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Mallucci L, Wells V. Intrinsic S phase checkpoint enforced by an antiproliferative oncosuppressor cytokine. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:897-900. [PMID: 34737438 PMCID: PMC9293749 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is strictly programmed with control mechanisms that dictate order in cell cycle progression to ensure faithful DNA replication, whose deviance may lead to cancer. Checkpoint control at the G1/S, S/G2 and G2/M portals have been defined but no statutory time-programmed control for securing orderly transition through S phase has so far been identified. Here we report that in normal cells DNA synthesis is controlled by a checkpoint sited within the early part of S phase, enforced by the βGBP cytokine an antiproliferative molecule otherwise known for its oncosuppressor properties that normal cells constitutively produce for self-regulation. Suppression of active Ras and active MAPK, block of cyclin A gene expression and suppression of CDK2-cyclin A activity are events which while specific to the control of a cell cycle phase in normal cells are part of the apoptotic network in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Mallucci
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
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Gilardini Montani MS, Benedetti R, Piconese S, Pulcinelli FM, Timperio AM, Romeo MA, Masuelli L, Mattei M, Bei R, D'Orazi G, Cirone M. PGE2 Released by Pancreatic Cancer Cells Undergoing ER Stress Transfers the Stress to DCs Impairing Their Immune Function. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:934-945. [PMID: 33632872 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that pancreatic cancer cells undergoing cell death by valproic acid (VPA) treatment activated dendritic cells (DCs) more efficiently than those treated with trichostatin A (TSA), as demonstrated by CD86 and CD80 surface expression. Surprisingly though, DCs cultured in the presence of supernatant derived from VPA-treated cancer cells showed a reduced allostimulatory capacity and an increased release of IL10 and IL8 cytokines in comparison with those exposed to TSA-treated cell culture supernatant. Searching for molecular mechanisms leading to such differences, we found that VPA treatment dysregulated choline metabolism and triggered a stronger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pancreatic cancer cells than TSA, upregulating CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, and activated cyclooxygenase-2, thus promoting the release of prostaglandin (PG) E2. Interestingly, dysfunctional DCs cultured in the presence of VPA-treated cells culture supernatant showed a higher level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal protein adducts, and ER stress, as evidenced by the upregulation of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), effects that were reduced when DCs were exposed to supernatant of cancer cells treated with Celecoxib before VPA. Celecoxib prevented PGE2 release, restoring the function of DCs exposed to VPA-treated cells culture supernatant, and a similar effect was obtained by silencing XBP1s in DCs treated with VPA-treated cells culture supernatant. These results suggest that PGE2 could be one of the yet unidentified factors able to transfer the stress from cancer cells to DCs, resulting in an impairment of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Department of Internal Clinical, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Timperio
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mattei
- Centro di Servizi Interdipartimentale-Stazione per la Tecnologia Animale, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata,' Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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