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Cordani M, Garufi A, Benedetti R, Tafani M, Aventaggiato M, D’Orazi G, Cirone M. Recent Advances on Mutant p53: Unveiling Novel Oncogenic Roles, Degradation Pathways, and Therapeutic Interventions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:649. [PMID: 38927053 PMCID: PMC11201733 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is the master regulator of cellular integrity, primarily due to its tumor-suppressing functions. Approximately half of all human cancers carry mutations in the TP53 gene, which not only abrogate the tumor-suppressive functions but also confer p53 mutant proteins with oncogenic potential. The latter is achieved through so-called gain-of-function (GOF) mutations that promote cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance by deregulating transcriptional networks, signaling pathways, metabolism, immune surveillance, and cellular compositions of the microenvironment. Despite recent progress in understanding the complexity of mutp53 in neoplastic development, the exact mechanisms of how mutp53 contributes to cancer development and how they escape proteasomal and lysosomal degradation remain only partially understood. In this review, we address recent findings in the field of oncogenic functions of mutp53 specifically regarding, but not limited to, its implications in metabolic pathways, the secretome of cancer cells, the cancer microenvironment, and the regulating scenarios of the aberrant proteasomal degradation. By analyzing proteasomal and lysosomal protein degradation, as well as its connection with autophagy, we propose new therapeutical approaches that aim to destabilize mutp53 proteins and deactivate its oncogenic functions, thereby providing a fundamental basis for further investigation and rational treatment approaches for TP53-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessia Garufi
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (M.T.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (M.T.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Aventaggiato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (M.T.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio, 00131 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (M.T.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
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Peuget S, Zhou X, Selivanova G. Translating p53-based therapies for cancer into the clinic. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:192-215. [PMID: 38287107 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Inactivation of the most important tumour suppressor gene TP53 occurs in most, if not all, human cancers. Loss of functional wild-type p53 is achieved via two main mechanisms: mutation of the gene leading to an absence of tumour suppressor activity and, in some cases, gain-of-oncogenic function; or inhibition of the wild-type p53 protein mediated by overexpression of its negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX. Because of its high potency as a tumour suppressor and the dependence of at least some established tumours on its inactivation, p53 appears to be a highly attractive target for the development of new anticancer drugs. However, p53 is a transcription factor and therefore has long been considered undruggable. Nevertheless, several innovative strategies have been pursued for targeting dysfunctional p53 for cancer treatment. In mutant p53-expressing tumours, the predominant strategy is to restore tumour suppressor function with compounds acting either in a generic manner or otherwise selective for one or a few specific p53 mutations. In addition, approaches to deplete mutant p53 or to target vulnerabilities created by mutant p53 expression are currently under development. In wild-type p53 tumours, the major approach is to protect p53 from the actions of MDM2 and MDMX by targeting these negative regulators with inhibitors. Although the results of at least some clinical trials of MDM2 inhibitors and mutant p53-restoring compounds are promising, none of the agents has yet been approved by the FDA. Alternative strategies, based on a better understanding of p53 biology, the mechanisms of action of compounds and treatment regimens as well as the development of new technologies are gaining interest, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras for MDM2 degradation. Other approaches are taking advantage of the progress made in immune-based therapies for cancer. In this Review, we present these ongoing clinical trials and emerging approaches to re-evaluate the current state of knowledge of p53-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Peuget
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zmorzynski S, Kimicka-Szajwaj A, Szajwaj A, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J, Wojcierowski J. Genetic Changes in Mastocytes and Their Significance in Mast Cell Tumor Prognosis and Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38275618 PMCID: PMC10815783 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors are a large group of diseases occurring in dogs, cats, mice, as well as in humans. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease involving the accumulation of mast cells in organs. KIT gene mutations are very often seen in abnormal mast cells. In SM, high KIT/CD117 expression is observed; however, there are usually no KIT gene mutations present. Mastocytoma (MCT)-a form of cutaneous neoplasm-is common in animals but quite rare in humans. KIT/CD117 receptor mutations were studied as the typical changes for human mastocytosis. In 80% of human cases, the KIT gene substitution p.D816H was present. In about 25% of MCTs, metastasis was observed. Changes in the gene expression of certain genes, such as overexpression of the DNAJ3A3 gene, promote metastasis. In contrast, the SNORD93 gene blocks the expression of metastasis genes. The panel of miR-21-5p, miR-379, and miR-885 has a good efficiency in discriminating healthy and MCT-affected dogs, as well as MCT-affected dogs with and without nodal metastasis. Further studies on the pathobiology of mast cells can lead to clinical improvements, such as better MCT diagnosis and treatment. Our paper reviews studies on the topic of mast cells, which have been carried out over the past few years.
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Beckers C, Pruschy M, Vetrugno I. Tumor hypoxia and radiotherapy: A major driver of resistance even for novel radiotherapy modalities. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 98:19-30. [PMID: 38040401 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia in solid tumors is an important predictor of poor clinical outcome to radiotherapy. Both physicochemical and biological processes contribute to a reduced sensitivity of hypoxic tumor cells to ionizing radiation and hypoxia-related treatment resistances. A conventional low-dose fractionated radiotherapy regimen exploits iterative reoxygenation in between the individual fractions, nevertheless tumor hypoxia still remains a major hurdle for successful treatment outcome. The technological advances achieved in image guidance and highly conformal dose delivery make it nowadays possible to prescribe larger doses to the tumor as part of single high-dose or hypofractionated radiotherapy, while keeping an acceptable level of normal tissue complication in the co-irradiated organs at risk. However, we insufficiently understand the impact of tumor hypoxia to single high-doses of RT and hypofractionated RT. So-called FLASH radiotherapy, which delivers ionizing radiation at ultrahigh dose rates (> 40 Gy/sec), has recently emerged as an important breakthrough in the radiotherapy field to reduce normal tissue toxicity compared to irradiation at conventional dose rates (few Gy/min). Not surprisingly, oxygen consumption and tumor hypoxia also seem to play an intriguing role for FLASH radiotherapy. Here we will discuss the role of tumor hypoxia for radiotherapy in general and in the context of novel radiotherapy treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Beckers
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pruschy
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Vetrugno
- Laboratory for Applied Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hassin O, Sernik M, Seligman A, Vogel FCE, Wellenstein MD, Smollich J, Halperin C, Pirona AC, Toledano LN, Caballero CD, Schlicker L, Salame TM, Sarusi Portuguez A, Aylon Y, Scherz-Shouval R, Geiger T, de Visser KE, Schulze A, Oren M. p53 deficient breast cancer cells reprogram preadipocytes toward tumor-protective immunomodulatory cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311460120. [PMID: 38127986 PMCID: PMC10756271 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311460120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 gene is mutated in approximately 30% of all breast cancer cases. Adipocytes and preadipocytes, which constitute a substantial fraction of the stroma of normal mammary tissue and breast tumors, undergo transcriptional, metabolic, and phenotypic reprogramming during breast cancer development and play an important role in tumor progression. We report here that p53 loss in breast cancer cells facilitates the reprogramming of preadipocytes, inducing them to acquire a unique transcriptional and metabolic program that combines impaired adipocytic differentiation with augmented cytokine expression. This, in turn, promotes the establishment of an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, including increased abundance of Ly6C+ and Ly6G+ myeloid cells and elevated expression of the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1. We also describe a potential gain-of-function effect of common p53 missense mutations on the inflammatory reprogramming of preadipocytes. Altogether, our study implicates p53 deregulation in breast cancer cells as a driver of tumor-supportive adipose tissue reprogramming, expanding the network of non-cell autonomous mechanisms whereby p53 dysfunction may promote cancer. Further elucidation of the interplay between p53 and adipocytes within the tumor microenvironment may suggest effective therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Hassin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Miriam Sernik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Seligman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Felix C. E. Vogel
- Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Max D. Wellenstein
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Smollich
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Coral Halperin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Anna Chiara Pirona
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Liron Nomi Toledano
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Carolina Dehesa Caballero
- Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Lisa Schlicker
- Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Tomer-Meir Salame
- Mass Cytometry Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Avital Sarusi Portuguez
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Aylon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Ruth Scherz-Shouval
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Karin E. de Visser
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Almut Schulze
- Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
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Han B, Li S, Huang S, Huang J, Wu T, Chen X. Cuproptosis-related lncRNA SNHG16 as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16197. [PMID: 37846311 PMCID: PMC10576967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aim to investigate the potential value of cuproptosis-related lncRNA signaling in predicting clinical prognosis and immunotherapy and its relationship with drug sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods We first identified the lncRNAs associated with cuproptosis genes in HNSCC and then conducted a series of analytical studies to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of these lncRNAs. Finally, we used RT-qPCR to validate our findings in a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell line and 12 pairs of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. Results We identified 11 differentially expressed lncRNAs that were associated with cuproptosis genes in HNSCC and also served as prognostic markers for this cancer. Enrichment analysis revealed that these lncRNAs were related to immune-related functions that were suppressed in patients with oncogene mutations in the high-risk group. The patients with a high tumor mutation burden exhibited poor overall survival (OS). We used the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion model to show that the patients in the high-risk group had great potential for immune evasion and less effective immunotherapy. We also identified several drugs that could be effective in treating HNSCC. Experimental validation showed that AC090587.1 and AC012184.3 exhibited differential expression between the TU686 and HBE cell lines, and SNHG16 showed differential expression among the TU686, TU212, and control HBE cells. Among the 12 pairs of cancer and adjacent tissues collected in the clinic, only SNHG16 showed differential expression. Targeted therapy against SNHG16 holds promise as a prospective novel strategy for the clinical management of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoai Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Huang T, Zhang Q, Yi J, Wang R, Zhang Z, Luo P, Zeng R, Wang Y, Tu M. PEG-Sheddable Nanodrug Remodels Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Effector T Cell Infiltration and Revise Their Exhaustion for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301749. [PMID: 37211704 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Low infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their exhaustion manifest the two concurrent main hurdles for achieving effective tumor immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer. It is found that Galectin-9 blockage can revise the exhaustion of effector T cells, meanwhile the repolarization of protumoral M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) into tumoricidal M1-like ones can recruit effector T cells infiltrating into tumor to boost immune responses. Herein, a sheddable PEG-decorated and M2-TAMs targeted nanodrug incorporating Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 inhibitor (AS) and anti-Galectin-9 antibody (aG-9) is prepared. The nanodrug responds to acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) with the shedding of PEG corona and the release of aG-9, exerting local blockade of PD-1/Galectin-9/TIM-3 interaction to augment effector T cells via exhaustion reversing. Synchronously, targeted repolarization of M2-TAMs into M1 phenotype by AS-loaded nanodrug is achieved, which promotes tumor infiltration of effector T cells and thus synergizes with aG-9 blockade to boost the therapeutic efficacy. Besides, the PEG-sheddable approach endows nanodrug with stealth ability to reduce immune-related adverse effects caused by AS and aG-9. This PEG sheddable nanodrug holds the potential to reverse the immunosuppressive TME and increase effector T cell infiltration, which dramatically enhances immunotherapy in highly malignant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing Yi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rongze Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Pin Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Mei Tu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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