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Agarwal R, Vasani N, Mense US, Prasad N, Shetty A, Natarajan S, Dutta A, Thomas MS. Effects of online marketplace-sourced over-the-counter tooth whitening products on the colour, microhardness, and surface topography of enamel: an in vitro study. BDJ Open 2024; 10:67. [PMID: 39179553 PMCID: PMC11344090 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-024-00253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the whitening effect, microhardness, and enamel surface alterations of over-the-counter (OTC) tooth bleaching products with those of a dentist-prescribed at-home bleaching agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS The products available on a popular online marketplace were comprehensively searched and then rated using a specific formula. The effects of the lowest-rated OTC agent (LRA) and the highest-rated OTC agent (HRA) were compared with those of a dentist-prescribed bleaching agent (DPA) on the enamel of extracted human teeth. The bleaching efficacy, post-bleaching microhardness changes, and morphological alterations were assessed by spectrophotometric analysis, Vickers hardness testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests, maintaining a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS The search of the online marketplace revealed 15 products. The LRA (Teeth Whitening Serum Gel, GEN, China) and the HRA (Bright White-Lovely Smile Premium Teeth Whitening strips, Ray of Smile, USA) were identified on the basis of their ranking. DPA resulted in significantly better tooth whitening than did LRA. The enamel microhardness was lower in the LRA treatment group (14.2%) than in the control and HRA treatment groups (8.84% and 7.26%, respectively). LRA also caused severe topographical alterations to the enamel. CONCLUSION Compared with the poorly rated product, the dentist-prescribed tooth bleaching product resulted in greater colour improvement, less microhardness reduction, and surface changes. The highest-rated product was comparable with the dentist-prescribed agent in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Agarwal
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nikki Vasani
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Urmila Sachin Mense
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Niharika Prasad
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Aditya Shetty
- A.B.Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Srikant Natarajan
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Arindam Dutta
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Lifesciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Manuel S Thomas
- Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Dumitrel SI, Matichescu A, Dinu S, Buzatu R, Popovici R, Dinu DC, Bratu DC. New Insights Regarding the Use of Relevant Synthetic Compounds in Dentistry. Molecules 2024; 29:3802. [PMID: 39202881 PMCID: PMC11357206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, synthetic compounds are used for both in-office and at-home dental care. They are a valuable resource for both prophylactic and curative treatments for various dental problems, such as tooth decay, periodontal diseases, and many more. They are typically preferred due to their broad range of actions and ability to produce targeted, rapid, and long-lasting effects. Using a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash is capable of reducing the plaque index from 47.69% to 2.37% and the bleeding index from 32.93% to 6.28% after just 2 weeks. Mouthwash with 0.1% OCT is also highly effective, as it significantly lowered the median plaque index and salivary bacterial counts in 152 patients in 5 days compared to a control group (p < 0.0001), while also reducing the gingival index (p < 0.001). When povidone-iodine was used as an irrigant during the surgical removal of mandibular third molars in 105 patients, it resulted in notably lower pain scores after 2 days compared to a control group (4.57 ± 0.60 vs. 5.71 ± 0.45). Sodium hypochlorite is excellent for root canal disinfection, as irrigating with 1% NaOCl completely eliminated the bacteria from canals in 65% patients. A 0.05% CPC mouthwash proved effective for perioperative patient care, significantly decreasing gingival bleeding (p < 0.001) and suppressing Streptococcus levels even one week post-surgery. Lastly, a 6% H2O2 paint-on varnish and 6% H2O2 tray formulations successfully bleached the teeth of 40 patients, maintaining a noticeably whiter appearance up to the 6-month follow-up, with significant color differences from the baseline (p < 0.005). Synthetic compounds have a large research base, which also provides a greater awareness of their mechanism of action and potential adverse effects. For a better understanding of how they work, several methods and assays are performed. These are protocolary techniques through which a compound's efficacy and toxicity are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania-Irina Dumitrel
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Anamaria Matichescu
- Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 14A Tudor Vladimirescu Ave., 300173 Timisoara, Romania
- Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 14A Tudor Vladimirescu Ave., 300173 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Buzatu
- Department of Dental Aesthetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ramona Popovici
- Department of Management, Legislation and Communication in Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Dorin Cristian Dinu
- Family Dental Clinic, Private Practice, 24 Budapesta Street, 307160 Dumbravita, Romania;
| | - Dana Cristina Bratu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Barbosa LMM, Amâncio Filha MBG, Leite JVC, Santos JVDN, De Medeiros JM, De Oliveira ILM, Pecho OE, Meireles SS, Lima RBW. Over-the-counter products in tooth bleaching: A scoping review. J Dent 2024; 145:104989. [PMID: 38582435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map and summarize the current scientific evidence concerning the active ingredients, effectiveness, and adverse effects of over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching products. DATA AND SOURCE This study was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines for scoping reviews and registered on the Open Science Framework platform. STUDY SELECTION Database searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus up to January 2024. All in vitro, in situ, and clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness and adverse effects of OTC bleaching products were included. A descriptive analysis of the included studies was performed. RESULTS A total of 88 studies were included. Most of them were in vitro studies (n = 49), followed by randomized clinical trials (n = 28). The main OTC bleaching products identified were whitening or stain-removing toothpastes (n = 42), followed by whitening strips (n = 39). Most clinical studies indicate that whitening strips are effective in improving tooth color and providing whitening benefits. In contrast, the bleaching effectiveness of toothpastes, mouth rinses and whitening trays was mainly supported by in vitro studies. The main adverse effects associated with OTC bleaching agents were tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation. CONCLUSION A wide variety of OTC bleaching products is available for consumer self-administered use. Clinical studies have mainly confirmed the bleaching effectiveness of whitening strips, while the validation for toothpastes, mouth rinses and whitening trays has mainly relied on in vitro studies. Nevertheless, the use of OTC bleaching products may result in adverse effects, including tooth sensitivity, gingival irritation, and enamel surface changes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Some over-the-counter bleaching products may have whitening properties supported by clinical studies, particularly those containing hydrogen or carbamide peroxide. Nonetheless, clinicians must be aware of the potential risks associated with excessive self-administration of these products, which may result in adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Vitor Costa Leite
- Dental Materials Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Oscar E Pecho
- ATITUS Educação, Meridional Faculty, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sônia Saeger Meireles
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Krayem E, Banerjee A, Milly H. Evaluating the efficiency of two different over-the-counter tooth whitening systems: a randomised controlled clinical trial. BDJ Open 2024; 10:41. [PMID: 38821934 PMCID: PMC11143285 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-024-00227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare whitening efficiency and tooth sensitivity (TS) of two different over the counter (OTC) whitening systems in comparison to conventional at-home bleaching using 20% carbamide peroxide. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted with three parallel groups (n = 13): (A) at-home whitening using 20% carbamide peroxide (20% CP), (B) OTC ready-to-use gel trays and (C) OTC-paint on gel. Clinical colour change values (ΔE) were measured using spectrophotometry at T0: baseline, T1: 7-day and T2: 14-day from whitening start, T3: 2 weeks and T4: 6 months after whitening end. TS was recorded using a visual analogue scale (VAS). ΔE and TS values were statistically analysed. The level of significance for all tests was 5%. RESULTS Significant differences in ∆E values were recorded between the experimental groups. ∆E values were significantly higher in the 20% CP conventional at-home whitening group. TS measurements were significantly higher in the 20% CP whitening group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Conventional at-home whitening revealed significantly improved colour change when compared to the OTC-paint on gel and OTC ready-to-use gel tray whitening systems. There was a significant colour relapse in OTC systems. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of tested OTC systems is not recommended as they are not effective in a clear and prolonged improved shade change. Conventional at-home whitening using 20% CP showed higher whitening efficiency and colour stability. This trial was registered with a International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN23096480), Registration date: 12/04/2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eenass Krayem
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Avijit Banerjee
- Centre of Oral Clinical Translational Sciences/Dept. of Conservative & MI Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Dental Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hussam Milly
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
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Jin F, Yu X, Zhou H, Zhou J, Yang J, Luo Y, Chen Z. Fracture resistance of CAD/CAM endocrowns made from different materials in maxillary premolar interproximal defects. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:220. [PMID: 38492074 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aims to compare the fracture resistance of three CAD/CAM materials used in endocrown restoration of interproximal defects in maxillary premolars. MATERIALS AND METHODS 45 maxillary premolars extracted as part of orthodontic treatment were included. Following standardized root canal treatment, all teeth were prepared into Mesial-Occlusal (MO) cavity types. The samples were then randomly divided into three groups: LD [repaired with lithium disilicate glass ceramics (IPS e.max CAD)], VE [treated with polymer-infiltrated ceramics (Vita Enamic)], and LU [repaired with resin-based nanoceramics (Lava Ultimate)]. Axial static loading was applied using a universal testing machine at 1 mm/min until fracture, and fracture resistance and failure modes were recorded. RESULTS Regarding Fracture Resistance Values (FRVs), the LD group exhibited significantly higher values than the other two groups, VE (P = 0.028) and LU (P = 0.005), which showed no significant difference (P = 0.778). On the other hand, regarding failure modes, the LD group had a higher prevalence of irreparable fractures compared to the other two groups, VE (P < 0.001) and LU (P < 0.001), which showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Although lithium disilicate glass ceramics exhibited higher FRVs, they had a lower repair probability. In contrast, polymer-infiltrated ceramics and resin-based nanoceramics contributed to tooth structure preservation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For maxillary premolars with interproximal defects following root canal treatment, resin ceramic composites are recommended for restoration to enhance abutment teeth protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqian Jin
- Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Haolin Zhou
- Zunyi Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Zhu Chen
- Guiyang Hospital of Stomatology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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Kim JH, Kim S, Park YS. Effects of a commercial whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide and citric acid on dentin abrasion and erosion. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:619. [PMID: 37658357 PMCID: PMC10474654 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (HP) and citric acid (CA), key contributors to toothpaste acidity, can lead to dental loss. This study aimed to compare the amount of abrasion or loss of dentin based on pH, buffering, and concentration of HP and CA in commercial and experimental toothpastes after toothbrushing or immersion. METHODS Bovine dentin specimens were randomly assigned to nine solutions. The prepared solutions included two commercial toothpastes (whitening toothpaste [WT] with HP and CA; conventional toothpaste [CT] without HP and CA), reference slurry (RS), two CA solutions (1.92%, CAS1; 0.001%, CAS2), basic solution (7.16% sodium phosphate dibasic [SPDS]), CA phosphate buffer solution (3.58% SPDS and 0.96% CA [CAPB]), HP solution (4%, HPS), and distilled water (DW). Dentin specimens were performed in two treatments: one with only abrasion (10,000 brushings) and one with only immersion (1 h). After treatments, the amount of dentin loss and surface images were measured and observed using noncontact profilometry. Data were analyzed using an one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test as a post hoc analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS WT with pH 5.0 had lower dentin abrasion than CT and RS after brushing but had higher dentin loss than both after immersion. The dentin surfaces of CAS1, CAPB, and WT were damaged after immersion, whereas HPS, CAS2, CT, SPDS, RS, and DW remained intact after soaking. CAS2 and HPS, which had a pH of 5.0 like WT, did not significantly differ from those of DW after brushing. CONCLUSIONS WT containing HP and CA did not cause significant dentin abrasion but may cause additional dentin loss even without brushing. After brushing or immersion, the CA concentration may affect the dentin surface more than the HP concentration included in WT. The amount of abrasion or loss of dentin after brushing or soaking can vary based on the composition, concentration, and buffer in the solution, even if the pH of the solution is similar to pH 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Future Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Grillon M, Di Bella E, Krejci I, Ardu S. In Vitro Evaluation of Tooth-Whitening Potential of Peroxide-Free OTC Dental Bleaching Agents. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11040089. [PMID: 37185467 PMCID: PMC10137231 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate and compare the tooth-whitening potential of five over-the-counter (OTC), peroxide-free dental bleaching methods as well as an experimental tooth-whitening solution containing 0.1% hydrogen peroxide complexed with doping agents with a gold standard (positive control) containing 16% carbamide peroxide. Material and Methods: Eighty permanent bovine incisor teeth were randomly allocated to eight different groups. Two teeth from each group were immerged into five staining solutions represented by coffee, tea, red wine, and curry mixed in warm oil or distilled water (control group) and stored at 37 °C for 28 days in an incubator. The teeth were then reallocated to the eight groups, resulting in ten samples per group, and each group was matched with a bleaching product. The bleaching procedures were executed following the manufacturer’s recommendations. The color of each sample was assessed over a white and black background using a quantitative numerical measurement approach with a calibrated spectrophotometer. Spectrophotometric measurements were performed after exposing the teeth to the bleaching agent for 60 min (T2), 100 min (T3), and 200 min (T4), and ΔE00 was calculated. Results: When analyzed over a white background, the mean ΔE00 values ranged from 2.14 (placebo) to 6.32 (Opalescence PF). When analyzed over a black background, the mean ΔE00 values ranged from 2.31 (placebo) to 5.78 (Opalescence PF). Statistically significant ΔE00 color changes over time for the eight groups and five staining solutions at T1 and T4 were assessed for both backgrounds using repeated ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD post hoc test (p-value < 0.01). Conclusions: All tested over-the-counter whitening kits except one exhibited positive color variation. However, the individual performance differed vastly from one brand to the other, and the overall performance was less effective compared to the conventional carbamide-peroxide-based positive control.
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Müller-Heupt LK, Wiesmann-Imilowski N, Kaya S, Schumann S, Steiger M, Bjelopavlovic M, Deschner J, Al-Nawas B, Lehmann KM. Effectiveness and Safety of Over-the-Counter Tooth-Whitening Agents Compared to Hydrogen Peroxide In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031956. [PMID: 36768279 PMCID: PMC9915942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) This study investigated the whitening effect, cytotoxicity and enamel surface alterations induced by different over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching agents in comparison to hydrogen peroxide. (2) Human teeth (n = 60) were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n = 10), stained with coffee solution for 7 d, followed by a whitening period of 7 d with either placebo, bromelain, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chlorite, PAP or hydrogen peroxide. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) were taken to assess the enamel structure. Cytotoxicity of the tested substances was assessed based on the cell viability of primary human fibroblasts. (3) The application of all whitening gels resulted in a greater color difference of the enamel (ΔE) in comparison to the negative control. Hydrogen peroxide caused the greatest color difference. Bromelain and PAP treatment showed no enamel surface changes, in contrast to hydrogen peroxide treatment, which showed very mild interprismatic dissolution. Bromelain was the only non-cytotoxic agent. (4) The maximum effect achieved by all OTC bleaching agents was the removal of stains, whereas hydrogen peroxide was capable of further whitening the teeth. Bromelain treatment was neither cytotoxic, nor resulted in enamel surface alterations, and its whitening effect was less, yet still effective, compared to hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-17-5086
| | - Nadine Wiesmann-Imilowski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebahat Kaya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Steiger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Bjelopavlovic
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Martin Lehmann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Modern concepts of teeth whitening – a narrative review. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2022.002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitening has been known since Biblical times. Nowadays, in the developed world, patients are placing a stronger interest in the aesthetic appearance of their teeth. As a result, public demand for aesthetic dentistry, including tooth whitening, has recently increased. Aesthetics of the teeth is of great importance to many patients.
The aim is to summarise and discuss the teeth whitening procedure, tools, materials, and methods, as well as its efficacy and safety. In addition, the paper aims to provide full and comprehensive information for dentists and their patients about the merits and perils of whitening.
Methods. Relevant literature from Scopus published in English was selected using the following search criteria "tooth OR teeth AND whitening OR bleaching" by 2022. In total, there were found 3840 papers. Then, we applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria to the selected scientific papers to choose the relevant ones.
Results. A comprehensive study of the available information related to means and products for teeth whitening was carried out. Whitening may be accomplished by the physical removal of the stain or a chemical reaction to lighten the tooth colour. The indications for appropriate use of tooth-whitening methods and products depend on the correct diagnosis of the discolouration. When used appropriately, tooth-whitening methods are safe and effective.
Conclusions. Tooth whitening is a form of dental treatment and should be completed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan developed by a dentist after an oral examination.
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Biomimetic Whitening Effect of Polyphosphate-Bleaching Agents on Dental Enamel. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040183. [PMID: 36412711 PMCID: PMC9680262 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study investigated the extrinsic tooth-whitening effect of bleaching products containing polyphosphates on the dental enamel surface compared to 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). Eighty human molars were randomly allocated into four whitening-products groups. Group A (control) was treated with 10% CP (Opalescence). The other groups with non-CP over-the-counter (OTC) products were group B = polyphosphates (iWhiteWhitening-Kit); group C = polyphosphates+fluoride (iWhite-toothpaste); and group D = sodium bicarbonate (24K-Whitening-Pen). L*, a*, b* color-parameters were spectrophotometer-recorded at baseline (T0), one day (T1), and one month (T2) post-treatment. Changes in teeth color (ΔEab) were calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). Groups A, B, and D showed significant differences in ΔL*&Δa* parameters at T1, but not in Δb* at T0. Group C showed no difference for ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* at T0 and T1. Group A showed differences for ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, at T2, while groups B, C, and D had no difference in any parameters at T0. At T1, ΔEab values = A > D> B > C (ΔEab = 13.4 > 2.4 > 2.1 > 1.2). At T2, ΔEab values increased = A > B > C > D (ΔEab = 12.2 > 10.6 > 9.2 > 2.4). In conclusion, the 10% CP and Biomimetic polyphosphate extrinsic whitening kit demonstrated the highest color change, while simulated brushing with dark stain toothpaste and a whitening pen demonstrated the lowest color change at both measurement intervals.
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Kim DH, Bae J, Heo JH, Park CH, Kim EB, Lee JH. Nanoparticles as Next-Generation Tooth-Whitening Agents: Progress and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10042-10065. [PMID: 35704786 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whitening agents, such as hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, are currently used in clinical applications for dental esthetic and dental care. However, the free radicals generated by whitening agents cause pathological damage; therefore, their safety issues remain controversial. Furthermore, whitening agents are known to be unstable and short-lived. Since 2001, nanoparticles (NPs) have been researched for use in tooth whitening. Importantly, nanoparticles not only function as abrasives but also release reactive oxygen species and help remineralization. This review outlines the historical development of several NPs based on their whitening effects and side effects. NPs can be categorized into metals or metal oxides, ceramic particles, graphene oxide, and piezoelectric particles. Moreover, the status quo and future prospects are discussed, and recent progress in the development of NPs and their applications in various fields requiring tooth whitening is examined. This review promotes the research and development of next-generation NPs for use in tooth whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Bae
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Cua J, Crespo E, Phelps S, Ramirez R, Roque-Torres G, Oyoyo U, Kwon SR. Tooth Color Change and Erosion: Hydrogen Peroxide Versus Non-peroxide Whitening Strips. Oper Dent 2022; 47:301-308. [PMID: 35584321 DOI: 10.2341/20-302-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study evaluated the efficacy and potential erosion of non-peroxide strips compared to hydrogen peroxide (HP) whitening strips (WSs). METHODS Color evaluation samples (N=64) were distributed into four groups and treated according to manufacturer's directions. NC: Negative control treated with water; BT: Non-peroxide Brilliant Dissolving Strips; FM: Non-peroxide Fancymay Teeth WSs; WS: Crest 3D Brilliance HP White Strips. A contact-type spectrophotometer was used to measure color at baseline (T1), 1-day posttreatment (T2), and 1-week posttreatment (T3). Teeth were cut to a rectangular block for micro-CT erosion assessment. The samples (N=30) were divided into five groups. In addition to the four groups for color assessment, a positive control (PC) treated with 0.25% citric acid was added. The samples were scanned, reconstructed, and measured for erosion depth using a micro-CT analysis program software. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine differences in color change and erosion depth among the groups. Tests of hypotheses were two-sided with an alpha level of 0.05. RESULTS The mean ΔE*ab at 1-day/1-week posttreatment were 2.4/2.5, 2.8/2.9, 2.8/3.2, and 8.6/11.0 for NC, BT, FM, and WS, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference for ΔE*ab at 1-day and 1-week posttreatment (p<0.001). Group WS had the highest color change, while the other three groups did not differ from each other (p>0.05). Mean erosion depths in microns were 0.52, 0.58, 0.42, 0.49, and 29.55 for NC, BT, FM, WS, and PC, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference among the groups (p=0.004). Group PC had the greatest erosion, while the other groups had negligible erosion that did not differ from each other (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Peroxide WSs had superior whitening efficacy compared to non-peroxide strips. None of the tested products compromised tooth structure integrity through enamel erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cua
- John Cua, RDH, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - E Crespo
- Elisabeth Crespo, RDH, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - S Phelps
- Sarah Phelps, RDH, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - R Ramirez
- Rachel Ramirez, RDH, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - G Roque-Torres
- Gina Roque-Torres, DDS, MS, PhD, assistant professor, Center for Dental Research, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - U Oyoyo
- Udochukwu Oyoyo, MPH, assistant professor, Dental Education Services, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - S R Kwon
- *So Ran Kwon, DDS, MS, PhD, MS, professor & director of Student Research Program, Division of General Dentistry, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Mazilu Moldovan A, Popescu V, Ionescu CV, Cuc S, Craciun A, Moldovan M, Dudea D, Mesaros AS. Various Aspects Involved in the Study of Tooth Bleaching Procedure: A Questionnaire–Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073977. [PMID: 35409660 PMCID: PMC8997818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A beautiful smile is an important feature when it comes to a pleasant appearance of the face, and one of the most common situations that drive patients to book a dental appointment is tooth discoloration. Tooth bleaching is the treatment of choice for extrinsic tooth discoloration, as it is a cheap, fast, and minimally invasive procedure. This study aimed to provide comparative information on the perceptions of both patients and dentists regarding different whitening methods and on the factors involved in people’s willingness to recommend and use a bleaching procedure. In addition to this, this study evaluated the degree of satisfaction in relation to the bleaching methods and materials used; it also evaluated the following: negative side effects, economic characteristics and the patients’ perceptions of the aesthetic appearance of their dental arches, especially tooth color. The subjects that participated in the present study were selected based on their background and were then divided into two categories. The first group consisted of 120 patients who had received tooth-bleaching treatments in dental clinics during the study and the second group consisted of 127 dentists. A conventional sampling method was used. The study aimed to define a relationship between multiple aspects of the tooth-bleaching procedure, including the patients’ desires and their general knowledge of this procedure. Tooth color and the way it changes is a very important factor that motivates patients to come to the dentist for whitening procedures. Patients showed the highest levels of satisfaction with the results of in-office bleaching procedures. In the group consisting of dentists, satisfaction levels were higher for the procedure of home bleaching supervised by a dentist. Factors influencing the choice of bleaching materials are appreciated differently by dentists and patients. Furthermore, the rate of patients using OTC (over the counter) products was found to be high. Further research is needed to find more effective and safer alternatives to home tooth-bleaching procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Mazilu Moldovan
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Violeta Popescu
- Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.M.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Corina Violeta Ionescu
- Department of Conservative Odontology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264593497
| | - Stanca Cuc
- Raluca Ripan Chemistry Research Institute, Babeș Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Antarinia Craciun
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.D.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Raluca Ripan Chemistry Research Institute, Babeș Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Diana Dudea
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.D.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Anca Stefania Mesaros
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.D.); (A.S.M.)
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Tran C, Choi E, Watu B, Oyoyo U, Perry C, Kwon SR. Laboratory model to evaluate efficacy of an experimental titanium oxide nanofibers bleaching agent. Restor Dent Endod 2021; 46:e47. [PMID: 34909411 PMCID: PMC8636076 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to use a laboratory model to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental bleaching agent. Materials and Methods The model used human extracted molars that were treated and measured for bleaching efficacy. Teeth (n = 50) were distributed into 5 groups: Negative control (NC): immersion in water for 8 hours; Nanofibers (NFs): Experimental titanium dioxide nanofibers with stirring and light activation for 8 hours; Whitestrips (WS): Crest 3D White Glamorous White Whitestrips, 2 applications daily for 30 minutes, 14 days; 1% hydrogen peroxide (HP) standard: 1% hydrogen peroxide for 8 hours; and 30% HP standard: 30% hydrogen peroxide for 8 hours. Instrumental measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer. Results were recorded at baseline, 1-day post-bleaching, and 1-week post-bleaching. Kruskal-Wallis procedure was used to determine differences in color change. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between visual and instrumental measurements. Tests of hypotheses were 2-sided with alpha = 0.05. Results There was no significant difference in color parameters (L1, a1, b1, and shade guide units [SGU]) at baseline (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference among the groups for overall color change (ΔE*ab) and change in shade guide units (ΔSGU) at 1-day and 1-week post-bleaching (p < 0.05). The higher the HP concentration, the higher the color change as expressed in ΔSGU and ΔE*ab. The negative control exceeded the perceptibility threshold of ΔE* = 1.2 regardless of time point. NFs showed a decrease in chroma, but were not statistically different compared to the negative control. Conclusions The laboratory model was successful in screening an experimental bleaching agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Tran
- Division of General Dentistry, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Ellin Choi
- Division of General Dentistry, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Brittany Watu
- Division of General Dentistry, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Udochukwu Oyoyo
- Division of General Dentistry, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Christopher Perry
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - So Ran Kwon
- Division of General Dentistry, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, California, USA
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15
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A Radical-Free Approach to Teeth Whitening. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9120148. [PMID: 34940045 PMCID: PMC8700120 DOI: 10.3390/dj9120148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traditional bleaching agents based on hydrogen peroxide (HP) or carbamide peroxide (CP) have adverse soft and hard tissue effects. Objectives: This study tested a novel formulation of phthalimidoperoxycaproic acid (PAP) with additives to optimise its safety and effectiveness. Methods: A novel gel (PAP+) was formulated. Laboratory studies assessed effects of six 10-minute exposures to PAP+ vs. commercial CP and HP gels, using surface profilometry and microhardness. The effectiveness of PAP+ in vitro against complex polyphenol stains on enamel was compared to 6% HP. Results: Unlike HP gels, PAP+ gel did not erode enamel. Unlike both CP and HP gels, PAP+ gel did not reduce the surface microhardness of enamel. PAP+ gel on used on polyphenol stains was superior to 6% HP. In this model, six repeated 10-minute treatments with PAP+ gel could improve the shade by approximately eight VITA® Bleachedguide shades. Conclusions: These laboratory results support the safety and effectiveness of this new PAP formula and its use as an alternative to CP and HP with superior safety and effectiveness.
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Ahmadi E, Rostamzadeh P, Omrani L, Abbasi M, Yekaninejad M. Effect of whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal, abrasive particles, or hydrogen peroxide on the color of aged microhybrid composite. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.332100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Alkahtani R, Stone S, German M, Waterhouse P. A review on dental whitening. J Dent 2020; 100:103423. [PMID: 32615235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a narrative review on vital dental whitening chemistry, toxicity and safety, vital dental whitening techniques, whitening systems, potential side effects of whitening and cyclic whitening using products with a range of concentrations and pH values. In addition, new developments and recommendations in the field of vital dental whitening will be presented to help clinicians understand the whitening process, its advantages, limitations, and the impact of whitening concentration and pH on enamel providing guidance in tailoring whitening treatments. DATA Data were gathered using the following keywords: dental whitening, roughness, hardness, sensitivity, hydrogen peroxide, whitening pH, whitening concentration, whitening chemistry, colour, and toxicity. SOURCES An electronic search was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases. Bibliographic material from papers reviewed was then used to find other relevant publications. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of vital dental whitening depends on many factors, such as the concentration/pH of the whitening agent, application duration, chemical additives, and re-mineralising agents used. Developing new whitening products and technologies such as nano-additives and alternative carrier systems is showing promising results, and might prove efficient in maximising whitening benefits by accelerating the whitening reaction and/or minimising expected reversible/irreversible enamel structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Alkahtani
- College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Stone
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew German
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Waterhouse
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom
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