain‐Lee EL. Parental Origin of
Gsα
Inactivation Differentially Affects Bone Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10570. [PMID: 35079678 PMCID: PMC8771002 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is caused by heterozygous inactivation of GNAS, a complex locus that encodes the alpha‐stimulatory subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gsα) in addition to NESP55 and XLαs due to alternative first exons. AHO skeletal manifestations include brachydactyly, brachymetacarpia, compromised adult stature, and subcutaneous ossifications. AHO patients with maternally‐inherited GNAS mutations develop pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) with resistance to multiple hormones that mediate their actions through G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) requiring Gsα (eg, parathyroid hormone [PTH], thyroid‐stimulating hormone [TSH], growth hormone–releasing hormone [GHRH], calcitonin) and severe obesity. Paternally‐inherited GNAS mutations cause pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), in which patients have AHO skeletal features but do not develop hormonal resistance or marked obesity. These differences between PHP1A and PPHP are caused by tissue‐specific reduction of paternal Gsα expression. Previous reports in mice have shown loss of Gsα causes osteopenia due to impaired osteoblast number and function and suggest that AHO patients could display evidence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD). However, we previously demonstrated PHP1A patients display normal‐increased BMD measurements without any correlation to body mass index or serum PTH. Due to these observed differences between PHP1A and PPHP, we utilized our laboratory's AHO mouse model to address whether Gsα heterozygous inactivation differentially affects bone remodeling based on the parental inheritance of the mutation. We identified fundamental distinctions in bone remodeling between mice with paternally‐inherited (GnasE1+/−p) versus maternally‐inherited (GnasE1+/−m) mutations, and these findings were observed predominantly in female mice. Specifically, GnasE1+/−p mice exhibited reduced bone parameters due to impaired bone formation and enhanced bone resorption. GnasE1+/−m mice, however, displayed enhanced bone parameters due to both increased osteoblast activity and normal bone resorption. These in vivo distinctions in bone remodeling between GnasE1+/−p and GnasE1+/−m mice could potentially be related to changes in the bone microenvironment driven by calcitonin‐resistance within GnasE1+/−m osteoclasts. Further studies are warranted to assess how Gsα influences osteoblast–osteoclast coupling. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMullan
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Qingfen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - David W. Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Emily L. Germain‐Lee
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Albright Center, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Connecticut Children's Farmington CT USA
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17
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Zhang J, Ji Y, Jiang S, Shi M, Cai W, Miron RJ, Zhang Y. Calcium-Collagen Coupling is Vital for Biomineralization Schedule. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100363. [PMID: 34047068 PMCID: PMC8336496 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is a chemical reaction that occurs in organisms in which collagen initiates and guides the growth and crystallization of matched apatite minerals. However, there is little known about the demand pattern for calcium salts and collagen needed by biomineralization. In this study, natural bone biomineralization is analyzed, and a novel interplay between calcium concentration and collagen production is observed. Any quantitative change in one of the entities causes a corresponding change in the other. Translocation-associated membrane protein 2 (TRAM2) is identified as an intermediate factor whose silencing disrupts this relationship and causes poor mineralization. TRAM2 directly interacts with the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2b (SERCA2b) and modulates SERCA2b activity to couple calcium enrichment with collagen biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings indicate that osteoblasts can independently and directly regulate the process of biomineralization via this coupling. This knowledge has significant implications for the developmentally inspired design of biomaterials for bone regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Yaoting Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Shuting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Miusi Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Wenjin Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Richard J. Miron
- Centre for Collaborative ResearchNova Southeastern UniversityCell Therapy InstituteFort LauderdaleFL33314‐7796USA
- Department of PeriodontologyCollege of Dental MedicineNova Southeastern UniversityFort LauderdaleFL33314‐7796USA
- Department of Periodontics and Oral SurgeryUniversity of Ann ArborAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
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18
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Cong Q, Liu Y, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Xu R, Cheng C, Chung HS, Yan M, Zhou H, Liao Z, Gao B, Bocobo GA, Covington TA, Song HJ, Su P, Yu PB, Yang Y. A self-amplifying loop of YAP and SHH drives formation and expansion of heterotopic ossification. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/599/eabb2233. [PMID: 34162750 PMCID: PMC8638088 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) occurs as a common complication after injury or in genetic disorders. The mechanisms underlying HO remain incompletely understood, and there are no approved prophylactic or secondary treatments available. Here, we identify a self-amplifying, self-propagating loop of Yes-associated protein (YAP)-Sonic hedgehog (SHH) as a core molecular mechanism underlying diverse forms of HO. In mouse models of progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH), a disease caused by null mutations in GNAS, we found that Gnas-/- mesenchymal cells secreted SHH, which induced osteoblast differentiation of the surrounding wild-type cells. We further showed that loss of Gnas led to activation of YAP transcription activity, which directly drove Shh expression. Secreted SHH further induced YAP activation, Shh expression, and osteoblast differentiation in surrounding wild-type cells. This self-propagating positive feedback loop was both necessary and sufficient for HO expansion and could act independently of Gnas in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), another genetic HO, and nonhereditary HO mouse models. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of YAP or SHH abolished HO in POH and FOP and acquired HO mouse models without affecting normal bone homeostasis, providing a previously unrecognized therapeutic rationale to prevent, reduce, and shrink HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caiqi Cheng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hye Soo Chung
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meijun Yan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Bocobo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taylor A Covington
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyeon Ju Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Paul B Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Copy number alteration profiling facilitates differential diagnosis between ossifying fibroma and fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:21. [PMID: 34188021 PMCID: PMC8242074 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ossifying fibroma (OF) and fibrous dysplasia (FD) are two fibro-osseous lesions with overlapping clinicopathological features, making diagnosis challenging. In this study, we applied a whole-genome shallow sequencing approach to facilitate differential diagnosis via precise profiling of copy number alterations (CNAs) using minute amounts of DNA extracted from morphologically correlated microdissected tissue samples. Freshly frozen tissue specimens from OF (n = 29) and FD (n = 28) patients were obtained for analysis. Lesion fibrous tissues and surrounding normal tissues were obtained by laser capture microdissection (LCM), with ~30–50 cells (5 000–10 000 µm2) per sample. We found that the rate of recurrent CNAs in OF cases was much higher (44.8%, 13 of 29) than that in FD cases (3.6%, 1 of 28). Sixty-nine percent (9 of 13) of the CNA-containing OF cases involved segmental amplifications and deletions on Chrs 7 and 12. We also identified eight CNA-associated genes (HILPDA, CALD1, C1GALT1, MICALL2, PHF14, AIMP2, MDM2, and CDK4) with amplified expression, which was consistent with the copy number changes. We further confirmed a jaw lesion with a previous uncertain diagnosis due to its ambiguous morphological features and the absence of GNAS mutation as OF based on the typical Chr 12 amplification pattern in its CNA profile. Moreover, analysis of a set of longitudinal samples collected from an individual with a cellular lesion in suspicion of OF at the first surgery, recurrence and the latest malignant transformation revealed identical CNA patterns at the three time points, suggesting that copy number profiling can be used as an important tool to identify borderline lesions or lesions with malignant potential. Overall, CNA profiling of fibro-osseous lesions can greatly improve differential diagnosis between OF and FD and help predict disease progression.
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20
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Donsante S, Palmisano B, Serafini M, Robey PG, Corsi A, Riminucci M. From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083989. [PMID: 33924333 PMCID: PMC8070464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Statins repress hedgehog signaling in medulloblastoma with no bone toxicities. Oncogene 2021; 40:2258-2272. [PMID: 33649536 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays an indispensable role in bone development and genetic activation of the pathway results in medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Inhibitors of Hh pathway (such as vismodegib and sonedigib), which are used to treat MB, cause irreversible defects in bone growth in young children. Cholesterol is required for the activation of the Hh pathway, and statins, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, suppress MB growth by repressing Hh signaling in tumor cells. Here, we investigate the role of cholesterol biosynthesis in the proliferation and Hh signaling in chondrocytes, and examine the bone development in mice after statin treatment. Statins significantly inhibited MB growth in young mice, but caused no defects in bone development. Conditional deletion of NADP steroid dehydrogenase-like (NSDHL), an enzyme necessary for cholesterol biosynthesis, suppressed cholesterol synthesis in chondrocytes, and disrupted the growth plate in mouse femur and tibia, indicating the important function of intracellular cholesterol in bone development. Hh pathway activation and the proliferation of chondrocytes were inhibited by statin treatment in vitro; however, statins did not impair bone growth in vivo due to insufficient penetration into the bone. Our studies reveal a critical role of cholesterol in bone development, and support the utilization of statins for treatment of MB as well as other Hh pathway-associated malignancies.
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22
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Spatz LB, Jin RU, Mills JC. Cellular plasticity at the nexus of development and disease. Development 2021; 148:148/3/dev197392. [PMID: 33547203 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In October 2020, the Keystone Symposia Global Health Series hosted a Keystone eSymposia entitled 'Tissue Plasticity: Preservation and Alteration of Cellular Identity'. The event synthesized groundbreaking research from unusually diverse fields of study, presented in various formats, including live and virtual talks, panel discussions and interactive e-poster sessions. The meeting focused on cell identity changes and plasticity in multiple tissues, species and developmental contexts, both in homeostasis and during injury. Here, we review the key themes of the meeting: (1) cell-extrinsic drivers of plasticity; (2) epigenomic regulation of cell plasticity; and (3) conserved mechanisms governing plasticity. A salient take-home conclusion was that there may be conserved mechanisms used by cells to execute plasticity, with autodegradative activity (autophagy and lysosomes) playing a crucial initial step in diverse organs and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian B Spatz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA .,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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Brewer N, Fong JT, Zhang D, Ramaswamy G, Shore EM. Gnas Inactivation Alters Subcutaneous Tissues in Progression to Heterotopic Ossification. Front Genet 2021; 12:633206. [PMID: 33574833 PMCID: PMC7870717 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.633206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), the formation of bone outside of the skeleton, occurs in response to severe trauma and in rare genetic diseases such as progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH). In POH, which is caused by inactivation of GNAS, a gene that encodes the alpha stimulatory subunit of G proteins (Gsα), HO typically initiates within subcutaneous soft tissues before progressing to deeper connective tissues. To mimic POH, we used conditional Gnas-null mice which form HO in subcutaneous tissues upon Gnas inactivation. In response to Gnas inactivation, we determined that prior to detection of heterotopic bone, dermal adipose tissue changed dramatically, with progressively decreased adipose tissue volume and increased density of extracellular matrix over time. Upon depletion of the adipose tissue, heterotopic bone progressively formed in those locations. To investigate the potential relevance of the tissue microenvironment for HO formation, we implanted Gnas-null or control mesenchymal progenitor cells into Gnas-null or control host subcutaneous tissues. We found that mutant cells in a Gnas-null tissue environment induced a robust HO response while little/no HO was detected in control hosts. Additionally, a Gnas-null tissue environment appeared to support the recruitment of control cells to heterotopic bone, although control cell implants were associated with less HO formation compared to mutant cells. Our data support that Gnas inactivation alters the tissue microenvironment to influence mutant and wild-type progenitor cells to contribute to HO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niambi Brewer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John T Fong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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24
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Cappato S, Gamberale R, Bocciardi R, Brunelli S. Genetic and Acquired Heterotopic Ossification: A Translational Tale of Mice and Men. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120611. [PMID: 33327623 PMCID: PMC7765130 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification is defined as an aberrant formation of bone in extraskeletal soft tissue, for which both genetic and acquired conditions are known. This pathologic process may occur in many different sites such as the skin, subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle and fibrous tissue adjacent to joints, ligaments, walls of blood vessels, mesentery and other. The clinical spectrum of this disorder is wide: lesions may range from small foci of ossification to massive deposits of bone throughout the body, typical of the progressive genetically determined conditions such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, to mention one of the most severe and disabling forms. The ectopic bone formation may be regarded as a failed tissue repair process in response to a variety of triggers and evolving towards bone formation through a multistage differentiation program, with several steps common to different clinical presentations and distinctive features. In this review, we aim at providing a comprehensive view of the genetic and acquired heterotopic ossification disorders by detailing the clinical and molecular features underlying the different human conditions in comparison with the corresponding, currently available mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cappato
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Gamberale
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Milano, Italy; (R.G.); (S.B.)
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25
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Hedgehog Activation Regulates Human Osteoblastogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:125-139. [PMID: 32531191 PMCID: PMC7363748 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two genetic diseases, Gorlin syndrome and McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), show completely opposite symptoms in terms of bone mineral density and hedgehog (Hh) activity. In this study, we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models of the two diseases to understand the roles of Hh signaling in osteogenesis. Gorlin syndrome-derived iPSCs showed increased osteoblastogenesis and mineralization with Hh signaling activation and upregulation of a set of transcription factors in an osteogenic culture, compared with the isogenic control. MAS-specific iPSCs showed poor mineralization with low Hh signaling activity in the osteogenic culture; impaired osteoblastogenesis was restored to the normal level by treatment with an Hh signaling-activating small molecule. These data suggest that Hh signaling is a key controller for differentiation of osteoblasts from precursors. This study may pave a path to new drug therapies for genetic abnormalities in calcification caused by dysregulation of Hh signaling. iPSCs from patients with Gorlin syndrome showed enhancement of osteoblastogenesis Distinct transcription factors, including FOXO1 were induced in Gorlin iPSCs McCune-Albright syndrome-specific iPSCs demonstrated a decrease in Hh activity SAG treatment rescued immature calcification in MAS-specific iPSCs
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26
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Zhang Q, Zhou D, Wang H, Tan J. Heterotopic ossification of tendon and ligament. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5428-5437. [PMID: 32293797 PMCID: PMC7214162 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the similarities of the tissue characteristics, pathologies and mechanisms of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation are shared between HO of tendon and ligament (HOTL). Unmet need and no effective treatment has been developed for HOTL, primarily attributable to poor understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms. HOTL forms via endochondral ossification, a common process of most kinds of HO. HOTL is a dynamic pathologic process that includes trauma/injury, inflammation, mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) recruitment, chondrogenic differentiation and, finally, ossification. A variety of signal pathways involve HOTL with multiple roles in different stages of HO formation, and here in this review, we summarize the progress and provide an up‐to‐date understanding of HOTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China.,Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Pinghu Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, China
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27
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Boyce AM, Collins MT. Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome: A Rare, Mosaic Disease of Gα s Activation. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5610851. [PMID: 31673695 PMCID: PMC7127130 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome (FD/MAS) is a rare disorder of striking complexity. It arises from somatic, gain-of-function mutations in GNAS, leading to mosaic Gα s activation and inappropriate production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The clinical phenotype is largely determined by the location and extent of affected tissues, and the pathophysiological effects of Gα s activation within these tissues. In bone, Gα s activation results in impaired differentiation of skeletal stem cells, leading to discrete skeletal lesions prone to fracture, deformity, and pain. Extraskeletal manifestations include a variable combination of hyperpigmented macules and hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies. Distinctive age-related changes in disease development has key effects on histologic, radiographic, and clinical features. FD/MAS thus presents along a uniquely broad clinical spectrum, and the resulting challenges in diagnosis and management can be difficult for clinicians. This review presents FD/MAS in the context of a mosaic disorder of Gα s activation, providing an intellectual framework within which to understand, evaluate, and treat this interesting disease. It includes a comprehensive summary of current understanding of FD/MAS pathogenesis, and a detailed discussion of clinical presentation and management. Critical areas of unmet need are highlighted, including discussion of key challenges and potential solutions to advance research and clinical care in FD/MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Boyce
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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28
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Ibarra BA, Atit R. What Do Animal Models Teach Us About Congenital Craniofacial Defects? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:137-155. [PMID: 32304072 PMCID: PMC7394376 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the head and face is a complex process which involves many different signaling cues regulating the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of the neural crest. This highly complex process is very error-prone, resulting in craniofacial defects in nearly 10,000 births in the United States annually. Due to the highly conserved mechanisms of craniofacial development, animal models are widely used to understand the pathogenesis of various human diseases and assist in the diagnosis and generation of preventative therapies and treatments. Here, we provide a brief background of craniofacial development and discuss several rare diseases affecting craniofacial bone development. We focus on rare congenital diseases of the cranial bone, facial jaw bones, and two classes of diseases, ciliopathies and RASopathies. Studying the animal models of these rare diseases sheds light not only on the etiology and pathology of each disease, but also provides meaningful insights towards the mechanisms which regulate normal development of the head and face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A Ibarra
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Radhika Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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29
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Dasgupta K, Chung JU, Asam K, Jeong J. Molecular patterning of the embryonic cranial mesenchyme revealed by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. Dev Biol 2019; 455:434-448. [PMID: 31351040 PMCID: PMC6842427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the head of an embryo, a layer of mesenchyme surrounds the brain underneath the surface ectoderm. This cranial mesenchyme gives rise to the meninges, the calvaria (top part of the skull), and the dermis of the scalp. Abnormal development of these structures, especially the meninges and the calvaria, is linked to significant congenital defects in humans. It has been known that different areas of the cranial mesenchyme have different fates. For example, the calvarial bone develops from the cranial mesenchyme on the baso-lateral side of the head just above the eye (supraorbital mesenchyme, SOM), but not from the mesenchyme apical to SOM (early migrating mesenchyme, EMM). However, the molecular basis of this difference is not fully understood. To answer this question, we compared the transcriptomes of EMM and SOM using high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq). This experiment identified a large number of genes that were differentially expressed in EMM and SOM, and gene ontology analyses found very different terms enriched in each region. We verified the expression of about 40 genes in the head by RNA in situ hybridization, and the expression patterns were annotated to make a map of molecular markers for 6 subdivisions of the cranial mesenchyme. Our data also provided insights into potential novel regulators of cranial mesenchyme development, including several axon guidance pathways, lectin complement pathway, cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, and ZIC family transcription factors. Together, information in this paper will serve as a unique resource to guide future research on cranial mesenchyme development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakali Dasgupta
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Jong Uk Chung
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Kesava Asam
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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30
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Disturbed bone remodelling activity varies in different stages of experimental, gradually progressive apical periodontitis in rats. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:27. [PMID: 31451690 PMCID: PMC6802676 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodelling keeps going through the lifespan of human by bone formation and bone resorption. In the craniofacial region, mandibles act as the main force for biting and chewing, and also become susceptible to a common bone-loss disease, namely, apical periodontitis, once infected dental pulp is not treated timely, during which bone resorption occurs from the apical foramen to the apical bone area. Although conventional root canal treatment (RCT) can remove the most of the infection, chronical apical periodontitis due to incomplete removal of dental pulp and subsequent microleakage will become refractory and more challenging, and this process has scarcely been specifically studied as a bone remodelling issue in rat models. Therefore, to study chronical and refractory apical periodontitis owing to incomplete cleaning of infected dental pulp and microleackage in vivo, we establish a modified rat model of gradually progressive apical periodontitis by sealing residual necrotic dental pulp and introducing limited saliva, which simulates gradually progressive apical periodontitis, as observed in the clinical treatment of chronical and refractory apical periodontitis. We show that bone-loss is inevitable and progressive in this case of apical periodontitis, which confirms again that complete and sound root canal treatment is crucial to halt the progression of chronical and refractory apical periodontitis and promote bone formation. Interestingly, bone remodelling was enhanced at the initial stage of apical periodontitis in this model while reduced with a high osteoblast number afterwards, as shown by the time course study of the modified model. Suggesting that the pathological apical microenvironment reserve its hard tissue formation ability to some degree but in a disturbed manner. Hopefully, our findings can provide insights for future bone regenerative treatment for apical periodontitis-associated bone loss.
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31
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Lung H, Hsiao EC, Wentworth KL. Advances in Models of Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:925. [PMID: 32038487 PMCID: PMC6993052 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gs G-protein coupled receptor pathway is a critical regulator of normal bone formation and function. The Gs pathway increases intracellular cAMP levels by ultimately acting on adenylate cyclase. McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) and fibrous dysplasia (FD) of the bone are two proto-typical conditions that result from increased cellular Gs signaling activity. Both are caused by somatic activating mutations in the GNAS gene that encodes for the Gsα subunit. FD bone lesions are particularly difficult to treat because of their variability and because of the lack of effective medical therapies. In this review, we briefly discuss the key clinical presentations of FD/MAS. We also review the current status of mouse models that target the Gs GPCR signaling pathway and human cellular models for FD/MAS. These powerful tools and our improving clinical knowledge will allow further elucidation of the roles of GPCR signaling in FD/MS pathogenesis, and facilitate the development of novel therapies for these medically significant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Lung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Edward C. Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward C. Hsiao
| | - Kelly L. Wentworth
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Kelly L. Wentworth
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Abstract
Skeletal development is exquisitely controlled both spatially and temporally by cell signaling networks. Gαs is the stimulatory α-subunit in a heterotrimeric G protein complex transducing the signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), responsible for controlling both skeletal development and homeostasis. Gαs, encoded by the GNAS gene in humans, plays critical roles in skeletal development and homeostasis by regulating commitment, differentiation and maturation of skeletal cells. Gαs-mediated signaling interacts with the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, both crucial regulators of skeletal development, remodeling and injury repair. Genetic mutations that disrupt Gαs functions cause human disorders with severe skeletal defects, such as fibrous dysplasia of bone and heterotopic bone formation. This chapter focuses on the crucial roles of Gαs signaling during skeletal development and homeostasis, and the pathological mechanisms underlying skeletal diseases caused by GNAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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