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Yu X, Tian Y, Li D, Sun W, Wang H, Yuan S, Yan B, Wang L, Pan Y. Evaluating the effect of digital technology on the learning of orthodontic cephalometric measurement. F1000Res 2023; 11:328. [PMID: 38009103 PMCID: PMC10674087 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.109876.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating digital technology into cephalometric measurement teaching. Methods: In total, 94 undergraduates of stomatology were recruited and randomly allocated to two groups. According to the cross-over design, both groups completed cephalometric measurements by the traditional hand-drawn method and digital technology (the Dolphin software) in different order. In the traditional hand-drawn method, students depicted the outline of the craniofacial anatomical structures on sulfuric transfer paper first, then marked the measurement points and completed the measurement of line spacings and angles; by digital technology, they marked the points in the software and adjust the automatically generated outlines of the structures to obtain the results. Two professional orthodontists were invited as instructors and their measurements were set as standards. An online questionnaire was also used to investigate students' attitudes toward digital technology being used in the cephalometric teaching process. Results: There were significant differences of students' measurements ( P 1-SNA<0.01, P 1-SNB=0.01 and P 1-L1-NB (mm)<0.01; SNA: sella-nasion-subspinale angle, SNB: sella-nasion-supramental angle, L1-NB (mm): the distance from the lower central incisor tip to the nasion-supramental plane) between the traditional method and digital technology. Besides, the results of most items by digital technology were closer to the standards than those by the traditional method, including five items with statistical significance ( P 2-SNB<0.05, P 2-L1-NB (mm)<0.01, P 2-FMA<0.05, P 2-FMIA<0.05, P 2-IMPA<0.01), while three items were the opposite ( P 2-SNA<0.05, P 2-ANB (mm)<0.01, P 2-NA-PA<0.01). The questionnaire showed more students preferred digital technology (33%) as a better teaching method than the traditional method (2%) and 72% of participants thought they had mastered 50-80% of cephalometric knowledge after the course. Conclusions: This study demonstrated effectiveness and acceptance of the course applying digital technology during the cephalometric teaching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Siyang Yuan
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Shelley A, Horner K. Questionnaire surveys - sources of error and implications for design, reporting and appraisal. Br Dent J 2021; 230:251-258. [PMID: 33637929 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-2654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Questionnaire surveys of dentists are a commonly used research method which can yield important results. Nevertheless, in order to give reliable information, surveys must be carefully designed to avoid bias. The challenge of planning, designing and implementing a questionnaire study is often underestimated. While headline response rate is commonly used as an indication of survey quality, there are four potential areas of survey error. These are coverage, sampling, measurement and response. These four areas of error are discussed, with examples from the current literature, to assist readers in critically appraising questionnaire studies. We make 12 key recommendations to researchers to help avoid bias in their research; approaches to response enhancement are also considered. Reporting guidelines for questionnaire studies are suggested which improve transparency and assist in understanding of research methodologies and results. We have termed these guidelines: Reporting Items for Surveys and Questionnaires (RISQ). In conclusion, there is no single solution that can guarantee a successful study. Conversely, failure to pay careful attention to any one of many crucial aspects of survey design can be the downfall of an otherwise robust study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Shelley
- Shelley & Pope Dental Practice, 117 Stockport Road, Denton, Manchester, M34 6DH, UK.
| | - Keith Horner
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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