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Ashoub MH, Razavi R, Heydaryan K, Salavati-Niasari M, Amiri M. Targeting ferroptosis for leukemia therapy: exploring novel strategies from its mechanisms and role in leukemia based on nanotechnology. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:224. [PMID: 38594732 PMCID: PMC11003188 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The latest findings in iron metabolism and the newly uncovered process of ferroptosis have paved the way for new potential strategies in anti-leukemia treatments. In the current project, we reviewed and summarized the current role of nanomedicine in the treatment and diagnosis of leukemia through a comparison made between traditional approaches applied in the treatment and diagnosis of leukemia via the existing investigations about the ferroptosis molecular mechanisms involved in various anti-tumor treatments. The application of nanotechnology and other novel technologies may provide a new direction in ferroptosis-driven leukemia therapies. The article explores the potential of targeting ferroptosis, a new form of regulated cell death, as a new therapeutic strategy for leukemia. It discusses the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in leukemia and how nanotechnology can enhance the delivery and efficacy of ferroptosis-inducing agents. The article not only highlights the promise of ferroptosis-targeted therapies and nanotechnology in revolutionizing leukemia treatment, but also calls for further research to overcome challenges and fully realize the clinical potential of this innovative approach. Finally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities in clinical applications of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hossein Ashoub
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Innovation Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Razieh Razavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Kamran Heydaryan
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Masoud Salavati-Niasari
- Institute of Nano Science and Nano Technology, University of Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-51167, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran.
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Wang X, Shi Y, Shi H, Liu X, Liao A, Liu Z, Orlowski RZ, Zhang R, Wang H. MUC20 regulated by extrachromosomal circular DNA attenuates proteasome inhibitor resistance of multiple myeloma by modulating cuproptosis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:68. [PMID: 38439082 PMCID: PMC10913264 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are one of the most important classes of drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). However, almost all patients with MM develop PI resistance, resulting in therapeutic failure. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying PI resistance in MM require further investigation. METHODS We used several MM cell lines to establish PI-resistant MM cell lines. We performed RNA microarray and EccDNA-seq in MM cell lines and collected human primary MM samples to explore gene profiles. We evaluated the effect of MUC20 on cuproptosis of PI-resistant MM cells using Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Seahorse bioenergetic profiling and in vivo assay. RESULTS This study revealed that the downregulation of Mucin 20 (MUC20) could predict PI sensitivity and outcomes in MM patients. Besides, MUC20 attenuated PI resistance in MM cells by inducing cuproptosis via the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 A expression (CDKN2A), which was achieved by hindering MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) activation. Moreover, MUC20 suppressed MET activation by repressing insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) lactylation in PI-resistant MM cells. This study is the first to perform extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) sequencing for MM, and it revealed that eccDNA induced PI resistance by amplifying kinesin family member 3 C (KIF3C) to reduce MUC20 expression in MM. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that MUC20 regulated by eccDNA alleviates PI resistance of MM by modulating cuproptosis, which would provide novel strategies for the treatment of PI-resistant MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingqing Shi
- Department of Hematology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shanwei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aijun Liao
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuogang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Departments of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Huihan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Wu L, Shan L, Xu D, Lin D, Bai B. Pyroptosis in cancer treatment and prevention: the role of natural products and their bioactive compounds. Med Oncol 2024; 41:66. [PMID: 38281254 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Targeting programmed cell death (PCD) has been emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer. Pyroptosis, as a type of PCDs, leads to the cleavage of the gasdermin family and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and gasdermin E (GSDME) are the two main executors of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis in tumor and immune cells is essential for tumor progression. Natural products, especially Chinese medicinal herb and their bioactive compounds have recently been regarded as anti-tumor agents that regulate cell pyroptosis under different circumstances. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms of natural products that activate pyroptosis in tumor cells and inhibit pyroptosis in immune cells. Pyroptosis activation in tumor cells leads to tumor cell death, yet pyroptosis inhibition in immune cells may prevent tumor occurrence. Elucidation of the signaling pathways involved in pyroptosis contributes to the understanding of the anti-tumor role of natural products and their potential clinical applications. Therefore, we outline a promising strategy for cancer therapy and prevention using natural products via modulation of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 3# East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Shan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengyong Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengfeng Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjun Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, People's Republic of China.
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Shi Z, Zhang H, Shen Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Xu Y, Sun D. SETD1A-mediated H3K4me3 methylation upregulates lncRNA HOXC-AS3 and the binding of HOXC-AS3 to EP300 and increases EP300 stability to suppress the ferroptosis of NSCLC cells. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:2579-2590. [PMID: 37548102 PMCID: PMC10481147 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone methyltransferases are crucial regulators in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development. This study explored the mechanism of histone methyltransferase SET domain containing 1A (SETD1A)-mediated H3K4me2 methylation in NSCLC cell ferroptosis and provides novel targets for NSCLC treatment. METHODS Upon downregulation of SETD1A in NSCLC cell lines, cell proliferation potential, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities, iron content, and SETD1A, long noncoding RNA HOXC cluster antisense RNA 3 (lncRNA HOXC-AS3), E1A binding protein p300 (EP300), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expressions were determined via cell counting kit-8, ELISA, iron assay kits, RT-qPCR, and western blot. Enrichment levels of SETD1A and H3K4me3 in the HOXC-AS3 promotor were measured via chromatin immunoprecipitation, and the binding of HOXC-AS3 and EP300 was analyzed via RNA immunoprecipitation. Rescue experiments were performed to confirm their roles in NSCLC cell ferroptosis. Xenograft tumor models were established to validate the role of SETD1A in vivo. RESULTS SETD1A, H3K4me3, HOXC-AS3, and EP300 were highly-expressed in NSCLC cells. Silencing SETD1A inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation, increased MDA and iron levels, and decreased SOD, GSH, and GPX4 levels. SETD1A downregulation reduced H3K4me3 level, HOXC-AS3 expression, the binding of HOXC-AS3 to EP300, and EP300 stability. Overexpression of HOXC-AS3 or EP300 reversed the promotion of silencing SETD1A on NSCLC cell ferroptosis. Silencing SETD1A reduced tumor volume and weight and positive rate of ki67 and increased ferroptosis through the HOXC-AS3/EP300 axis. CONCLUSION SETD1A-mediated H3K4me2 methylation promoted HOXC-AS3 expression, binding of HOXC-AS3 to EP300, and EP300 stability, thereby suppressing NSCLC cell ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenliang Shi
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Chest HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Chest HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yimeng Shen
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Chest HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Sipei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Chest HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Chest HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yijun Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Chest HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTianjin Chest HospitalTianjinChina
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Li YT, Chen YY, Xu Y, Wu DP. [Advances of ferroptosis pathways in acute myeloid leukemia]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2023; 44:525-528. [PMID: 37550216 PMCID: PMC10450557 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y T Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases; Jiangsu Institute of Hematology; Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Under Ministry of Health; Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Y Y Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases; Jiangsu Institute of Hematology; Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Under Ministry of Health; Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Y Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases; Jiangsu Institute of Hematology; Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Under Ministry of Health; Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - D P Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases; Jiangsu Institute of Hematology; Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Under Ministry of Health; Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Liu N, Liu G, Jiang H, Yu J, Jin Y, Wang H. Effect of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway on the Erastin-Induced Ferroptosis of Molt-4 Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2023. [PMID: 37140570 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of ferroptosis in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its possible molecular mechanisms of action are still unknown. In this study, harvested Molt-4 cells were exposed to different concentrations of erastin, and their proliferation capacity was tested by using the cell counting kit-8 assay. Lipid peroxidation levels were detected through flow cytometry. Mitochondrial alterations were observed through transmission electron microscopy. The expression levels of SLC7A11, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were detected by using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. This study found that erastin inhibited the growth of Molt-4 cells. This inhibitory effect could be partially reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 and the p38 MAPK inhibitor. The mitochondria of Molt-4 cells treated with erastin shortened and condensed. Compared with those in the control group, the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde had increased, whereas the levels of glutathione had decreased in the treatment group. The treatment of Molt-4 cells with erastin decreased the levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 mRNA and increased the expression levels of p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These findings suggested that erastin caused the ferroptosis of Molt-4 cells. This process may be correlated with the inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system and GPX4 and the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Wuhan Center For Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqin Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Akiyama H, Carter BZ, Andreeff M, Ishizawa J. Molecular Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Updates of Ferroptosis Studies in Cancers and Leukemia. Cells 2023; 12:1128. [PMID: 37190037 PMCID: PMC10136912 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a mode of cell death regulated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Growing evidence suggests ferroptosis induction as a novel anti-cancer modality that could potentially overcome therapy resistance in cancers. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of ferroptosis are complex and highly dependent on context. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of its execution and protection machinery in each tumor type is necessary for the implementation of this unique cell death mode to target individual cancers. Since most of the current evidence for ferroptosis regulation mechanisms is based on solid cancer studies, the knowledge of ferroptosis with regard to leukemia is largely lacking. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ferroptosis-regulating mechanisms with respect to the metabolism of phospholipids and iron as well as major anti-oxidative pathways that protect cells from ferroptosis. We also highlight the diverse impact of p53, a master regulator of cell death and cellular metabolic processes, on the regulation of ferroptosis. Lastly, we discuss recent ferroptosis studies in leukemia and provide a future perspective for the development of promising anti-leukemia therapies implementing ferroptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jo Ishizawa
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.A.); (B.Z.C.); (M.A.)
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Liu Z, Wang C, Lin C. Pyroptosis as a double-edged sword: The pathogenic and therapeutic roles in inflammatory diseases and cancers. Life Sci 2023; 318:121498. [PMID: 36780939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death mode discovered in recent years. It is caused by inflammasomes and the perforation of Gasdermin family proteins, and results in the release of inflammatory factors and triggering of an inflammatory cascade response. The pathways of pyroptosis include the caspase-1-dependent canonical pathway, the caspase-4/5/11-dependent non-canonical pathway, other caspase-dependent pathways and caspase-independent pathways. Its morphological features are different from other programmed cell death modes (apoptosis, autophagy, etc.). Pyroptosis can be observed microscopically that abundant pores are formed in the cell membrane, resulting in cell swelling and rupture, and eventually leading to the outflow of cellular contents. In addition to causing tissue damage and dysfunction through inflammation, pyroptosis can also become a potential cancer treatment strategy by reducing drug resistance in cancer cells. However, many details are still unclear on the molecular mechanisms of its role in pathogenicity and therapeutics, and therefore lots of work needs to be done. This article reviews the morphological characteristics, pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of pyroptosis and its related research progress in inflammatory diseases and cancers. It helps to further understand the mechanism of pyroptosis and provide new ideas for the research and prevention of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuohao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Changjun Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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Chen J, Shen J, Yang X, Tan H, Yang R, Mo C, Wang Y, Luan X, Huang W, Chen G, Xu X. Exploring the Temporal Correlation of Sarcopenia with Bone Mineral Density and the Effects of Osteoblast-Derived Exosomes on Myoblasts through an Oxidative Stress-Related Gene. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9774570. [PMID: 36160702 PMCID: PMC9499799 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9774570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related accelerated loss of muscle strength and mass. Bone and muscle are closely related as they are physically adjacent, and bone can influence muscle. However, the temporal association between bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle mass in different regions of the body after adjustment for potential indicators and the mechanisms by which bone influences muscle in sarcopenia remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the temporal association between muscle mass and BMD in different regions of the body and mechanisms by which bone regulates muscle in sarcopenia. Here, cross-lagged models were utilized to analyze the temporal association between BMD and muscle mass. We found that low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) positively predicted appendicular lean mass. Mean whole-body BMD (WBTOT BMD), lumbar spine BMD (LS BMD), and pelvic BMD (PELV BMD) temporally and positively predicted appendicular lean mass, and appendicular lean mass temporally and positively predicted WBTOT BMD, LS BMD, and PELV BMD. Moreover, this study revealed that primary mice femur osteoblasts, but not primary mice skull osteoblasts, induced differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts through exosomes. Furthermore, the level of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) taurine upregulated 1 (TUG1) was decreased, and the level of lncRNA differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA (DANCR) was increased in skull osteoblast-derived exosomes, the opposite of femur osteoblast-secreted exosomes. In addition, lncRNA TUG1 enhanced and lncRNA DANCR suppressed the differentiation of myoblasts through regulating the transcription of oxidative stress-related myogenin (Myog) gene by modifying the binding of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) to the Myog gene promoter via affecting the nuclear translocation of Myf5. The results of the present study may provide novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan, Guangdong 528399, China
| | - Xili Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Huiting Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiying Mo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Xiaojun Luan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong Medical Innovation Platform for Translation of 3D Printing Application, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Xuejuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
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