1
|
Wen W, Zhao Z, Zheng Z, Zhao S, Zhao H, Cheng X, Du H, Li Z, Wang S, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang TJ, Wu N. Rare variant association analyses reveal the significant contribution of carbohydrate metabolic disturbance in severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Med Genet 2024; 61:666-676. [PMID: 38724173 PMCID: PMC11228217 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the predominant genetic-influenced scoliosis, results in spinal deformities without vertebral malformations. However, the molecular aetiology of AIS remains unclear. METHODS Using genome/exome sequencing, we studied 368 patients with severe AIS (Cobb angle >40°) and 3794 controls from a Han Chinese cohort. We performed gene-based and pathway-based weighted rare variant association tests to assess the mutational burden of genes and established biological pathways. Differential expression analysis of muscle tissues from 14 patients with AIS and 15 controls was served for validation. RESULTS SLC16A8, a lactate transporter linked to retinal glucose metabolism, was identified as a novel severe AIS-associated gene (p=3.08E-06, false discovery rate=0.009). Most AIS cases with deleterious SLC16A8 variants demonstrated early onset high myopia preceding scoliosis. Pathway-based burden test also revealed a significant enrichment in multiple carbohydrate metabolism pathways, especially galactose metabolism. Patients with deleterious variants in these genes demonstrated a significantly larger spinal curve. Genes related to catabolic processes and nutrient response showed divergent expression between AIS cases and controls, reinforcing our genomic findings. CONCLUSION This study uncovers the pivotal role of genetic variants in carbohydrate metabolism in the development of AIS, unveiling new insights into its aetiology and potential treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengye Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifa Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Baylor College of Medicine Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hengqiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Huakang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Ziquan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smit TH. On growth and scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:2439-2450. [PMID: 38705903 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the physiology of spinal growth in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS Narrative review of the literature with a focus on mechanisms of growth. RESULTS In his landmark publication On Growth and Form, D'Arcy Thompson wrote that the anatomy of an organism reflects the forces it is subjected to. This means that mechanical forces underlie the shape of tissues, organs and organisms, whether healthy or diseased. AIS is called idiopathic because the underlying cause of the deformation is unknown, although many factors are associated. Eventually, however, any deformity is due to mechanical forces. It has long been shown that the typical curvature and rotation of the scoliotic spine could result from vertebrae and intervertebral discs growing faster than the ligaments attached to them. This raises the question why in AIS the ligaments do not keep up with the speed of spinal growth. The spine of an AIS patient deviates from healthy spines in various ways. Growth is later but faster, resulting in higher vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Vertebral bone density is lower, which suggests less spinal compression. This also preserves the notochordal cells and the swelling pressure in the nucleus pulposus. Less spinal compression is due to limited muscular activity, and low muscle mass indeed underlies the lower body mass index (BMI) in AIS patients. Thus, AIS spines grow faster because there is less spinal compression that counteracts the force of growth (Hueter-Volkmann Law). Ligaments consist of collagen fibres that grow by tension, fibrillar sliding and the remodelling of cross-links. Growth and remodelling are enhanced by dynamic loading and by hormones like estrogen. However, they are opposed by static loading. CONCLUSION Increased spinal elongation and reduced ligamental growth result in differential strain and a vicious circle of scoliotic deformation. Recognising the physical and biological cues that contribute to differential growth allows earlier diagnosis of AIS and prevention in children at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, Room K2-140, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin Z, Xu G, Lu X, Liu S, Zou F, Ma X, Jiang J, Wang H, Song J. Chondrocyte-targeted exosome-mediated delivery of Nrf2 alleviates cartilaginous endplate degeneration by modulating mitochondrial fission. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:281. [PMID: 38790015 PMCID: PMC11127380 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilaginous endplate (CEP) degeneration, which is an important contributor to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), is characterized by chondrocyte death. Accumulating evidence has revealed that dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and dysfunction lead to apoptosis during CEP degeneration and IVDD. Exosomes are promising agents for the treatment of many diseases, including osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, osteoarthritis and IVDD. Despite their major success in drug delivery, the full potential of exosomes remains untapped. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro and in vivo models of CEP degeneration were established by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We designed genetically engineered exosomes (CAP-Nrf2-Exos) expressing chondrocyte-affinity peptide (CAP) on the surface and carrying the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The affinity between CAP-Nrf2-Exos and CEP was evaluated by in vitro internalization assays and in vivo imaging assays. qRT‒PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed to examine the expression level of Nrf2 and the subcellular localization of Nrf2 and Drp1. Mitochondrial function was measured by the JC-1 probe and MitoSOX Red. Mitochondrial morphology was visualized by MitoTracker staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After subendplate injection of the engineered exosomes, the degree of CEP degeneration and IVDD was validated radiologically and histologically. RESULTS We found that the cargo delivery efficiency of exosomes after cargo packaging was increased by surface modification. CAP-Nrf2-Exos facilitated chondrocyte-targeted delivery of Nrf2 and activated the endogenous antioxidant defence system in CEP cells. The engineered exosomes inhibited Drp1 S616 phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation, thereby preventing mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction. LPS-induced CEP cell apoptosis was alleviated by CAP-Nrf2-Exo treatment. In a rat model of CEP degeneration, the engineered exosomes successfully attenuated CEP degeneration and IVDD and exhibited better repair capacity than natural exosomes. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings showed that exosome-mediated chondrocyte-targeted delivery of Nrf2 was an effective strategy for treating CEP degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaosheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McCallum-Loudeac J, Moody E, Williams J, Johnstone G, Sircombe KJ, Clarkson AN, Wilson MJ. Deletion of a conserved genomic region associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis leads to vertebral rotation in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:787-801. [PMID: 38280229 PMCID: PMC11031364 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of scoliosis, in which spinal curvature develops in adolescence, and 90% of patients are female. Scoliosis is a debilitating disease that often requires bracing or surgery in severe cases. AIS affects 2%-5.2% of the population; however, the biological origin of the disease remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to determine the function of a highly conserved genomic region previously linked to AIS using a mouse model generated by CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing to knockout this area of the genome to understand better its contribution to AIS, which we named AIS_CRMΔ. We also investigated the upstream factors that regulate the activity of this enhancer in vivo, whether the spatial expression of the LBX1 protein would change with the loss of AIS-CRM function, and whether any phenotype would arise after deletion of this region. We found a significant increase in mRNA expression in the developing neural tube at E10.5, and E12.5, for not only Lbx1 but also other neighboring genes. Adult knockout mice showed vertebral rotation and proprioceptive deficits, also observed in human AIS patients. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the elusive biological origins of AIS, by targeting and investigating a highly conserved genomic region linked to AIS in humans. These findings provide valuable insights into the function of the investigated region and contribute to our understanding of the underlying causes of this debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy McCallum-Loudeac
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Edward Moody
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jack Williams
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Georgia Johnstone
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen J Sircombe
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Megan J Wilson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ushiki A, Sheng RR, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Nobuhara M, Murray E, Ruan X, Rios JJ, Wise CA, Ahituv N. Deletion of Pax1 scoliosis-associated regulatory elements leads to a female-biased tail abnormality. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113907. [PMID: 38461417 PMCID: PMC11005513 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is sexually dimorphic, with increased incidence in females. A genome-wide association study identified a female-specific AIS susceptibility locus near the PAX1 gene. Here, we use mouse enhancer assays, three mouse enhancer knockouts, and subsequent phenotypic analyses to characterize this region. Using mouse enhancer assays, we characterize a sequence, PEC7, which overlaps the AIS-associated variant, and find it to be active in the tail tip and intervertebral disc. Removal of PEC7 or Xe1, a known sclerotome enhancer nearby, or deletion of both sequences lead to a kinky tail phenotype only in the Xe1 and combined (Xe1+PEC7) knockouts, with only the latter showing a female sex dimorphic phenotype. Extensive phenotypic characterization of these mouse lines implicates several differentially expressed genes and estrogen signaling in the sex dimorphic bias. In summary, our work functionally characterizes an AIS-associated locus and dissects the mechanism for its sexual dimorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rory R Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mai Nobuhara
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xin Ruan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu H, Khanshour AM, Ushiki A, Otomo N, Koike Y, Einarsdottir E, Fan Y, Antunes L, Kidane YH, Cornelia R, Sheng RR, Zhang Y, Pei J, Grishin NV, Evers BM, Cheung JPY, Herring JA, Terao C, Song YQ, Gurnett CA, Gerdhem P, Ikegawa S, Rios JJ, Ahituv N, Wise CA. Association of genetic variation in COL11A1 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. eLife 2024; 12:RP89762. [PMID: 38277211 PMCID: PMC10945706 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common and progressive spinal deformity in children that exhibits striking sexual dimorphism, with girls at more than fivefold greater risk of severe disease compared to boys. Despite its medical impact, the molecular mechanisms that drive AIS are largely unknown. We previously defined a female-specific AIS genetic risk locus in an enhancer near the PAX1 gene. Here, we sought to define the roles of PAX1 and newly identified AIS-associated genes in the developmental mechanism of AIS. In a genetic study of 10,519 individuals with AIS and 93,238 unaffected controls, significant association was identified with a variant in COL11A1 encoding collagen (α1) XI (rs3753841; NM_080629.2_c.4004C>T; p.(Pro1335Leu); p=7.07E-11, OR = 1.118). Using CRISPR mutagenesis we generated Pax1 knockout mice (Pax1-/-). In postnatal spines we found that PAX1 and collagen (α1) XI protein both localize within the intervertebral disc-vertebral junction region encompassing the growth plate, with less collagen (α1) XI detected in Pax1-/- spines compared to wild-type. By genetic targeting we found that wild-type Col11a1 expression in costal chondrocytes suppresses expression of Pax1 and of Mmp3, encoding the matrix metalloproteinase 3 enzyme implicated in matrix remodeling. However, the latter suppression was abrogated in the presence of the AIS-associated COL11A1P1335L mutant. Further, we found that either knockdown of the estrogen receptor gene Esr2 or tamoxifen treatment significantly altered Col11a1 and Mmp3 expression in chondrocytes. We propose a new molecular model of AIS pathogenesis wherein genetic variation and estrogen signaling increase disease susceptibility by altering a PAX1-COL11a1-MMP3 signaling axis in spinal chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for ChildrenDallasUnited States
| | - Anas M Khanshour
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for ChildrenDallasUnited States
| | - Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Nao Otomo
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshinao Koike
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesTokyoJapan
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohamaJapan
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of TechnologySolnaSweden
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Lilian Antunes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Yared H Kidane
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for ChildrenDallasUnited States
| | - Reuel Cornelia
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for ChildrenDallasUnited States
| | - Rory R Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jimin Pei
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Bret M Evers
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - John A Herring
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for ChildrenDallasUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohamaJapan
| | - You-qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Paul Gerdhem
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Uppsala University HospitalUppsalaSweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesTokyoJapan
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for ChildrenDallasUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Translational Research, Scottish Rite for ChildrenDallasUnited States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh H, Shipra, Gupta M, Gupta N, Gupta G, Pandita AK, Sharma R, Pandita S, Singh V, Garg B, Rai E, Sharma S. SOX9 gene shows association with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis predisposition in Northwest Indians. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:66. [PMID: 38245767 PMCID: PMC10799485 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common structural deformity of the spine affecting adolescent individuals globally. The disorder is polygenic and is accompanied by the association of various genetic loci. Genetic studies in Chinese and Japanese populations have shown the association of genetic variants of SOX9 with AIS curve severity. However, no genetic study evaluating the association of SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9) variants with AIS predisposition has been conducted in any Indian population. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association of the genetic variants of the SOX9 along with 0.88 Mb upstream region with AIS susceptibility in the population of Northwest India. METHODS In total, 113 AIS cases and 500 non-AIS controls were recruited from the population of Northwest India in the study and screened for 155 genetic variants across the SOX9 gene and 0.88 Mb upstream region of the gene using Global Screening Array-24 v3.0 chip (Illumina). The statistical significance of the Bonferroni threshold was set at 0.000322. RESULT The results showed the association of 11 newly identified variants; rs9302936, rs7210997, rs77736349, rs12940821, rs9302937, rs77447012, rs8071904, rs74898711, rs9900249, rs2430514, and rs1042667 with the AIS susceptibility in the studied population. Only one variant, rs2430514, was inversely associated with AIS in the population, while the ten variants were associated with the AIS risk. Moreover, 47 variants clustered in the gene desert region of the SOX9 gene were associated at a p-value ≤ 0.05. CONCLUSION The present study is the first to demonstrate the association of SOX9 enhancer locus variants with AIS in any South Asian Indian population. The results are interesting as rs1042667, a 3' untranslated region (UTR) variant in the exon 3 and upstream variants of the SOX9 gene, were associated with AIS susceptibility in the Northwest Indian population. This provides evidence that the variants in the enhancer region of SOX9 might regulate its gene expression, thus leading to AIS pathology and might act as an important gene for AIS susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemender Singh
- Human Genetics Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Shipra
- Human Genetics Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nital Gupta
- District Hospital Poonch, Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Geetanjali Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ajay K Pandita
- Accidental Hospital, Chowki Choura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sarla Pandita
- Chest Disease Hospital, Bakshi Nagar, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vinod Singh
- Human Genetics Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Bhavuk Garg
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ekta Rai
- Human Genetics Research Group, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India.
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Swarkar Sharma
- Human Genetics Research Lab, Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ru L, Zheng H, Lian W, Zhao S, Fan Q. Knowledge mapping of idiopathic scoliosis genes and research hotspots (2002-2022): a bibliometric analysis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1177983. [PMID: 38111628 PMCID: PMC10725947 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1177983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) remains unclear. Gene-based studies on genetic etiology and molecular mechanisms have improved our understanding of IS and guided treatment and diagnosis. Therefore, it is imperative to explicate and demarcate the preponderant areas of inquiry, key scholars, and their aggregate scholarly output, in addition to the collaborative associations amongst publications or researchers. Methods Documents were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) with the following criteria: TS = ("idiopathic scoliosis" AND gene) refined by search operators (genomic OR "hereditary substance" OR "germ plasm" OR Cistrons OR genetics OR genetic OR genes OR Polygenic OR genotype OR genome OR allele OR polygenes OR Polygene) AND DOCUMENT TYPES (ARTICLE OR REVIEW), and the timespan of 2002-01-01 to 2022-11-26. The online bibliometric analysis platform (bibliometric), bibliographic item co-occurrence matrix builder (BICOMB), CiteSpace 6.1. R6 and VOS viewer were used to evaluate articles for publications, nations, institutions, journals, references, knowledge bases, keywords, and research hotspots. Results A total of 479 documents were retrieved from WoSCC. Fourty-four countries published relevant articles. The country with the most significant number of articles was China, and the institution with the most significant number of articles was Nanjing University. Citation analysis formed eight meaningful clusters and 16 high-frequency keywords. (2) The citation knowledge map included single nucleotide polymorphisms, whole exome sequencing, axonal dynamin, drug development, mesenchymal stem cells, dietary intake, curve progression, zebrafish development model, extracellular matrix, and rare variants were the current research hotspots and frontiers. Conclusions Recent research has focused on IS-related genes, whereas the extracellular matrix and unusual variants are research frontiers and hotspots. Functional analysis of susceptibility genes will prove to be valuable for identifying this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Like Ru
- School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Pediatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Lian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuying Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qimeng Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu H, Khanshour AM, Ushiki A, Otomo N, Koike Y, Einarsdottir E, Fan Y, Antunes L, Kidane YH, Cornelia R, Sheng R, Zhang Y, Pei J, Grishin NV, Evers BM, Cheung JPY, Herring JA, Terao C, Song YQ, Gurnett CA, Gerdhem P, Ikegawa S, Rios JJ, Ahituv N, Wise CA. Association of genetic variation in COL11A1 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542293. [PMID: 37292598 PMCID: PMC10245954 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common and progressive spinal deformity in children that exhibits striking sexual dimorphism, with girls at more than five-fold greater risk of severe disease compared to boys. Despite its medical impact, the molecular mechanisms that drive AIS are largely unknown. We previously defined a female-specific AIS genetic risk locus in an enhancer near the PAX1 gene. Here we sought to define the roles of PAX1 and newly-identified AIS-associated genes in the developmental mechanism of AIS. In a genetic study of 10,519 individuals with AIS and 93,238 unaffected controls, significant association was identified with a variant in COL11A1 encoding collagen (α1) XI (rs3753841; NM_080629.2_c.4004C>T; p.(Pro1335Leu); P=7.07e-11, OR=1.118). Using CRISPR mutagenesis we generated Pax1 knockout mice (Pax1-/-). In postnatal spines we found that PAX1 and collagen (α1) XI protein both localize within the intervertebral disc (IVD)-vertebral junction region encompassing the growth plate, with less collagen (α1) XI detected in Pax1-/- spines compared to wildtype. By genetic targeting we found that wildtype Col11a1 expression in costal chondrocytes suppresses expression of Pax1 and of Mmp3, encoding the matrix metalloproteinase 3 enzyme implicated in matrix remodeling. However, this suppression was abrogated in the presence of the AIS-associated COL11A1P1335L mutant. Further, we found that either knockdown of the estrogen receptor gene Esr2, or tamoxifen treatment, significantly altered Col11a1 and Mmp3 expression in chondrocytes. We propose a new molecular model of AIS pathogenesis wherein genetic variation and estrogen signaling increase disease susceptibility by altering a Pax1-Col11a1-Mmp3 signaling axis in spinal chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anas M Khanshour
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nao Otomo
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, JP
| | - Yoshinao Koike
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, JP
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, JP
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, SE
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CN
| | - Lilian Antunes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yared H Kidane
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reuel Cornelia
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rory Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CN
| | - Jimin Pei
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bret M Evers
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CN
| | - John A Herring
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, JP
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, CN
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Gerdhem
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University and
- Department of Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, JP
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Petrosyan E, Fares J, Lesniak MS, Koski TR, El Tecle NE. Biological principles of adult degenerative scoliosis. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:740-752. [PMID: 37349248 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The global aging population has led to an increase in geriatric diseases, including adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS). ADS is a spinal deformity affecting adults, particularly females. It is characterized by asymmetric intervertebral disc and facet joint degeneration, leading to spinal imbalance that can result in severe pain and neurological deficits, thus significantly reducing the quality of life. Despite improved management, molecular mechanisms driving ADS remain unclear. Current literature primarily comprises epidemiological and clinical studies. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying ADS, with a focus on angiogenesis, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and biomechanical stress. We discuss current limitations and challenges in the field and highlight potential translational applications that may arise with a better understanding of these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tyler R Koski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Najib E El Tecle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ushiki A, Sheng RR, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Nobuhara M, Murray E, Ruan X, Rios JJ, Wise CA, Ahituv N. Deletion of Pax1 scoliosis-associated regulatory elements leads to a female-biased tail abnormality. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536497. [PMID: 37090618 PMCID: PMC10120660 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is sexually dimorphic, with increased incidence in females. A GWAS identified a female-specific AIS susceptibility locus near the PAX1 gene. Here, we used mouse enhancer assays, three mouse enhancer knockouts and subsequent phenotypic analyses to characterize this region. Using mouse enhancer assays, we characterized a sequence, PEC7, that overlaps the AIS-associated variant, and found it to be active in the tail tip and intervertebral disc. Removal of PEC7 or Xe1, a known sclerotome enhancer nearby, and deletion of both sequences led to a kinky phenotype only in the Xe1 and combined (Xe1+PEC7) knockouts, with only the latter showing a female sex dimorphic phenotype. Extensive phenotypic characterization of these mouse lines implicated several differentially expressed genes and estrogen signaling in the sex dimorphic bias. In summary, our work functionally characterizes an AIS-associated locus and dissects the mechanism for its sexual dimorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rory R. Sheng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mai Nobuhara
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Murray
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xin Ruan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A. Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cai Z, Luo Q, Yang X, Pu L, Zong H, Shi R, He P, Xu Y, Li Y, Zhang J. Overloaded axial stress activates the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway in nucleus pulposus cells of adult degenerative scoliosis combined with intervertebral disc degeneration. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4791-4798. [PMID: 37031322 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the initiating factor of adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), and ADS further accelerates IVDD, creating a vicious cycle. Nevertheless, the role of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway in ADS combined with IVDD (ADS-IVDD) remains a mystery. Accordingly, this study was proposed to investigate the effect of axial stress on the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) isolated from DS-IVDD patients. METHODS Normal NPCs (N-NPC) were purchased and the NPCs of young (25-30 years; Y-NPC) and old (65-70 years; O-NPC) from ADS-IVDD patients were primary cultured. After treatment of NPC with overloaded axial pressure, CCK-8 and Annexin V-FITC kits were applied for detecting proliferation and apoptosis of N-NPC, Y-NPC and O-NPC, and western blotting was performed to assess the expression of Wnt 3a, β-Catenin, NPC markers and apoptosis markers (Bax, Bcl2 and Caspase 3). RESULTS N-NPC, Y-NPC and O-NPC were mainly oval, polygonal and spindle-shaped with pseudopods, and the cell morphology tended to be flattened with age. N-NPC, Y-NPC and O-NPC were capable of synthesizing proteoglycans and expressing the NPC markers (Collagen II and Aggrecan). Notably, the expression of Wnt 3a, β-Catenin, Collagen II and Aggrecan was reduced in N-NPC, Y-NPC and O-NPC in that order. After overload axial stress treatment, cell viability of N-NPC and Y-NPC was significantly reduced, and the percentage of apoptosis and expression of Wnt 3a and β-Catenin were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Overloaded axial pressure activates the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway to suppress proliferation and facilitate apoptosis of NPC in ADS-IVDD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Qibiao Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Luqiao Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Haiyang Zong
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Rongmao Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Pengju He
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 920th Hospital, No. 212 Daguan Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin Z, Wang H, Song J, Xu G, Lu F, Ma X, Xia X, Jiang J, Zou F. The role of mitochondrial fission in intervertebral disc degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:158-166. [PMID: 36375758 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is an extremely common disorder and is a major cause of disability globally. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the main contributor to LBP. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of IVDD remain unclear. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission, known as mitochondrial dynamics. Accumulating evidence has revealed that aberrantly activated mitochondrial fission leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction, which are involved in the development and progression of IVDD. To date, research into mitochondrial dynamics in IVDD is at an early stage. The present narrative review aims to summarize the most recent findings about the role of mitochondrial fission in the pathogenesis of IVDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - H Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - J Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - G Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - F Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - X Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - X Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - F Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen T, Hu W, Peng Y, Li Y, Qiu J, Qiu X, Li P, Li S, Liang A, Gao W, Huang D. Evaluating bone quality and asymmetrical aplasia of the thoracic vertebral body in Lenke 1A adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using hounsfield units. Front Surg 2022; 9:1028873. [PMID: 36386502 PMCID: PMC9659626 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1028873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design Retrospective analysis. Objective To evaluate bone quality and investigate asymmetrical development of the thoracic vertebral body in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) based on Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements obtained from computed-tomography (CT) scans. Summary of Background Data HU value demonstrated higher reliability and accuracy than the traditional method, indicating that they could be used to individually evaluate and effectively assess the bone quality of every vertebra in the CT films. Methods Total 30 AIS patients classified as Lenke Type 1A and 30 paired controls were included in this study. Regions of interest for HU value were measured on three horizontal images of the thoracic vertebrae. HU measurements of the whole vertebral body in each vertebra were obtained. Using HU value, we separately measured the concave and convex sides of each vertebral body in patients' group, as well as within the left and right sides in controls. Results In controls, the mean HU value of T1–T12 thoracic vertebral bodies was 240.03 ± 39.77, with no statistical differences among different levels. As for AIS patients, in the structural curve, the apical region had a significantly lower HU compared with the other regions, and asymmetrical change was found between the concave and convex sides, most significantly in the apical region. In the non-structural curve, the average HU value was 254.99 ± 44.48, and no significant difference was found either among the different levels of vertebrae or between the concave and convex sides. Conclusions Abnormal and asymmetrical changes in bone quality of the thoracic vertebral body in patients with Lenke 1A AIS were indicated. Low bone quality in the convex side of the structural curve indicated stronger internal fixation in surgery to correct the deformity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, People’s Hospital of Jieyang, Jieyang, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianjian Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anjing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence: Wenjie Gao Dongsheng Huang
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence: Wenjie Gao Dongsheng Huang
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Terhune EA, Heyn PC, Piper CR, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic variants associated with the occurrence and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2022; 11:118. [PMID: 35681176 PMCID: PMC9178937 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-01991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural lateral spinal curvature of ≥ 10° with rotation. Approximately 2-3% of children in most populations are affected with AIS, and this condition is responsible for approximately $1.1 billion in surgical costs to the US healthcare system. Although a genetic factor for AIS has been demonstrated for decades, with multiple potentially contributory loci identified across populations, treatment options have remained limited to bracing and surgery. METHODS The databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar, and Ovid MEDLINE will be searched and limited to articles in English. We will conduct title and abstract, full-text, and data extraction screening through Covidence, followed by data transfer to a custom REDCap database. Quality assessment will be confirmed by multiple reviewers. Studies containing variant-level data (i.e., GWAS, exome sequencing) for AIS subjects and controls will be considered. Outcomes of interest will include presence/absence of AIS, scoliosis curve severity, scoliosis curve progression, and presence/absence of nucleotide-level variants. Analyses will include odds ratios and relative risk assessments, and subgroup analysis (i.e., males vs. females, age groups) may be applied. Quality assessment tools will include GRADE and Q-Genie for genetic studies. DISCUSSION In this systematic review, we seek to evaluate the quality of genetic evidence for AIS to better inform research efforts, to ultimately improve the quality of patient care and diagnosis. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration #CRD42021243253.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Patricia C. Heyn
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Center for Gait and Movement Analysis, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
- Cochrane US University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Christi R. Piper
- Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu B, Zhao S, Liu L, Du H, Zhao H, Wang S, Niu Y, Li X, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang TJ, Wu N. Aberrant interaction between mutated ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Gene 2021; 814:146126. [PMID: 34958866 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex spinal structure deformity with a prevalence of 1%-3%. Genetic and hereditary factors have been associated with the etiology of AIS. However, previous studies mainly focused on common single nucleotide polymorphisms which confer modest disease risk. Recently, rare variants in FBN1 and other extracellular matrix genes have been implicated in AIS, suggesting a potential overlapping disease etiology between AIS and hereditary connective tissue disorders (HCTD). In this study, we systematically analyzed rare variants in a set of HCTD-related genes in 302 AIS patients using exome sequencing. We firstly focused on pathogenic variants based on a monogenic inheritance and identified nine disease-associated variants in FBN1, COL11A1, COL11A2 and TGFBR2. We then explored the potential interactions between variants in different genes based on the case-control statistics. We identified three ADAMTSL2-LTBP4 variant pairs in three AIS patients and none in controls. Furthermore, we revealed that the variant pairs identified in these genes could affect the interaction between ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 and upregulate TGF-β signaling pathway in human fibroblasts. Our findings supported that the aberrant interaction between mutated ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 was associated with AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huakang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hengqiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin Z, Lu F, Ma X, Xia X, Zou F, Jiang J. Roles of circular RNAs in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1221. [PMID: 34603518 PMCID: PMC8453328 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain (LBP) is an extremely common symptom and is recognized as a leading contributor to disability and disease burden globally. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) represents a major cause of LBP. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of IDD remain unclear, and currently available treatments, including conservative and surgical options, fail to effectively delay, stop or reverse the progression of IDD. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered group of covalently closed, single-stranded and endogenous non-coding RNAs. A growing body of research has revealed that a number of circRNAs are widely and aberrantly expressed in IDD tissues. Furthermore, they play important roles in the pathogenesis of IDD, including proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, mitophagy, inflammation and extracellular matrix metabolism, mainly by acting as sponges for microRNAs. The present review aims to summarize the current understanding on the mechanisms of circRNA-mediated regulation in IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Feizhou Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xinlei Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sim FCJ, Birley E, Khan AL, Loughenbury PR, Millner P. Increased prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis in patients treated for childhood haematopoietic malignancy. Bone Joint J 2021; 103-B:1400-1404. [PMID: 34334046 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.103b8.bjj-2020-2112.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an increased prevalence of scoliosis in patients who have suffered from a haematopoietic malignancy in childhood. METHODS Patients with a history of lymphoma or leukaemia with a current age between 12 and 25 years were identified from the regional paediatric oncology database. The medical records and radiological findings were reviewed, and any spinal deformity identified. The treatment of the malignancy and the spinal deformity, if any, was noted. RESULTS From a cohort of 346 patients, 19 (5.5%) had radiological evidence of scoliosis, defined as a Cobb angle of > 10°. A total of five patients (1.4% of the total cohort) had a Cobb angle of > 40°, all of whom had corrective surgery. No patient with scoliosis had other pathology as a possible cause of the scoliosis and all had been treated with high doses of steroids for leukaemia, either acute or chronic myeloid, or acute lymphoblastic. CONCLUSION There is an increased prevalence of idiopathic-like scoliosis and larger curves (Cobb angle of > 40°) associated with childhood leukaemia, which has not been previously reported in the literature. Causative factors may relate to the underlying disease process and/or its treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(8):1400-1404.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis C J Sim
- Trauma and Orthopaedics Department, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma Birley
- The Usher Institute, Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Almas L Khan
- Leeds Centre for Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter R Loughenbury
- Leeds Centre for Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Millner
- Leeds Centre for Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James's Hospital, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rios JJ, Denton K, Yu H, Manickam K, Garner S, Russell J, Ludwig S, Rosenfeld JA, Liu P, Munch J, Sucato DJ, Beutler B, Wise CA. Saturation mutagenesis defines novel mouse models of severe spine deformity. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:269194. [PMID: 34142127 PMCID: PMC8246263 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic formation and patterning of the vertebrate spinal column requires coordination of many molecular cues. After birth, the integrity of the spine is impacted by developmental abnormalities of the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems, which may result in deformities, such as kyphosis and scoliosis. We sought to identify novel genetic mouse models of severe spine deformity by implementing in vivo skeletal radiography as part of a high-throughput saturation mutagenesis screen. We report selected examples of genetic mouse models following radiographic screening of 54,497 mice from 1275 pedigrees. An estimated 30.44% of autosomal genes harbored predicted damaging alleles examined twice or more in the homozygous state. Of the 1275 pedigrees screened, 7.4% presented with severe spine deformity developing in multiple mice, and of these, meiotic mapping implicated N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea alleles in 21% of pedigrees. Our study provides proof of concept that saturation mutagenesis is capable of discovering novel mouse models of human disease, including conditions with skeletal, neural and neuromuscular pathologies. Furthermore, we report a mouse model of skeletal disease, including severe spine deformity, caused by recessive mutation in Scube3. By integrating results with a human clinical exome database, we identified a patient with undiagnosed skeletal disease who harbored recessive mutations in SCUBE3, and we demonstrated that disease-associated mutations are associated with reduced transactivation of Smad signaling in vitro. All radiographic results and mouse models are made publicly available through the Mutagenetix online database with the goal of advancing understanding of spine development and discovering novel mouse models of human disease. Summary: We report selected mouse models of spine deformity following mutagenesis across 30% of autosomal genes, results of which are made publicly available to advance understanding of spine development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kristin Denton
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Kandamurugu Manickam
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Shannon Garner
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Jake Munch
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Daniel J Sucato
- Department of Orthopaedics, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Whole Exome Sequencing of 23 Multigeneration Idiopathic Scoliosis Families Reveals Enrichments in Cytoskeletal Variants, Suggests Highly Polygenic Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060922. [PMID: 34208743 PMCID: PMC8235452 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a lateral spinal curvature >10° with rotation that affects 2–3% of healthy children across populations. AIS is known to have a significant genetic component, and despite a handful of risk loci identified in unrelated individuals by GWAS and next-generation sequencing methods, the underlying etiology of the condition remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed exome sequencing of affected individuals within 23 multigenerational families, with the hypothesis that the occurrence of rare, low frequency, disease-causing variants will co-occur in distantly related, affected individuals. Bioinformatic filtering of uncommon, potentially damaging variants shared by all sequenced family members revealed 1448 variants in 1160 genes across the 23 families, with 132 genes shared by two or more families. Ten genes were shared by >4 families, and no genes were shared by all. Gene enrichment analysis showed an enrichment of variants in cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix related processes. These data support a model that AIS is a highly polygenic disease, with few variant-containing genes shared between affected individuals across different family lineages. This work presents a novel resource for further exploration in familial AIS genetic research.
Collapse
|
21
|
Levillain A, Ahmed S, Kaimaki DM, Schuler S, Barros S, Labonte D, Iatridis J, Nowlan N. Prenatal muscle forces are necessary for vertebral segmentation and disc structure, but not for notochord involution in mice. Eur Cell Mater 2021; 41:558-575. [PMID: 34021906 PMCID: PMC8268087 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v041a36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic muscle forces are necessary for normal vertebral development and spinal curvature, but their involvement in intervertebral disc (IVD) development remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to determine how muscle contractions affect (1) notochord involution and vertebral segmentation, and (2) IVD development including the mechanical properties and morphology, as well as collagen fibre alignment in the annulus fibrosus. Muscular dysgenesis (mdg) mice were harvested at three prenatal stages: at Theiler Stage (TS)22 when notochord involution starts, at TS24 when involution is complete, and at TS27 when the IVD is formed. Vertebral and IVD development were characterised using histology, immunofluorescence, and indentation testing. The results revealed that notochord involution and vertebral segmentation occurred independently of muscle contractions between TS22 and TS24. However, in the absence of muscle contractions, we found vertebral fusion in the cervical region at TS27, along with (i) a displacement of the nucleus pulposus towards the dorsal side, (ii) a disruption of the structural arrangement of collagen in the annulus fibrosus, and (iii) an increase in viscous behaviour of the annulus fibrosus. These findings emphasise the important role of mechanical forces during IVD development, and demonstrate a critical role of muscle loading during development to enable proper annulus fibrosus formation. They further suggest a need for mechanical loading in the creation of fibre-reinforced tissue engineering replacement IVDs as a therapy for IVD degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Levillain
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR 1033, Lyon, France
| | - S. Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D-M. Kaimaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Schuler
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Barros
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D. Labonte
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J.C. Iatridis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - N.C. Nowlan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK,School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Address for correspondence: Niamh C. Nowlan, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK. Telephone number: +44 2075945189
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Q, Wang C, Liu J, Sun J, Wang C, Zhang X. Plasma proteomics analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients revealed by Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e2100002. [PMID: 33864425 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to investigate the changes of plasma proteome among mild, severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients and healthy controls. METHODS In this retrospective study, there were 84 individuals including 56 confirmed AIS patients (27 follow-up AIS patients and 29 surgical AIS patients) and another 28 healthy teenagers. Plasma samples were obtained and Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer was performed to identify proteins in AIS patients and control group. T-test and ANOVA were performed to screen for differential proteins. GO and KEGG pathway, Pearson's correlation analysis and PLS model were applied to identify enriched proteins, investigate correlation between proteins and Cobb angles. ELISA was performed to further verify the quantitative proteomics results. RESULTS A total of 349 proteins were identified, among which 55 protein levels changed significantly in AIS group, compared with control group. Post hoc test indicated 36 proteins were significantly different between surgical and control group, 35 proteins between follow-up and control group. Fibronectin, fibrinogen and calmodulin were statistically different among three groups through mass spectrometry and were positively correlated with the Cobb angle. CONCLUSIONS We performed the proteomic study and revealed that fibronectin, fibrinogen and calmodulin might not only be considered as biomarkers for AIS but could be correlated with curve severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jingru Sun
- Qlife Lab Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518102, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lyu J, Bi X, Banerjee S, Huang Z, Leung FHF, Lee TTY, Yang DD, Zheng YP, Ling SH. Dual-task ultrasound spine transverse vertebrae segmentation network with contour regularization. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2021; 89:101896. [PMID: 33752079 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
3D ultrasound imaging has become one of the common diagnosis ways to assess scoliosis since it is radiation-free, real-time, and low-cost. Spine curvature angle measurement is an important step to assess scoliosis precisely. One way to calculate the angle is using the vertebrae features of the 2-D coronal images to identify the most tilted vertebrae. To do the measurement, the segmentation of the transverse vertebrae is an important step. In this paper, we propose a dual-task ultrasound transverse vertebrae segmentation network (D-TVNet) based on U-Net. First, we arrange an auxiliary shape regularization network to learn the contour segmentation of the bones. It improves the boundary segmentation and anti-interference ability of the U-Net by fusing some of the features of the auxiliary task and the main task. Then, we introduce the atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module to the end of the down-sampling stage of the main task stream to improve the relative feature extraction ability. To further improve the boundary segmentation, we extendedly fuse the down-sampling output features of the auxiliary network in the ASPP. The experiment results show that the proposed D-TVNet achieves the best dice score of 86.68% and the mean dice score of 86.17% based on cross-validation, which is an improvement of 5.17% over the baseline U-Net. An automatic ultrasound spine bone segmentation network with promising results has been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lyu
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Bi
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China; College of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sunetra Banerjee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zixun Huang
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Frank H F Leung
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Tin-Yan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - De-De Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hum, Hong Kong
| | - Sai Ho Ling
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gray RS, Gonzalez R, Ackerman SD, Minowa R, Griest JF, Bayrak MN, Troutwine B, Canter S, Monk KR, Sepich DS, Solnica-Krezel L. Postembryonic screen for mutations affecting spine development in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2021; 471:18-33. [PMID: 33290818 PMCID: PMC10785604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spine gives structural support for the adult body, protects the spinal cord, and provides muscle attachment for moving through the environment. The development and maturation of the spine and its physiology involve the integration of multiple musculoskeletal tissues including bone, cartilage, and fibrocartilaginous joints, as well as innervation and control by the nervous system. One of the most common disorders of the spine in human is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which is characterized by the onset of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine of <10° around adolescence, in otherwise healthy children. The genetic basis of AIS is largely unknown. Systematic genome-wide mutagenesis screens for embryonic phenotypes in zebrafish have been instrumental in the understanding of early patterning of embryonic tissues necessary to build and pattern the embryonic spine. However, the mechanisms required for postembryonic maturation and homeostasis of the spine remain poorly understood. Here we report the results from a small-scale forward genetic screen for adult-viable recessive and dominant zebrafish mutations, leading to overt morphological abnormalities of the adult spine. Germline mutations induced with N-ethyl N-nitrosourea (ENU) were transmitted and screened for dominant phenotypes in 1229 F1 animals, and subsequently bred to homozygosity in F3 families; from these, 314 haploid genomes were screened for adult-viable recessive phenotypes affecting general body shape. We cumulatively found 40 adult-viable (3 dominant and 37 recessive) mutations each leading to a defect in the morphogenesis of the spine. The largest phenotypic group displayed larval onset axial curvatures, leading to whole-body scoliosis without vertebral dysplasia in adult fish. Pairwise complementation testing of 16 mutant lines within this phenotypic group revealed at least 9 independent mutant loci. Using massively-parallel whole genome or whole exome sequencing and meiotic mapping we defined the molecular identity of several loci for larval onset whole-body scoliosis in zebrafish. We identified a new mutation in the skolios/kinesin family member 6 (kif6) gene, causing neurodevelopmental and ependymal cilia defects in mouse and zebrafish. We also report multiple recessive alleles of the scospondin and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 (adamts9) genes, which all display defects in spine morphogenesis. Our results provide evidence of monogenic traits that are essential for normal spine development in zebrafish, that may help to establish new candidate risk loci for spine disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Roberto Gonzalez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah D Ackerman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryoko Minowa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Johanna F Griest
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melisa N Bayrak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Troutwine
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Canter
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Makki N, Zhao J, Liu Z, Eckalbar WL, Ushiki A, Khanshour AM, Wu J, Rios J, Gray RS, Wise CA, Ahituv N. Genomic characterization of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis-associated transcriptome and regulome. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3606-3615. [PMID: 33179741 PMCID: PMC7823110 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is the most common pediatric musculoskeletal disorder, affecting ~3% of the population worldwide. However, its genetic bases and tissues of origin remain largely unknown. Several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated nucleotide variants in non-coding sequences that control genes with important roles in cartilage, muscle, bone, connective tissue and intervertebral disks (IVDs) as drivers of AIS susceptibility. Here, we set out to define the expression of AIS-associated genes and active regulatory elements by performing RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing against H3 lysine 27 acetylation in these tissues in mouse and human. Our study highlights genetic pathways involving AIS-associated loci that regulate chondrogenesis, IVD development and connective tissue maintenance and homeostasis. In addition, we identify thousands of putative AIS-associated regulatory elements which may orchestrate tissue-specific expression in musculoskeletal tissues of the spine. Quantification of enhancer activity of several candidate regulatory elements from our study identifies three functional enhancers carrying AIS-associated GWAS SNPs at the ADGRG6 and BNC2 loci. Our findings provide a novel genome-wide catalog of AIS-relevant genes and regulatory elements and aid in the identification of novel targets for AIS causality and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Makki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Walter L Eckalbar
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anas M Khanshour
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joe Wu
- Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The vertebrate body plan is characterized by the presence of a segmented spine along its main axis. Here, we examine the current understanding of how the axial tissues that are formed during embryonic development give rise to the adult spine and summarize recent advances in the field, largely focused on recent studies in zebrafish, with comparisons to amniotes where appropriate. We discuss recent work illuminating the genetics and biological mechanisms mediating extension and straightening of the body axis during development, and highlight open questions. We specifically focus on the processes of notochord development and cerebrospinal fluid physiology, and how defects in those processes may lead to scoliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| |
Collapse
|