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Metwally NM, Ragab OAA, Kandil MSH, Elghareb LA. Pain assessment, cognitive and cortical changes with full mouth rehabilitation in a group of children. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:599. [PMID: 38778294 PMCID: PMC11112780 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A change in professionals' perspectives on the value of general anesthesia (GA) for pediatric patients, including those with disabilities, medical conditions, severe oral issues, and challenging behaviors. Full-mouth rehabilitation under GA allows for the comprehensive treatment of all oral health problems in a single visit, without requiring the child's active participation. Extensive dental problems are often associated with severe dental pain, which can impact cognitive function, including perception, attention, memory, reasoning, language, communication, and executive functions. Individuals experiencing pain tend to perform less optimally cognitively. AIM This study aimed to investigate changes in cognition, brain function, and cortical alterations in children who underwent extensive dental rehabilitation under GA. PATIENTS ANDMETHODS Thirty uncooperative, healthy children aged 6-12 with extensive dental issues were enrolled. Pain levels were assessed using the FLACC and WBFPS scales before treatment, one week after, and three months later. Cognitive assessments, including the WCST, processing speed, digit span, and Trail Making Test, as well as EEG measurements, were also performed. RESULTS The results showed a significant improvement in pain levels reported by the children or their caregivers after the dental procedures, both at one week and three months. All cognitive measures, such as digit span, processing speed, and WCST performance, demonstrated substantial improvements after the treatment. The Trail Making Test also exhibited statistically significant variations before and after the dental procedures. Additionally, the MOCA test revealed a notable improvement in cognitive skills following the treatment. Furthermore, the EEG power ratio, an indicator of changes in the power balance within each frequency band, showed a statistically significant difference after the dental procedures. CONCLUSION the findings of this study suggest that full-mouth rehabilitation under GA can lead to improved pain management, as well as enhanced cognitive and brain functions in children. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES More clinical studies with a longer follow-up period and a different age range of children are required to investigate the connection between brain function and oral rehabilitation involving restorations or occlusion issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Mohamed Metwally
- Pediatric Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Lamis Ahmed Elghareb
- Pediatric Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Ridsdale L, Gilchrist F, Balmer RC, Skelton R, Sidebotham PD, Harris JC. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry: A policy document on dental neglect in children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024; 34:160-168. [PMID: 37749962 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The British Society of Paediatric Dentistry's (BSPD) first policy document on dental neglect was published online in 2009. It proposed a new original definition of dental neglect, discussed the identification of dental neglect and recommended adopting a tiered response, with three stages of intervention according to level of concern. Furthermore, it detailed how the dental team should both contribute to the child protection process and implement wider measures to safeguard and promote children's welfare. Since 2009, these concepts have been widely adopted in the UK and beyond. Furthermore, there have been significant advances in both research and practice. Policy documents produced by the BSPD represent a majority view, based on the consideration of currently available evidence, and are tailored to a UK working environment. Although this updated document's recommendations remain broadly unchanged, this version reflects the professions' progress in understanding dental neglect and minor updates to terminology and, following a consultation process, has been amended to address the needs of two main audiences-dental professionals and nondental health and social care professionals-in order to enhance interdisciplinary working.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Gilchrist
- Unit of Oral Health, Dentistry and Society, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Charles Clifford Dental Services, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Ruth Skelton
- Bradford District and Craven Health and Care Partnership, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Jenny C Harris
- Unit of Oral Health, Dentistry and Society, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Charles Clifford Dental Services, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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Kakti A, Abumelha RK, Alajmi AM, Dagriri LK, Alkodari LA, Fares MJ, Cicciù M, Minervini G. Postoperative Pain of Pediatric Patients Undergoing Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia Visiting a General Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10040671. [PMID: 37189920 DOI: 10.3390/children10040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Dental general anesthesia (GA) is a day-stay procedure and is a suitable choice for complicated cases. It is undertaken in a controlled hospital setting that ensures the quality, safety, efficacy, and efficiency of dental treatment. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence, severity, duration, and factors related to the occurrence of postoperative discomfort in young children following GA in a general hospital. This study includes a minimum sample size of 23 children that were undergoing GA over a 1-month period. Informed consent was obtained from the parent prior to the treatment. A preoperative questionnaire via the Survey Monkey program was used for the purposes of recording the responses of the survey population. All data related to the immediate postoperative period while the child was in the post-anesthetic recovery room (PAR) was collected and assessed by one of the investigators using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) pain assessment scale. Postoperative data was gathered using the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire (DDQ-8) and was performed by phone 3 days after the GA procedure. The participating 23 children ranged from 4 to 9 years old (mean 5.43 ± 1.53). A total of 65.2% were girls and 34.8% were boys, with 30.4% experiencing a recent history of pain.
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Pediatric morbidity after oral surgery procedures under general anaesthesia: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2023; 124:101262. [PMID: 35961509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to carry out a systematic review of the existing literature on postoperative morbidity after general anaesthesia (GA) in the dental care of paediatric patients, its frequency, characteristics and association with the intervention performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS An exhaustive search of the literature published up to 23 February 2022 was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane and EBSCO, with the following strategy: (infant OR child OR adolescent) AND (Oral Surgical Procedures OR Dentistry, Operative) AND Anesthesia, General AND Postoperative Complications. RESULTS The most frequent reason for the indication of general anaesthesia was dental caries and its complications (up to 91.0% of patients), followed by lack of cooperation/anxiety and/or fear for dental procedures in the office (between 39.8 and 47.9%). There is a higher prevalence for treatments in the special patient group reaching 87.7% compared to 63.3% in healthy patients. The main comorbidities recorded were: physical or mental disability, neurological, haematological, cardiac disorders, asthma, Down's syndrome; it was not possible to establish their association with the intervention performed. Regarding complications, complaints occurred between 43.0 and 98.9% of cases within the first 24 hours, the main reason being pain (between 14.0% and 95.0%). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric dental procedures under GA carry a very low risk of major complications, but have a virtually universal incidence of minor complications.
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Postoperative Morbidity of Dental Paediatric Patients Treated under General Anaesthesia at a University Hospital: An Observational Study. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:9606010. [PMID: 35795193 PMCID: PMC9251146 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9606010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To assess prevalence of postoperative morbidity signs and symptoms in children treated under GA, and to investigate the association between pre- and intra-operative factors with postoperative morbidity. Study design and Methods Prospective, observational study supported by pre-operative, intra-operative, and postoperative questionnaire conducted on paediatric patients treated for dental reasons under general anaesthesia at a university hospital. Results Hundred and fifty patients were included with average age 5.5 years. The majority (92%) experienced at least one postoperative morbidity sign and symptom on the day of treatment under GA and the majority of symptoms subside by the third day. Dental pain (81.3%), sleepiness (70%), and poor appetite (46.7%) were the most frequently reported. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, type of treatment provided, use of LA, and duration of procedure were significantly associated with postoperative morbidity. Conclusions Most patients experienced one or more morbidity sign/s or symptom/s during first postoperative day and the majority subsides by the third day. Dental pain and poor appetite were the most and long lasting reported. Factors that would predict the occurrence of postoperative morbidity were gender, patient's age, and duration of procedure.
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LARAGA – Pharmacological behaviour management in paediatric dentistry in the UK. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alkhalaf R, Neves ADA, Banerjee A, Hosey MT. Minimally invasive judgement calls: managing compromised first permanent molars in children. Br Dent J 2020; 229:459-465. [PMID: 33037366 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to update the reader on how minimally invasive (MI) techniques may be used to improve the longevity of carious or defective/compromised first permanent molars (cFPMs) in young children. Clinical and radiographic diagnosis and the prognostic factors will be discussed in view of recent studies showing that these teeth can be kept in function and have an improved prognosis as the child gets older. Clinical protocols for their care, based on the latest evidence and techniques for MI restorations, together with longevity information of possible restorative options, are described. This paper also explores the rationale behind enforced extractions and related morbidity, in order to help oral healthcare practitioners to determine the optimal management of these key elements in the dentition for the benefit of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alkhalaf
- Centre of Oral, Clinical & Translational Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aline de Almeida Neves
- Clinical Lecturer in Paediatric Dentistry, Centre of Oral, Clinical and Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Adjunct Professor in Paediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Avijit Banerjee
- Professor of Cariology & Operative Dentistry, Honorary Consultant/Clinical Lead, Restorative Dentistry, Conservative & MI Dentistry/Centre of Oral, Clinical and Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Therese Hosey
- Professor of Paediatric Dentistry, Honorary Consultant, Chair of Paediatric Dentistry, Centre of Oral, Clinical and Translational Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Akl N, Sommerfield A, Slevin L, Drake-Brockman TF, Wong S, Winters JC, Ungern-Sternberg BSV, Sommerfield D. Anaesthesia, pain and recovery profiles in children following dental extractions. Anaesth Intensive Care 2020; 48:306-313. [PMID: 32819166 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x20942532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective cohort study was to describe the anaesthetic practices, rates of postoperative pain and the recovery trajectory of children having urgent dental extractions at our institution. Demographic, anaesthetic and surgical details of children undergoing dental extractions were obtained by case note review. Parent-proxy pain scores were collected via telephone on the day of surgery and on postoperative days, as well as details of analgesia given, behavioural disturbance, and nausea and vomiting. Follow-up was continued until each child no longer had pain. Datasets were analysed for 143 patients. Fasting times were prolonged, with 81 children (56.6%) fasted for over four hours from fluids. Moderate or severe pain was recorded in 14 children (9.8%) postoperatively on the day of surgery, with higher rates in children who had a greater number of teeth extracted. Low rates of moderate to severe pain were observed during follow-up, affecting six children (4.2%) on postoperative day 1 and three children (2.1%) on postoperative day 2 with primarily simple analgesia administered at home. Only eight children (5.6%) had nausea and/or vomiting on the day of surgery. Rates of reported behavioural disturbance at home were low, extending beyond the second postoperative day in only two children (1.4%), and only four children (2.8%) attended a dentist during the follow-up period. In conclusion, the low rates of pain and nausea and vomiting reported in the days following surgery for urgent dental procedures suggest that children can be cared for at home with simple analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Akl
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Aine Sommerfield
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Lliana Slevin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Thomas Fe Drake-Brockman
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Susan Wong
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - John C Winters
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.,Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Britta S von Ungern-Sternberg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - David Sommerfield
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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