1
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Harris E, Thawani R. Current perspectives of KRAS in non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2024; 51:101106. [PMID: 38879917 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
NSCLC has a diverse genomic background with mutations in key proto-oncogenic drivers including Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Roughly 40% of adenocarcinoma harbor Kras activating mutations regardless of smoking history. Most KRAS mutations are located at G12, which include G12C (roughly 40%), G12V (roughly 20%), and G12D (roughly 15%). KRAS mutated NSCLC have higher tumor mutational burden and some have increased PD-1 expression, which has resulted in better responses to immunotherapy than other oncogenes. While initial treatment for metastatic NSCLC still relies on chemo-immunotherapy, directly targeting KRAS has proven to be efficacious in treating patients with KRAS mutated metastatic NSCLC. To date, two G12C inhibitors have been FDA-approved, namely sotorasib and adagrasib. In this review, we summarize the different drug combinations used to target KRAS G12c, upcoming G12D inhibitors and novel therapies targeting KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637. USA
| | - Rajat Thawani
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637. USA.
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2
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Yu Y, Jia X, Chen S, Lai Z, Deng H, Mo Y, Xie X, Wang Z, Lin R, Ouyang W, Yao H, Wu J. Deciphering the role of apoptosis signature on the immune dynamics and therapeutic prognosis in breast cancer: Implication for immunotherapy. Front Genet 2024; 15:1332935. [PMID: 38756447 PMCID: PMC11097162 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1332935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: In breast cancer oncogenesis, the precise role of cell apoptosis holds untapped potential for prognostic and therapeutic insights. Thus, it is important to develop a model predicated for breast cancer patients' prognosis and immunotherapy response based on apoptosis-related signature. Methods: Our approach involved leveraging a training dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to construct an apoptosis-related gene prognostic model. The model's validity was then tested across several cohorts, including METABRIC, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat-sen University (SYSMH), and IMvigor210, to ensure its applicability and robustness across different patient demographics and treatment scenarios. Furthermore, we utilized Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) analysis to explore the expression patterns of these model genes in breast cancer cell lines compared to immortalized mammary epithelial cell lines, aiming to confirm their differential expression and underline their significance in the context of breast cancer. Results: Through the development and validation of our prognostic model based on seven apoptosis-related genes, we have demonstrated its substantial predictive power for the survival outcomes of breast cancer patients. The model effectively stratified patients into high and low-risk categories, with high-risk patients showing significantly poorer overall survival in the training cohort and across all validation cohorts. Importantly, qPCR analysis confirmed that the genes constituting our model indeed exhibit differential expression in breast cancer cell lines when contrasted with immortalized mammary epithelial cell lines. Conclusion: Our study establishes a groundbreaking prognostic model using apoptosis-related genes to enhance the precision of breast cancer prognosis and treatment, particularly in predicting immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Phase I Clinical Trial Cent, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueyuan Jia
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Sunyu Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zijia Lai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Heran Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Phase I Clinical Trial Cent, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Mo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinxin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Phase I Clinical Trial Cent, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ruichong Lin
- School of Computer Engineering, Guangzhou Huali College, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Wenhao Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Phase I Clinical Trial Cent, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Phase I Clinical Trial Cent, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Phase I Clinical Trial Cent, Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Capasso M, Brignole C, Lasorsa VA, Bensa V, Cantalupo S, Sebastiani E, Quattrone A, Ciampi E, Avitabile M, Sementa AR, Mazzocco K, Cafferata B, Gaggero G, Vellone VG, Cilli M, Calarco E, Giusto E, Perri P, Aveic S, Fruci D, Tondo A, Luksch R, Mura R, Rabusin M, De Leonardis F, Cellini M, Coccia P, Iolascon A, Corrias MV, Conte M, Garaventa A, Amoroso L, Ponzoni M, Pastorino F. From the identification of actionable molecular targets to the generation of faithful neuroblastoma patient-derived preclinical models. J Transl Med 2024; 22:151. [PMID: 38351008 PMCID: PMC10863144 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) represents the most frequent and aggressive form of extracranial solid tumor of infants. Although the overall survival of patients with NB has improved in the last years, more than 50% of high-risk patients still undergo a relapse. Thus, in the era of precision/personalized medicine, the need for high-risk NB patient-specific therapies is urgent. METHODS Within the PeRsonalizEd Medicine (PREME) program, patient-derived NB tumors and bone marrow (BM)-infiltrating NB cells, derived from either iliac crests or tumor bone lesions, underwent to histological and to flow cytometry immunophenotyping, respectively. BM samples containing a NB cells infiltration from 1 to 50 percent, underwent to a subsequent NB cells enrichment using immune-magnetic manipulation. Then, NB samples were used for the identification of actionable targets and for the generation of 3D/tumor-spheres and Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDX) and Cell PDX (CPDX) preclinical models. RESULTS Eighty-four percent of NB-patients showed potentially therapeutically targetable somatic alterations (including point mutations, copy number variations and mRNA over-expression). Sixty-six percent of samples showed alterations, graded as "very high priority", that are validated to be directly targetable by an approved drug or an investigational agent. A molecular targeted therapy was applied for four patients, while a genetic counseling was suggested to two patients having one pathogenic germline variant in known cancer predisposition genes. Out of eleven samples implanted in mice, five gave rise to (C)PDX, all preserved in a local PDX Bio-bank. Interestingly, comparing all molecular alterations and histological and immunophenotypic features among the original patient's tumors and PDX/CPDX up to second generation, a high grade of similarity was observed. Notably, also 3D models conserved immunophenotypic features and molecular alterations of the original tumors. CONCLUSIONS PREME confirms the possibility of identifying targetable genomic alterations in NB, indeed, a molecular targeted therapy was applied to four NB patients. PREME paves the way to the creation of clinically relevant repositories of faithful patient-derived (C)PDX and 3D models, on which testing precision, NB standard-of-care and experimental medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Capasso
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotecnology, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Brignole
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Bensa
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sueva Cantalupo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotecnology, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Eleonora Ciampi
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marianna Avitabile
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotecnology, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela R Sementa
- Pathological Anatomy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Mazzocco
- Pathological Anatomy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Cafferata
- Pathological Anatomy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gaggero
- Pathological Anatomy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valerio G Vellone
- Pathological Anatomy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cilli
- Animal Facility, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16100, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enzo Calarco
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Giusto
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Perri
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sanja Aveic
- Pediatric Research Institute Città Della Speranza, 35127, Padua, Italy
| | - Doriana Fruci
- Department of Emato-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00146, -Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tondo
- Department of Emato-Oncology, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Luksch
- Emato-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Mura
- Emato-Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu, 09047, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Rabusin
- Pediatric Department, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Monica Cellini
- Emato-Oncology Unit, University-Hospital Polyclinic of Modena, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Coccia
- University-Hospital of Marche, Presidio Ospedaliero "G. Salesi", 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotecnology, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria V Corrias
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Conte
- Clinical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, -Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Garaventa
- Clinical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, -Genoa, Italy
| | - Loredana Amoroso
- Clinical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147, -Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Pastorino
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
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4
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Dettmer MS, Hürlimann S, Scheuble L, Vassella E, Perren A, Wicke C. Cribriform Morular Thyroid Carcinoma - Ultimobranchial Pouch-Related? Deep Molecular Insights of a Unique Case. Endocr Pathol 2023; 34:342-348. [PMID: 37249797 PMCID: PMC10511600 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-023-09775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A 44-year-old female patient with a familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) was diagnosed with a cribriform morular thyroid carcinoma (CMTC). We observed within the very necrotic tumor a small but distinct poorly differentiated carcinomatous component. As expected, next generation sequencing of both components revealed a homozygous APC mutation and in addition, a TERT promoter mutation. A TP53 mutation was found exclusively in the CMTC part, while the poorly differentiated component showed a clonal evolution, harboring an activating PIK3CA mutation and copy number gains of BRCA2, FGF23, FGFR1, and PIK3CB-alterations which are typically seen in squamous cell carcinoma. The mutational burden in both components was low, and there was no evidence for microsatellite instability. No mutations involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, typically seen in papillary thyroid carcinomas, were detected. Immunohistochemically, all tumor parts were negative for thyroglobulin, providing further evidence that this entity does not belong to the follicular epithelial cell-derived thyroid carcinoma group. CD5 was negative in the poorly differentiated component, making a relation to intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma rather unlikely. However, since this marker was seen in the morules, a loss in the poorly differentiated component and a relation to the ultimobranchial body cannot be excluded either. After total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation, the patient was disease-free with no residual tumor burden on 2-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S. Dettmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstrasse 60, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Schutte T, Zeverijn LJ, Geurts BS, de Wit GF, Kok M, Opdam FL. Beyond Skin Rash: Alpelisib-Induced Anaphylactic Reactions. Oncologist 2023:7136676. [PMID: 37086483 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpelisib is a specific oral PI3K inhibitor used combined with fulvestrant for the treatment of patients with HR+/HER2-/PIK3CA-mutated metastatic breast cancer. Adverse drug reactions with alpelisib are common, including hyperglycemia and rash. Here we describe extraordinary and life-threatening reactions beyond skin rash in two patients with progressive PIK3CA-mutated metastatic cancer in whom alpelisib was initiated. Case-A (vaginal cancer): After 10 days on treatment, she developed dry eyes, generalized rash and itching. Alpelisib was interrupted and symptomatic treatment initiated. Because of an initial tumor response, a rechallenge was done. Ninety minutes after a reduced dose of alpelisib, she developed an anaphylactic reaction with angioedema, hypotension, and skin rash. Case-B (breast cancer): After 11 days on treatment, she developed skin rash and alpelisib was interrupted. At re-initiation, she felt tingles in her face and ears and some skin erythema. Given the mild rash, a second rechallenge with premedication was performed. Ninety minutes after a reduced dose of alpelisib, she developed a type-1 allergic reaction with angioedema, tingles, and skin rash. In both cases, a type-1 allergic reaction was diagnosed and symptomatic treatment was initiated, alpelisib was permanently discontinued and the patients fully recovered the next week(s). This report underlines the critical importance to consider type-I allergic reactions in the differential diagnosis in cases of rash associated with alpelisib. Even if a reaction develops after days on treatment, a type-I allergic reaction cannot be excluded. A rechallenge can be dangerous and should always be well contemplated or even avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schutte
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurien J Zeverijn
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit S Geurts
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbrecht F de Wit
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kok
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans L Opdam
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Leshchiner I, Mroz EA, Cha J, Rosebrock D, Spiro O, Bonilla-Velez J, Faquin WC, Lefranc-Torres A, Lin DT, Michaud WA, Getz G, Rocco JW. Inferring early genetic progression in cancers with unobtainable premalignant disease. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:550-563. [PMID: 37081260 PMCID: PMC10132986 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of premalignant tissue has identified the typical order of somatic events leading to invasive tumors in several cancer types. For other cancers, premalignant tissue is unobtainable, leaving genetic progression unknown. Here, we demonstrate how to infer progression from exome sequencing of primary tumors. Our computational method, PhylogicNDT, recapitulated the previous experimentally determined genetic progression of human papillomavirus-negative (HPV-) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We then evaluated HPV+ HNSCC, which lacks premalignant tissue, and uncovered its previously unknown progression, identifying early drivers. We converted relative timing estimates of driver mutations and HPV integration to years before diagnosis based on a clock-like mutational signature. We associated the timing of transitions to aneuploidy with increased intratumor genetic heterogeneity and shorter overall survival. Our approach can establish previously unknown early genetic progression of cancers with unobtainable premalignant tissue, supporting development of experimental models and methods for early detection, interception and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmund A Mroz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Justin Cha
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Oliver Spiro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Bonilla-Velez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Faquin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Armida Lefranc-Torres
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derrick T Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William A Michaud
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - James W Rocco
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-James, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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7
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Jiang L, Wang M, Li Y, Zhang S, Zhu X, Zhong J, Sun J, Tinoco M, Chen X. Enzyme-Free Colorimetric Method for Fast Detection of PIK3CA Gene Mutation by Praseodymia Nanorods. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2884-2892. [PMID: 36701639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequently mutated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene is associated with multiple tumors and endocytosis of viruses. Identification of muted nucleotides at the hotspot can help in finding the susceptible people who are vulnerable to cancers and viruses. Herein, a simple enzyme-free colorimetric method is developed for the quick detection of PIK3CA gene mutations. The main mechanism lies in the dissimilar interactions between praseodymia nanorods and different nucleotides, as well as the underlying oxidase-mimicking characteristics of praseodymia. With rational designs of probes and processes, this method has great potential for expanded applications in the screening of mutations in other genes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Youxun Li
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province & National Oceanographic Center, 7 Youyun Road, Qingdao 266104, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiudong Zhu
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Junjie Zhong
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jingtao Sun
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Miguel Tinoco
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz E-11510, Spain
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz E-11510, Spain
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8
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Afshari K, Sohal KS. Potential Alternative Therapeutic Modalities for Management Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Cancer Control 2023; 30:10732748231185003. [PMID: 37328298 DOI: 10.1177/10732748231185003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes malignancies of the lip and oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. It is among the most common malignancy worldwide, affecting nearly 1 million people annually. The traditional treatment options for HNSCC include surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy. However, these treatment options have their specific sequelae, which produce high rates of recurrence and severe treatment-related disabilities. Recent technological advancements have led to tremendous progress in understanding tumor biology, and hence the emergence of several alternative therapeutic modalities for managing cancers (including HNSCC). These treatment options are stem cell targeted therapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Therefore, this review article aims to provide an overview of these alternative treatments of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keihan Afshari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karpal Singh Sohal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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9
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Treating non-small cell lung cancer by targeting the PI3K signaling pathway. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1272-1284. [PMID: 35830272 PMCID: PMC9433080 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The phosphosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is one of the most important intracellular signal transduction pathways affecting cell functions, such as apoptosis, translation, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Lung cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest morbidity and mortality rates in the world. It can be divided into two groups, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for >85% of all lung cancers. There are currently many clinical treatment options for NSCLC; however, traditional methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have not been able to provide patients with good survival benefits. The emergence of molecular target therapy has improved the survival and prognosis of patients with NSCLC. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies on NSCLC and PI3K signaling pathways. Inhibitors of various parts of the PI3K pathway have appeared in various phases of clinical trials with NSCLC as an indication. This article focuses on the role of the PI3K signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of NSCLC and summarizes the current clinical research progress and possible development strategies.
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10
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Long Q, Yuan Y, Li M. RNA-SSNV: A Reliable Somatic Single Nucleotide Variant Identification Framework for Bulk RNA-Seq Data. Front Genet 2022; 13:865313. [PMID: 35846154 PMCID: PMC9279659 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.865313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of expressed somatic mutations may have a unique advantage in identifying active cancer driver mutations. However, accurately calling mutations from RNA-seq data is difficult due to confounding factors such as RNA-editing, reverse transcription, and gap alignment. In the present study, we proposed a framework (named RNA-SSNV, https://github.com/pmglab/RNA-SSNV) to call somatic single nucleotide variants (SSNV) from tumor bulk RNA-seq data. Based on a comprehensive multi-filtering strategy and a machine-learning classification model trained with comprehensively curated features, RNA-SSNV achieved the best precision–recall rate (0.880–0.884) in a testing dataset and robustly retained 0.94 AUC for the precision–recall curve in three validation adult-based TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) datasets. We further showed that the somatic mutations called by RNA-SSNV tended to have a higher functional impact and therapeutic power in known driver genes. Furthermore, VAF (variant allele fraction) analysis revealed that subclonal harboring expressed mutations had evolutional selection advantage and RNA had higher detection power to rescue DNA-omitted mutations. In sum, RNA-SSNV will be a useful approach to accurately call expressed somatic mutations for a more insightful analysis of cancer drive genes and carcinogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Long
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Disease Genome Research, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Yuan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Disease Genome Research, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Disease Genome Research, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Miaoxin Li,
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11
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Yu L, Wei J, Liu P. Attacking the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway for targeted therapeutic treatment in human cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 85:69-94. [PMID: 34175443 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of human death globally. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is one of the most frequently dysregulated signaling pathways observed in cancer patients that plays crucial roles in promoting tumor initiation, progression and therapy responses. This is largely due to that PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling is indispensable for many cellular biological processes, including cell growth, metastasis, survival, metabolism, and others. As such, small molecule inhibitors targeting major kinase components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway have drawn extensive attention and been developed and evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Targeting a single kinase component within this signaling usually causes growth arrest rather than apoptosis associated with toxicity-induced adverse effects in patients. Combination therapies including PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors show improved patient response and clinical outcome, albeit developed resistance has been reported. In this review, we focus on revealing the mechanisms leading to the hyperactivation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in cancer and summarizing efforts for developing PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors as either mono-therapy or combination therapy in different cancer settings. We hope that this review will facilitate further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing dysregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR oncogenic signaling in cancer and provide insights into possible future directions for targeted therapeutic regimen for cancer treatment, by developing new agents, drug delivery systems, or combination regimen to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This information will also provide effective patient stratification strategy to improve the patient response and clinical outcome for cancer patients with deregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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12
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Wang QG, Cheng BCY, He YZ, Li LJ, Ling Y, Luo G, Wang L, Liang S, Zhang Y. miR-320a in serum exosomes promotes myocardial fibroblast proliferation via regulating the PIK3CA/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in HEH2 cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:873. [PMID: 34194551 PMCID: PMC8237386 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) serve an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (CHF). A number of reports have illustrated the regulatory effect of serum exosomal miRNA on myocardial fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of miR-320a in serum exosomes, as well as the effect of miR-320a on myocardial fibroblast proliferation. Serum exosome samples from 10 patients with CHF and 5 healthy volunteers were obtained and characterized. mRNA and protein expression levels were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. The content of soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (sST2) was determined via ELISA. HEH2 cell viability and apoptosis were detected by performing MTT assays and flow cytometry, respectively. The results demonstrated that serum miR-320a expression levels and sST2 content were significantly increased in patients with CHF compared with healthy controls, and the expression of serum miR-320a was significantly correlated with clinical CHF indexes. miR-320a expression levels were significantly increased in exosomes isolated from patients with CHF compared with those isolated from healthy controls. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic α polypeptide gene (PIK3CA) expression levels and sST2 content were increased in HEH2 cells following transfection with miR-320a mimics compared with NC-mimic, whereas miR-320a inhibitor displayed contrasting effects by reduced the cell viability and apoptosis in myocardial fibroblasts compared with the NC-inhibitor group. The protein expression levels of collagen I, collagen III, α-smooth muscle actin, phosphorylated (p)-mTOR (ser 2448)/mTOR, p-Akt (ser 473)/Akt, p-Akt (thr 308)/Akt and PIK3CA were significantly increased in miR-320a mimic-transfected HEH2 cells compared with the NC-mimics groups. By contrast, miR-320a inhibitor notably downregulated the expression levels of these proteins compared with the NC-inhibitor group. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrated that miR-320a promoted myocardial fibroblast proliferation via regulating the PIK3CA/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in HEH2 cells, suggesting that serum exosomal miR-320a may serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Gao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530023, P.R. China
| | - Brian Chi-Yan Cheng
- College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Zhou He
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530023, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530023, P.R. China
| | - Yun Ling
- School of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530200, P.R. China
| | - Gan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
| | - Shan Liang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530023, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P.R. China
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13
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Xiao W, Zhang G, Chen B, Chen X, Wen L, Lai J, Li X, Li M, Liu H, Liu J, Han-Zhang H, Lizaso A, Liao N. Mutational Landscape of PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway in Breast Cancer: Implications for Targeted Therapeutics. J Cancer 2021; 12:4408-4417. [PMID: 34093841 PMCID: PMC8176410 DOI: 10.7150/jca.52993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Comprehensive analysis of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway gene alterations in breast cancer may be helpful for targeted therapy. Methods: We performed targeted sequencing using a panel of 520 cancer-related genes to investigate gene alterations in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway from 589 consecutive Chinese women diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer. Analyses of overall survival (OS) were performed using the publicly available clinical and genomic data from METABRIC. Results: PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway gene alterations were detected in 62.6% (369/589) of our cohort. The most commonly altered genes were PIK3CA (45%), PTEN (7.5%), AKT1 (5.9 %), PIK3R1 (2.7%), and PIK3CG (2%). Four PIK3CA mutations (E545K, H1047R, E542K, and H1047L) were detected in all the breast cancer molecular subtypes. Seven PIK3CA mutations (E545G, E418_L422delinsV, E726K, E110del, G1049R, G118D, and D350G) were only detected in HR+ subtypes. Two PIK3CA mutations (C420R and N345K) were only detected in non-triple-negative subtypes. Most cases with PTEN mutation were HR+/HER2- subtype (77.3%), followed by triple-negative subtype (18.2%). In the METABRIC breast cancer dataset, no significant OS difference was observed between the PIK3CA-mutant and wild-type groups. However, patients with multiple PIK3CA mutations (mOS: 131 vs. 159 months, P= 0.029), or PIK3CA mutations located in the C2 domain had significantly shorter OS (mOS, 130 vs. 154 months, P=0.020) than those without the mutations. Conclusions: Our study reveals the heterogeneity in PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway among the breast cancer molecular subtypes in our cohort. Moreover, the number and specific sites of PIK3CA mutations have distinct prognostic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Xiao
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guochun Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Breast, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Lingzhu Wen
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Lai
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuerui Li
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Ning Liao
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Giamas G, Gagliano T. Cancer gene therapy 2020: highlights from a challenging year. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 29:1-3. [PMID: 33963297 PMCID: PMC8103066 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
| | - Teresa Gagliano
- Department of Medical Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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15
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Molecular and immunophenotypic characterization of anal squamous cell carcinoma reveals distinct clinicopathologic groups associated with HPV and TP53 mutation status. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1017-1030. [PMID: 33483624 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is the most common malignancy of the anal canal, where it is strongly associated with HPV infection. Characteristic genomic alterations have been identified in anal SqCC, but their clinical significance and correlation with HPV status, pathologic features, and immunohistochemical markers are not well established. We examined the molecular and clinicopathologic features of 96 HPV-positive and 20 HPV-negative anal SqCC. HPV types included 89 with HPV16, 2 combined HPV16/HPV18, and 5 HPV33. HPV-positive cases demonstrated frequent mutations or amplifications in PIK3CA (30%; p = 0.027) or FBXW7 mutations (10%). HPV-negativity was associated with frequent TP53 (53%; p = 0.00001) and CDKN2A (21%; p = 0.0045) mutations. P16 immunohistochemistry was positive in all HPV-positive cases and 3/20 HPV-negative cases (p < 0.0001; sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 85%) and was associated with basaloid morphology (p = 0.0031). Aberrant p53 immunohistochemical staining was 100% sensitive and specific for TP53 mutation (p < 0.0001). By the Kaplan-Meier method, HPV-negativity, aberrant p53 staining, and TP53 mutation were associated with inferior overall survival (OS) (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0103, p = 0.0103, respectively) and inferior recurrence-free survival (p = 0.133, p = 0.0064, and p = 0.0064, respectively). TP53/p53 status stratified survival probability by HPV status (p = 0.013), with HPV-negative/aberrant p53 staining associated with the worst OS, HPV-positive/wild-type p53 with best OS, and HPV-positive/aberrant p53 or HPV-negative/wild-type p53 with intermediate OS. On multivariate analysis HPV status (p = 0.0063), patient age (p = 0.0054), T stage (p = 0.039), and lymph node involvement (p = 0.044) were independently associated with OS. PD-L1 expression (CPS ≥ 1) was seen in 30% of HPV-positive and 40% of HPV-negative cases, and PD-L1 positivity was associated with a trend toward inferior OS within the HPV-negative group (p = 0.064). Our findings suggest that anal SqCC can be subclassified into clinically, pathologically, and molecularly distinct groups based on HPV and TP53 mutation status, and p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry represent a clinically useful method of predicting these prognostic groups.
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16
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Munkhdelger J, Shimooka T, Koyama Y, Ikeda S, Mikami Y, Fukuoka J, Hori T, Bychkov A. Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix: Report of a Case With Molecular Analysis. Int J Surg Pathol 2021; 29:770-774. [PMID: 33792431 DOI: 10.1177/1066896921997132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge about molecular alterations in basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the uterine cervix. A 72-year-old woman with a history of previous subtotal hysterectomy and current vaginal bleeding was referred to our hospital. Initially, adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) was diagnosed upon cervical cytology and biopsy. Chest imaging showed multiple metastatic lesions in both lungs. The surgical specimen showed BSCC with diffuse p16 immunoreactivity and negativity for S-100, c-kit, and neuroendocrine markers. There was a focal minor ACC component, which could have explained the previous cytology and biopsy diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing with two different panels showed coexisting PIK3CA mutation and NTRK2 fusion with 10 additional variants of unknown significance (ATR, DAXX, FAM123B, JAK1, KEL, MLL2, NOTCH2, PALB2, POLD1, POLE). The MYB gene fusions were not identified. The patient received chemotherapy with TRK inhibitor larotrectinib and carboplatin, which caused shrinkage of metastatic lung nodules. This is the first report of cervical BSCC with extensive molecular workup, which detected multiple genetic events, including targetable ones, which are potentially implicated in the development of a tumor. The accumulation of data and further studies on this tumor are necessary to define its diagnostic criteria and its clinical and biological behavior.
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17
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The Landscape of PIK3CA Mutations in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2021; 20:201-215. [PMID: 33744168 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in both men and women. Despite progress in the treatment of the disease, metastatic colorectal cancer remains lethal with a median survival slightly surpassing 2 years and commonly for some cases a more aggressive course. New therapies are urgently needed based on a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS The focus of this investigation is the PIK3CA gene, encoding the alpha catalytic subunit of the enzyme phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). Publicly available data from 3 extensive published series of colorectal carcinomas were analyzed to define the molecular landscape of colorectal adenocarcinomas with and without mutations of PIK3CA. An analysis for discovery of associations with alterations in other critical genes and pathways involved in colorectal cancer was performed. The total mutation burden (TMB) and copy number alteration burden of colorectal cancers with and without mutations of PIK3CA, as well as prognostic implications of alterations of the gene for survival, were examined. RESULTS Mutations in PIK3CA are observed in 20% to 25% of colorectal cancers. PIK3CA represents one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in these cancers. Mutations in PIK3CA are associated with higher rates of mutations in other genes of important cancer-associated pathways such as the tyrosine kinase receptors/K-Ras/BRAF/MAPK and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In addition, PIK3CA mutated colorectal cancers display a higher TMB than nonmutated cancers. CONCLUSION Frequent mutations of PIK3CA gene in colorectal carcinomas may represent an opportunity for targeted therapy combination development inhibiting both the PI3K kinase itself and associated pathway defects. Increased TMB may additionally confer immunotherapy sensitivity, which could be augmented by other targeted therapies.
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18
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PI3KCA Mutations in Uterine Cervix Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020220. [PMID: 33435133 PMCID: PMC7827547 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Squamous cervical carcinoma represents an infection-associated malignancy that produces a high mortality when metastatic or recurrent after primary local treatment. There is an urgent need for new therapies for this cancer. Molecular lesions in cervical cancer may provide opportunities for targeted therapies development. Methods: Publicly available data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to define the molecular landscape of squamous cervical carcinomas with and without mutations of PIK3CA, the gene encoding the alpha catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K). Associations with alterations in other critical genes and pathways of cancer and the total mutation burden and copy number alteration burden of cervical cancers were examined. Results: Mutations in PIK3CA are observed in 27.1% of squamous cervical cancers. PIK3CA represents the most frequently mutated gene in these cancers. Mutations in PIK3CA are associated with higher rates of mutations in other genes of important cancer-associated pathways such as the tyrosine kinase receptors/K-Ras/BRAF/MAPK and the Wnt/β catenin pathway. In addition, PIK3CA mutated cervical cancers display a higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) than non-mutated cancers. Conclusion: Frequent mutations of PIK3CA gene in squamous cervical carcinomas may represent an opportunity for targeted therapies development both inhibiting the PI3K kinase and associated pathway defects. Increased TMB may additionally confer immunotherapy sensitivity.
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Novikov NM, Zolotaryova SY, Gautreau AM, Denisov EV. Mutational drivers of cancer cell migration and invasion. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:102-114. [PMID: 33204027 PMCID: PMC7784720 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability and mutations underlie the hallmarks of cancer-genetic alterations determine cancer cell fate by affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune response, and increasing data show that mutations are involved in metastasis, a crucial event in cancer progression and a life-threatening problem in cancer patients. Invasion is the first step in the metastatic cascade, when tumour cells acquire the ability to move, penetrate into the surrounding tissue and enter lymphatic and blood vessels in order to disseminate. A role for genetic alterations in invasion is not universally accepted, with sceptics arguing that cellular motility is related only to external factors such as hypoxia, chemoattractants and the rigidity of the extracellular matrix. However, increasing evidence shows that mutations might trigger and accelerate the migration and invasion of different types of cancer cells. In this review, we summarise data from published literature on the effect of chromosomal instability and genetic mutations on cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita M Novikov
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sofia Y Zolotaryova
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexis M Gautreau
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Denisov
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
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