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Campi R, Rebez G, Klatte T, Roussel E, Ouizad I, Ingels A, Pavan N, Kara O, Erdem S, Bertolo R, Capitanio U, Mir MC. Effect of smoking, hypertension and lifestyle factors on kidney cancer - perspectives for prevention and screening programmes. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:669-681. [PMID: 37328546 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence has doubled over the past few decades. However, death rates have remained stable as the number of incidental renal mass diagnoses peaked. RCC has been recognized as a European health care issue, but to date, no screening programmes have been introduced. Well-known modifiable risk factors for RCC are smoking, obesity and hypertension. A direct association between cigarette consumption and increased RCC incidence and RCC-related death has been reported, but the underlying mechanistic pathways for this association are still unclear. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of RCC, but interestingly, improved survival outcomes have been reported in obese patients, a phenomenon known as the obesity paradox. Data on the association between other modifiable risk factors such as diet, dyslipidaemia and physical activity with RCC incidence are conflicting, and potential mechanisms underlying these associations remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Campi
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Giacomo Rebez
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Eduard Roussel
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Idir Ouizad
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Ingels
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Nicola Pavan
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Onder Kara
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, İzmit, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Erdem
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Capitanio
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carmen Mir
- Young Academic Urologists (YAU) Renal Cancer Working Group, Arnhem, Netherlands.
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario La Ribera, Valencia, Spain.
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Jubber I, Ong S, Bukavina L, Black PC, Compérat E, Kamat AM, Kiemeney L, Lawrentschuk N, Lerner SP, Meeks JJ, Moch H, Necchi A, Panebianco V, Sridhar SS, Znaor A, Catto JWF, Cumberbatch MG. Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer in 2023: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors. Eur Urol 2023; 84:176-190. [PMID: 37198015 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bladder cancer (BC) is common worldwide and poses a significant public health challenge. External risk factors and the wider exposome (totality of exposure from external and internal factors) contribute significantly to the development of BC. Therefore, establishing a clear understanding of these risk factors is the key to prevention. OBJECTIVE To perform an up-to-date systematic review of BC's epidemiology and external risk factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Two reviewers (I.J. and S.O.) performed a systematic review using PubMed and Embase in January 2022 and updated it in September 2022. The search was restricted to 4 yr since our previous review in 2018. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Our search identified 5177 articles and a total of 349 full-text manuscripts. GLOBOCAN data from 2020 revealed an incidence of 573 000 new BC cases and 213 000 deaths worldwide in 2020. The 5-yr prevalence worldwide in 2020 was 1 721 000. Tobacco smoking and occupational exposures (aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are the most substantial risk factors. In addition, correlative evidence exists for several risk factors, including specific dietary factors, imbalanced microbiome, gene-environment risk factor interactions, diesel exhaust emission exposure, and pelvic radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We present a contemporary overview of the epidemiology of BC and the current evidence for BC risk factors. Smoking and specific occupational exposures are the most established risk factors. There is emerging evidence for specific dietary factors, imbalanced microbiome, gene-external risk factor interactions, diesel exhaust emission exposure, and pelvic radiotherapy. Further high-quality evidence is required to confirm initial findings and further understand cancer prevention. PATIENT SUMMARY Bladder cancer is common, and the most substantial risk factors are smoking and workplace exposure to suspected carcinogens. On-going research to identify avoidable risk factors could reduce the number of people who get bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jubber
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Sean Ong
- EJ Whitten Foundation Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eva Compérat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- EJ Whitten Foundation Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Seth P Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Panebianco
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology, and Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Srikala S Sridhar
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariana Znaor
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcus G Cumberbatch
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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Chantaprasopsuk S, Rees-Punia E, Patel AV. Physical activity, obesity, and bladder cancer incidence. Cancer Causes Control 2023:10.1007/s10552-023-01711-0. [PMID: 37202564 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for bladder cancer (BC), but evidence for physical inactivity and obesity is limited. METHODS This analysis included 146,027 participants from the Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort, a large prospective cohort of cancer incidence established in 1992. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between body mass index (BMI), moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity (MVPA), leisure-time spent sitting, and BC risk. Effect modification by stage, smoking status, and sex was examined. RESULTS Only participants accumulating 15.0- < 30.0 MET-hrs/wk of MVPA had a lower risk of BC overall (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78, 0.99, compared to > 0-7.5 MET-hrs/wk) in the fully adjusted models. When stratifying on BC stage, MVPA (15- < 30 MET-hrs/wk vs. > 0- < 7.5 MET-hrs/wk, RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.99) and excess sitting time (≥ 6 h/day vs. 0- < 3 h/day RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.02, 1.47) were associated with risk of invasive BC only. There was no consistent evidence for effect modification by smoking status or sex. CONCLUSION This study supports that MVPA and sitting time may play a role in BC incidence, but associations likely differ by stage at diagnosis. While additional studies are needed to confirm associations by stage, this study adds to the evidence of the importance of being physically active for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Rees-Punia
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Alpa V Patel
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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Larson EA, Dalamaga M, Magkos F. The role of exercise in obesity-related cancers: Current evidence and biological mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 91:16-26. [PMID: 36871634 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer ranks among the five leading causes of death in almost all countries and has important repercussions for individual and public health, the healthcare system, and society in general. Obesity increases the incidence of many types of cancer, but growing evidence suggests that physical activity may decrease risk for developing a variety of obesity-related cancer types, and, in some cases, may improve cancer prognosis and mortality rates. This review summarizes recent evidence on the effect of physical activity on obesity-related cancer prevention and survival. For some cancers, including breast, colorectal, and endometrial cancer, there is strong evidence for a preventative effect of exercise, but for many others, including gallbladder and kidney cancer, and multiple myeloma, evidence is inconsistent or largely lacking. Though many potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the onco-protective effect of exercise, including improved insulin sensitivity, alterations in sex hormone availability, improved immune function and inflammation, myokine secretion, and modulation of intracellular signaling at the level of AMP kinase, the exact mechanism(s) of action within each cancer subtype remains poorly defined. Overall, a deeper understanding of how exercise can help against cancer and of the exercise parameters that can be altered to optimize exercise prescription is necessary and should be the subject of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Larson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports; University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Isoflavone and soy food intake and risk of lung cancer in never smokers: report from prospective studies in Japan and China. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:125-137. [PMID: 35913505 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence from several cohorts has suggested that a higher intake of isoflavone is associated with lower risk of lung cancer in never smokers, but the association has not been investigated by histologic type of lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma is a common histologic type found in never smokers. We hypothesized that a higher intake of isoflavone is associated with a lower risk of lung adenocarcinoma among never smokers. Here, we examined the associations of isoflavone and soy food intake with lung cancer and its histologic types in never smokers. METHODS We performed a pooled analysis using data from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, Shanghai Women's Health Study and Shanghai Men's Study with 147,296 never smokers aged 40-74 years with no history of cancer. During 1,990,040 person-years of follow-up, 1247 lung cancer cases were documented. Dietary isoflavone and soy food intake were assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models assessed the associations between isoflavone and soy intake with incidence of lung cancer by histologic type. RESULTS A higher intake of dietary isoflavone and soy food were associated with reduced risk of lung adenocarcinoma. The multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) of risk of lung adenocarcinoma for the highest versus lowest intakes of isoflavone and soy food were 0.74 (0.60-0.92) and 0.78 (0.63-0.96), respectively. The multivariable HRs of risk of lung adenocarcinoma associated with each 10 mg/day increase in isoflavone and each 50 g/day increase in soy food intake were 0.81 (0.70-0.94) and 0.84 (0.73-0.96), respectively. CONCLUSION Higher intake of isoflavone and soy food was associated with lower risk of lung adenocarcinoma in never smokers.
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Rodríguez Cintas M, Márquez S, González-Gallego J. The Impact of Physical Activity on Risk and Health-Related Quality of Life in Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2021; 7:355-364. [PMID: 38993609 PMCID: PMC11181820 DOI: 10.3233/blc-200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentarism is an important modifiable risk factor in the struggle against cancer. In the last decades, the relationship between physical activity and different types of cancer has been investigated in depth. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the literature on the effectiveness of physical activity in reducing the risk to develop bladder cancer and improving health-related quality of life in patients. METHODS A systematic review was conducted through a search of the Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) databases to seek information and PRISMA system to delimitate the research. Outcomes included in searches were physical activity, tobacco consumption, obesity, body mass index, and metabolic syndrome, associated with bladder cancer and quality of life. RESULTS Database searches identified 394 records, of which 75 were duplicated. A total of 280 articles were excluded based on abstract screening. An additional 16 full-text articles were excluded because they did not meet the eligibility criteria. Overall, 21 of the 23 studies included in the review reported beneficial effects of physical activity in bladder cancer. The majority of papers found that physical activity is a significant factor in reducing the risk of bladder cancer. Moreover, physical activity improves health-related quality of life in bladder cancer survivors, and diminishes both recurrence and mortality in those who engage in regular activity. Lastly, physical inactivity is associated with increased body mass index, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and unfavourable energy balance, which led to a greater probability of suffering from bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS These data reinforce the importance of promoting a healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of bladder cancer and to improve survivorship and health-related quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Márquez
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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