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Opačak S, Kovač MP, Landais C, Debeljak Ž, Golding TM, Smith GS, Brozovic A, Kirin SI. Dissimilar effect of organometallic ruthenium complexes on the viability of MDR and non-MDR experimental models. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112614. [PMID: 38781850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes containing triphenylphosphine diamide ligands were prepared, characterized, and tested for their biological activity against various cancer cell lines and the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The effect of M (mono-substituted) and B (bis-substituted) complexes on the human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line was investigated using the MTT assay. Five (B2, B3, B5, B6, and B13) of the 24 synthesized ruthenium complexes showed significant effects with IC50 values ranging between 0.3 and 2.3 μM. Evaluation of the potential biomolecular targets of B2 and B13 by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed relevant interactions with BSA and only a weak affinity for ctDNA. Complexes M2, B2, M13 and B13 were selected for further biological characterization. Their effect on the viability of two ovarian cancer cell lines was compared to normal cell lines, denoting their selectivity. Upon treatment of four different drug-resistant gynaecological cancer cell lines, differing in their multidrug-resistant phenotypes, the efficacy of the bis-substituted complexes was shown to be greater than their mono-substituted counterparts. The non-MDR cells are sensitive to all the tested complexes, compared to MDR cells which are less sensitive. Upon investigation of complexes M2, M13, B2, and B13 against sensitive and multidrug-resistant parasite strains of P. falciparum, the bis-substituted complexes were again shown to be the most potent, with submicromolar activity against both strains. Furthermore, the resistance indexes for the complexes were approximately equal to 1, which is at least 5-fold lower than chloroquine diphosphate, suggesting the ability of these complexes to retain their activity in resistant forms of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Opačak
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Margareta Pernar Kovač
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Corentin Landais
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Debeljak
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, JJ Strossmayer University of Osijek, J Huttlera 4, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Taryn M Golding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Srećko I Kirin
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Teixeira R, Stefanelli A, Pilon A, Warmers R, Fontrodona X, Romero I, Costa PJ, Villa de Brito MJ, Hudec X, Pirker C, Türck S, Antunes AMM, Kowol CR, Ott I, Brozovic A, Sombke A, Eckhard M, Tomaz AI, Heffeter P, Valente A. Paraptotic Cell Death as an Unprecedented Mode of Action Observed for New Bipyridine-Silver(I) Compounds Bearing Phosphane Coligands. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6081-6098. [PMID: 38401050 PMCID: PMC11056982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the anticancer activity of several novel silver(I) 2,2'-bipyridine complexes containing either triphenylphosphane (PPh3) or 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) ligands. All compounds were characterized by diverse analytical methods including ESI-MS spectrometry; NMR, UV-vis, and FTIR spectroscopies; and elemental analysis. Moreover, several compounds were also studied by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Subsequently, the compounds were investigated for their anticancer activity against drug-resistant and -sensitive cancer cells. Noteworthily, neither carboplatin and oxaliplatin resistance nor p53 deletion impacted on their anticancer efficacy. MES-OV cells displayed exceptional hypersensitivity to the dppe-containing drugs. This effect was not based on thioredoxin reductase inhibition, enhanced drug uptake, or apoptosis induction. In contrast, dppe silver drugs induced paraptosis, a novel recently described form of programmed cell death. Together with the good tumor specificity of this compound's class, this work suggests that dppe-containing silver complexes could be interesting drug candidates for the treatment of resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo
G. Teixeira
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Alessia Stefanelli
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Adhan Pilon
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Rebecca Warmers
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Xavier Fontrodona
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Isabel Romero
- Departament
de Química and Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Paulo J. Costa
- BioISI
- Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Villa de Brito
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Xenia Hudec
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sebastian Türck
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstr. 55, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Alexandra M. M. Antunes
- Centro de
Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences,
Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico
(IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais 1, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Christian R. Kowol
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry,
University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstr. 55, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division
of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković
Institute, Bijenička
cesta 54,Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Andy Sombke
- Center
for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Margret Eckhard
- Center
for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ana Isabel Tomaz
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center
for Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Andreia Valente
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade
de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
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3
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Liu D, Yan B, Yin Y, Chen F, Guo C, Li Q, Liu J, Pu L, Wu W, Luo J. PI3Kδ Mediates Fibrosis by Patient-Derived Vitreous. J Transl Med 2024; 104:102026. [PMID: 38307209 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in developing fibrotic diseases, including forming epiretinal membranes (ERMs). ERMs can result in irreversible vision loss. Previous research has demonstrated that vitreous (VIT) derived from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy can stimulate angiogenesis through the Axl/PI3K/Akt pathway. Building upon this knowledge, we aimed to explore the influence of VIT from patients with macular membranes in ARPE-19 cells. Our findings reveal that patient-derived VIT from individuals with macular membranes promotes EMT and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-delta (PI3Kδ) expression in ARPE-19 cells. To elucidate the function of PI3Kδ in the ERM, we conducted experiments involving the knockout of p110δ, a key subunit of PI3Kδ, and observed that its absence hinders EMT induced by patient-derived VIT. Moreover, p110δ depletion reduces cell proliferation and migration in ARPE-19 cells. Remarkably, these effects were further corroborated by applying the p110δ inhibitor idelalisib, which blocks fibrosis in the laser-induced fibrosis model. Collectively, our results propose that p110δ plays a critical role in the progression of ERMs. Consequently, targeting p110δ emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating fibrosis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in ERM formation and highlight the potential for p110δ-directed antifibrotic therapy in retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiwei Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cao Guo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Li Pu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Tadić V, Zhang W, Brozovic A. The high-grade serous ovarian cancer metastasis and chemoresistance in 3D models. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189052. [PMID: 38097143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most frequent and aggressive type of epithelial ovarian cancer, with high recurrence rate and chemoresistance being the main issues in its clinical management. HGSOC is specifically challenging due to the metastatic dissemination via spheroids in the ascitic fluid. The HGSOC spheroids represent the invasive and chemoresistant cellular fraction, which is impossible to investigate in conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures lacking critical cell-to-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Three-dimensional (3D) HGSOC cultures, where cells aggregate and exhibit relevant interactions, offer a promising in vitro model of peritoneal metastasis and multicellular drug resistance. This review summarizes recent studies of HGSOC in 3D culture conditions and highlights the role of multicellular HGSOC spheroids and ascitic environment in HGSOC metastasis and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Tadić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Str. 54, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian CN-116024, China
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Str. 54, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia.
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Fonseca Teixeira A, Wu S, Luwor R, Zhu HJ. A New Era of Integration between Multiomics and Spatio-Temporal Analysis for the Translation of EMT towards Clinical Applications in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2740. [PMID: 38067168 PMCID: PMC10706093 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial to metastasis by increasing cancer cell migration and invasion. At the cellular level, EMT-related morphological and functional changes are well established. At the molecular level, critical signaling pathways able to drive EMT have been described. Yet, the translation of EMT into efficient diagnostic methods and anti-metastatic therapies is still missing. This highlights a gap in our understanding of the precise mechanisms governing EMT. Here, we discuss evidence suggesting that overcoming this limitation requires the integration of multiple omics, a hitherto neglected strategy in the EMT field. More specifically, this work summarizes results that were independently obtained through epigenomics/transcriptomics while comprehensively reviewing the achievements of proteomics in cancer research. Additionally, we prospect gains to be obtained by applying spatio-temporal multiomics in the investigation of EMT-driven metastasis. Along with the development of more sensitive technologies, the integration of currently available omics, and a look at dynamic alterations that regulate EMT at the subcellular level will lead to a deeper understanding of this process. Further, considering the significance of EMT to cancer progression, this integrative strategy may enable the development of new and improved biomarkers and therapeutics capable of increasing the survival and quality of life of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Fonseca Teixeira
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Rodney Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
- Health, Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia (S.W.); (R.L.)
- Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou District, Nanjing 211800, China
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Pernar Kovač M, Tadić V, Kralj J, Milković Periša M, Orešković S, Babić I, Banović V, Zhang W, Culig Z, Brozovic A. MiRNA-mRNA integrative analysis reveals epigenetically regulated and prognostic miR-103a with a role in migration and invasion of carboplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells that acquired mesenchymal-like phenotype. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115349. [PMID: 37634476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs affect ovarian cancer (OC) progression and therapy response. PURPOSE Identification of epigenetically downregulated miRNAs in drug-resistant OC cell lines with a possible role in drug resistance and/or drug-induced mesenchymal-like phenotype. METHODS MiRNA profiling was performed on parental and carboplatin-resistant OC cells, MES-OV and MES-OV CBP. RT-qPCR validation, epigenetic modulation and other CBP-resistant OC cell lines were used to select miRNAs of interest. The integration of miRNA-predicted target genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), pathway and functional analysis were used for forecasting their biological role. Data mining was performed to determine their possible prognostic and predictive values. RESULTS MiRNA profiling revealed 48 downregulated miRNAs in OC cells whose drug sensitivity and metastatic potential were impacted by epigenetic modulators. Of the fourteen selected, nine were validated as changed, and seven of these restored their expression upon treatment with epigenetic inhibitors. Only three had similar expression patterns in other OC cell lines. MiRNA-mRNA integrative analysis resulted in 56 target DEGs. Pathway analysis revealed that these genes are involved in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. The functional analysis confirmed the role of miR-103a-3p, miR-17-5p and miR-107 in cell invasion, while data mining showed their prognostic and predictive values. Only miR-103a-3p was epigenetically regulated at the constitutive level. CONCLUSION High throughput miRNA and cDNA profiling coupled with pathway analysis and data mining delivered evidence for miRNAs which can be epigenetically regulated in drug-resistant, mesenchymal-like OC cells as possible markers to combat therapy-induced short overall survival and tumor metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Pernar Kovač
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanja Tadić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juran Kralj
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Milković Periša
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Pathology and Cytology, Petrova ulica 13, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Šalata 10, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slavko Orešković
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Petrova 13, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Babić
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Petrova 13, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Banović
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Petrova 13, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pernar Kovač M, Tadić V, Kralj J, Duran GE, Stefanelli A, Stupin Polančec D, Dabelić S, Bačić N, Tomicic MT, Heffeter P, Sikic BI, Brozovic A. Carboplatin-induced upregulation of pan β-tubulin and class III β-tubulin is implicated in acquired resistance and cross-resistance of ovarian cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:294. [PMID: 37718345 PMCID: PMC11071939 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy represents a major obstacle to long-term survival in ovarian cancer (OC) patients. Here, we studied the interplay between acquired carboplatin (CBP) resistance using two OC cell models, MES-OV CBP and SK-OV-3 CBP, and non-P-glycoprotein-mediated cross-resistance to paclitaxel (TAX) observed only in MES-OV CBP cells. Decreased platination, mesenchymal-like phenotype, and increased expression of α- and γ-tubulin were observed in both drug-resistant variants compared with parental cells. Both variants revealed increased protein expression of class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) but differences in TUBB3 branching and nuclear morphology. Transient silencing of TUBB3 sensitized MES-OV CBP cells to TAX, and surprisingly also to CBP. This phenomenon was not observed in the SK-OV-3 CBP variant, probably due to the compensation by other β-tubulin isotypes. Reduced TUBB3 levels in MES-OV CBP cells affected DNA repair protein trafficking and increased whole-cell platination level. Furthermore, TUBB3 depletion augmented therapeutic efficiency in additional OC cells, showing vice versa drug-resistant pattern, lacking β-tubulin isotype compensation visible at the level of total β-tubulin (TUBB) in vitro and ex vivo. In summary, the level of TUBB in OC should be considered together with TUBB3 in therapy response prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Pernar Kovač
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Str. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanja Tadić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Str. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Juran Kralj
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Str. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - George E Duran
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., 94305, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alessia Stefanelli
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sanja Dabelić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Niko Bačić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Str. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja T Tomicic
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Branimir I Sikic
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr., 94305, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anamaria Brozovic
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Str. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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