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Chhabria DR, Ramadoss R, K HS, Sundar S, Selvam SP, Ramani P. Understanding the spatial and topographic characteristics of enamel white spot lesions for targeted remineralization. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:594-599. [PMID: 39188633 PMCID: PMC11345553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction White spot lesions are opaque, chalky white or yellowish discolorations on the surface of teeth that result from the demineralization of the tooth structure. Many methods, including SEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy, are crucial for identifying and evaluating enamel white spot lesions. It is imperative to have a thorough grasp of the morphology, crystallographic structure, mineral composition, and chemical changes associated with enamel white spot lesions. Method In vitro lesions were meticulously obtained by immersing extracted teeth in hydrochloric acid for a week and drying them using artificial caries. Characterization investigations were conducted with utmost precision and thoroughness using FTIR, XRD, and SEM, ensuring the reliability and validity of the results. Results FTIR analysis revealed the existence of calcium oxide and hydroxyapatite, and SEM examination assisted in identifying differences in surface shape. The enamel's crystalline nature was revealed via XRD investigation. Conclusion White spot lesions are associated with the development of deep caries. Advanced imaging strategies are needed for additional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Rajesh Chhabria
- Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Ramya Ramadoss
- Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Hema Shree K
- Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Sandhya Sundar
- Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Suganya Panneer Selvam
- Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and techniical Sciences, Chennai , India
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Balakrishnan N, Subramanian AK, Eswaramoorthy R, Angappan M. Remineralization potential of varying concentrations of two plant-based extracts of Cocos nucifera on white spot lesions using SEM and EDAX analysis: An in vitro study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2024; 14:129-135. [PMID: 38827356 PMCID: PMC11141893 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_146_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the remineralization potential of varying concentrations of two plant-based extracts of Cocos nucifera on white spot lesions using SEM and EDAX in vitro testing methods. Materials and Methods The pulp was freshly obtained from coconut and divided into two. Then, coconut milk was obtained by blending, while the next portion was freeze-dried and lyophilized. Third molar teeth were processed into tooth slabs (N = 40) and split equally into five groups by block randomization. After demineralization, one tooth slab was taken from each, and SEM analysis was done. Remineralization was then performed among the various groups that included Group 1, which acted as a control and consisted of the remineralization solution. Groups 2 and 3 comprised 1:1 and 2:1 concentrations of the coconut milk, whereas Groups 4 and 5 consisted of 1:1 and 2:1 concentrations of the lyophilized extract. SEM and EDAX testing were done post-remineralization. Ca and phosphate values were tabulated, and statistical significance was determined for the obtained values using ANOVA. Results Among the control and treatment groups, surface remineralization was better observed in 1:1 coconut milk and 2:1 coconut milk than in the 2:1 lyophilized coconut, control, and 1:1 lyophilized coconut. Between the control and treatment groups, Ca and phosphate percentages (P < 0.001) showed statistical differences. The lowest value of 2.3% was noted in the 2:1 lyophilized coconut group. Conclusion Coconut extracts exhibit remineralization potential on the artificial carious lesion. Coconut milk exhibited significant improvement in the surface properties than lyophilized coconut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivethigaa Balakrishnan
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Subramanian
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomaterials, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalakshmi Angappan
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
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Antonova IN, Orekhova LY, Goncharov VD, Yashkardin RV. [The results of the study of the focus of initial caries of human tooth enamel in vitro using atomic force microscopy]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2023; 102:20-26. [PMID: 37937919 DOI: 10.17116/stomat202310205120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify structural disorders of the surface of the enamel of a human tooth during the development of the carious process in the «white spot» stage using atomic force microscopy (AFM). MATERIAL AND METODS The studies were carried out on 10 molar samples in areas with initial caries in the white spot stage. 6 areas of initial caries were scanned using the atomic force microscope Cetus Light (Nano Scan Technology, Russia) in semi-contact mode. Criteria were proposed for comparing the results of AFM scanning of tooth enamel surface samples and, based on them, the nature of the main structural disorders of the enamel surface in the affected area was determined. RESULTS For all the samples studied, the healthy enamel surface was smoother compared to the enamel in the area of the clinically visible «white spot» and in the immediate vicinity of it. The heterogeneity of the enamel surface in the center of the white spot» for all the samples studied was at least 60% higher than at the edge of the process. It was revealed that the heterogeneity of the surface outside the clinically visible white spot at a distance of less than 1 mm from its perimeter is at least 30% higher than that of healthy tissue of the same tooth. It is shown that the heterogeneity of the enamel surface in the center of the caries area in the white spot stage is at least 4 times greater than the heterogeneity of the surface of the healthy enamel of the same tooth, which indicates its demineralization. CONCLUSION The established features of the spread of the initial carious process can be used in clinical practice for the diagnosis and dynamic observation of the processes of enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Antonova
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L Yu Orekhova
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V D Goncharov
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - R V Yashkardin
- Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Toti Ç, Meto A, Kaçani G, Droboniku E, Hysi D, Tepedino M, Zaja E, Fiorillo L, Meto A, Buci D, Tanellari O. White Spots Prevalence and Tooth Brush Habits during Orthodontic Treatment. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020320. [PMID: 35206934 PMCID: PMC8872019 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
White spots (WS) are one of the most undesirable side effects in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy and are usually located around bracket bases and even detected under the molar bands. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to evaluate the WS lesion during orthodontic therapy and the correlation between WS and oral hygiene habits. Patients requiring orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance were screened for the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and 74 subjects were finally enrolled. Each patient received three examinations: at T0, the day of the application of the fixed appliance; at T1, three months later; and at T2, six months after treatment start. After calculating descriptive statistics, differences between groups were evaluated with an independent sample t-test. The first type error was set as p ≤ 0.01. The observed prevalence of WS lesions was 59.5% on T1 and 60.8% on T2. The most affected teeth result to be upper molars, lower left first molar, upper right central incisor and upper left lateral incisor, upper right canine, upper left first premolar, and lower right first molar. A higher frequency of daily tooth brushing was accompanied by a lower prevalence of WS. No significant effect of sex was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çeljana Toti
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania; (G.K.); (O.T.)
- Correspondence: (Ç.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Agron Meto
- Department of Dentistry, University of Aldent, 1000 Tirana, Albania; (A.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Gerta Kaçani
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania; (G.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Etleva Droboniku
- Department of Dental Therapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania; (E.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Dorjan Hysi
- Department of Dental Therapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania; (E.D.); (D.H.)
| | - Michele Tepedino
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Edlira Zaja
- Department of Public Health, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Luca Fiorillo
- Department of Dentistry, University of Aldent, 1000 Tirana, Albania; (A.M.); (L.F.)
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Aida Meto
- Department of Dental Therapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania; (E.D.); (D.H.)
- Endodontic Clinical Section, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (Ç.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Denada Buci
- Independent Researcher, 1000 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Olja Tanellari
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania; (G.K.); (O.T.)
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