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Yu CL, Huang KY, Chen JJ, Lai CT, Chen GW, Huang CC, Yeh YH, Lee CH, Lee JJ, Huang DM, Wang SW. Hernandonine-mediated autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma: Interplay of p53 and YAP signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 222:456-466. [PMID: 38950659 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the primary form of liver cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Hernandonine is a natural alkaloid derived from Hernandia nymphaeifolia that has been shown to exert various biological functions. In a previous study, hernandonine was shown to suppress the proliferation of several solid tumor cell lines without affecting normal human cell lines. However, little is known about the effect of hernandonine on HCC. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of hernandonine on HCC in relation to autophagy. We found that hernandonine inhibited HCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In addition, hernandonine elicited autophagic cell death and DNA damage in HCC cells. RNA-seq analysis revealed that hernandonine upregulated p53 and Hippo signaling pathway-related genes in HCC cells. Small RNA interference of p53 resulted in hernandonine-induced autophagic cell death attenuation. However, inhibition of YAP sensitized HCC cells to hernandonine by increasing the autophagy induction. This is the first study to illustrate the complex involvement of p53 and YAP in the hernandonine-induced autophagic cell death in human HCC cells. Our findings provide novel evidence for the potential of hernandonine as a therapeutic agent for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Science, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yao Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Lai
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Wei Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Ming Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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2
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Liang N, Song W, Li J. BPA promotes lung fibrosis in mice by regulating autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116412. [PMID: 38691879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical that is commonly found in daily consumer products. BPA is reportedly associated with lung diseases. However, the impact of BPA on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and its possible mechanisms of action both remain unclear. METHODS A PF mouse model was induced by bleomycin (BLM). Mouse lung fibroblasts (MLG 2908) and mouse alveolar epithelial cells (MLE-12) were treated with BPA to establish a PF cell model. Tissue staining, CCK-8 assays, western blot experiments and relevant indicator kits were used to detect and evaluate the effect of BPA on PF. RESULTS BPA dose-dependently promoted oxidative stress and induced ferroptosis, leading to PF. The ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 partly attenuated the effect of BPA. In addition, among the two main cell types associated with the progression of PF, MLE-12 cells are more sensitive to BPA than are MLG 2908 cells, and BPA induces ferroptosis in MLE-12 cells. Furthermore, BPA promoted autophagy-mediated ferroptosis by activating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby exacerbating the progression of PF. The autophagy inhibitor CQ1 partly attenuated the effect of BPA. CONCLUSION BPA promotes the progression of PF by promoting autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in alveolar epithelial cells, which provides a new theoretical basis for understanding BPA-induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Liang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wenyi Song
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jing Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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3
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Gorgoulis VG, Evangelou K, Klionsky DJ. The DNA damage response and autophagy during cancer development: an antagonistic pleiotropy entanglement. Autophagy 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38825325 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2362121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) pathway is a cardinal cellular stress response mechanism that during cancer development follows an antagonistic pleiotropy mode of action. Given that DDR activation is an energy demanding process, interplay with macroautophagy/autophagy, a stress response and energy providing mechanism, is likely to take place. While molecular connections between both mechanisms have been reported, an open question regards whether autophagy activation follows solely or is entangled with DDR in a similar antagonistic pleiotropy pattern during cancer development. Combing evidence on the spatiotemporal relationship of DDR and autophagy in the entire spectrum of carcinogenesis from our previous studies, we discuss these issues in the current addendum.Abbreviation: AMPK: AMP-dependent protein kinase; DDR: DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Mao J, Ni J, Chu L, Chu X, Xu D, Yang X, Zhu Z. Pamiparib as consolidation treatment after concurrent chemoradiotherapy of limited-stage small cell lung cancer: a single-arm, open-label phase 2 trial. Radiat Oncol 2024; 19:47. [PMID: 38610031 PMCID: PMC11010395 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-024-02437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is highly invasive with poor prognosis, and its treatment has historically been hindered due to the absence of targetable driver genomic alterations. However, the high genomic instability and replication stress in SCLC have made poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) inhibitors a focus of research. Pamiparib is an orally available PARP1/2 inhibitor with high selectivity, strong PARP trapping activity, and excellent brain penetration. Utilizing pamiparib as consolidation maintenance therapy in limited-stage SCLC holds promise for improving survival outcomes and offering a viable therapeutic approach. METHODS This single-arm, open-label phase II trial will enroll patients aged 18-75 years with histologically/cytologically confirmed, limited-stage SCLC who have not progressed following definitive platinum-based cCRT and have an ECOG PS of 0 or 1. Patients will be excluded if they have histologically confirmed mixed SCLC or NSCLC, or have undergone previous tumor resection, or can be treated with surgery or stereotactic body radiation therapy/stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. Participants will receive pamiparib 40 mg twice daily every 3 weeks within 2 to 6 weeks after cCRT for up to 1 year or until disease progression according to RECIST v1.1. The primary endpoint is the 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate assessed by investigators per RECIST v1.1. Secondary endpoints include PFS, objective response rate, and duration of response assessed by investigators per RECIST 1.1, overall survival, time to distant metastasis, and safety. DISCUSSION The study will provide valuable data on the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of pamiparib as a consolidation therapy after cCRT in patients with LS-SCLC. The correlation between molecular typing or gene expression profile of the disease and curative response will be further explored. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05483543 at clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuang Mao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianjiao Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dayu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhengfei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Voronina MV, Frolova AS, Kolesova EP, Kuldyushev NA, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. The Intricate Balance between Life and Death: ROS, Cathepsins, and Their Interplay in Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4087. [PMID: 38612897 PMCID: PMC11012956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular survival hinges on a delicate balance between accumulating damages and repair mechanisms. In this intricate equilibrium, oxidants, currently considered physiological molecules, can compromise vital cellular components, ultimately triggering cell death. On the other hand, cells possess countermeasures, such as autophagy, which degrades and recycles damaged molecules and organelles, restoring homeostasis. Lysosomes and their enzymatic arsenal, including cathepsins, play critical roles in this balance, influencing the cell's fate toward either apoptosis and other mechanisms of regulated cell death or autophagy. However, the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cathepsins in these life-or-death pathways transcends a simple cause-and-effect relationship. These elements directly and indirectly influence each other's activities, creating a complex web of interactions. This review delves into the inner workings of regulated cell death and autophagy, highlighting the pivotal role of ROS and cathepsins in these pathways and their intricate interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya V. Voronina
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasia S. Frolova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kolesova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikita A. Kuldyushev
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Shariq M, Khan MF, Raj R, Ahsan N, Kumar P. PRKAA2, MTOR, and TFEB in the regulation of lysosomal damage response and autophagy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:287-311. [PMID: 38183492 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes function as critical signaling hubs that govern essential enzyme complexes. LGALS proteins (LGALS3, LGALS8, and LGALS9) are integral to the endomembrane damage response. If ESCRT fails to rectify damage, LGALS-mediated ubiquitination occurs, recruiting autophagy receptors (CALCOCO2, TRIM16, and SQSTM1) and VCP/p97 complex containing UBXN6, PLAA, and YOD1, initiating selective autophagy. Lysosome replenishment through biogenesis is regulated by TFEB. LGALS3 interacts with TFRC and TRIM16, aiding ESCRT-mediated repair and autophagy-mediated removal of damaged lysosomes. LGALS8 inhibits MTOR and activates TFEB for ATG and lysosomal gene transcription. LGALS9 inhibits USP9X, activates PRKAA2, MAP3K7, ubiquitination, and autophagy. Conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM) initiates damage repair mediated by ATP6V1A, ATG16L1, ATG12, ATG5, ATG3, and TECPR1. ATG8ylation or CASM activates the MERIT system (ESCRT-mediated repair, autophagy-mediated clearance, MCOLN1 activation, Ca2+ release, RRAG-GTPase regulation, MTOR modulation, TFEB activation, and activation of GTPase IRGM). Annexins ANAX1 and ANAX2 aid damage repair. Stress granules stabilize damaged membranes, recruiting FLCN-FNIP1/2, G3BP1, and NUFIP1 to inhibit MTOR and activate TFEB. Lysosomes coordinate the synergistic response to endomembrane damage and are vital for innate and adaptive immunity. Future research should unveil the collaborative actions of ATG proteins, LGALSs, TRIMs, autophagy receptors, and lysosomal proteins in lysosomal damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shariq
- Quantlase Imaging Laboratory, Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mohammad Firoz Khan
- Quantlase Imaging Laboratory, Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Reshmi Raj
- Quantlase Imaging Laboratory, Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Nuzhat Ahsan
- Quantlase Imaging Laboratory, Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Quantlase Imaging Laboratory, Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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7
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O'Meara MJ, Rapala JR, Nichols CB, Alexandre AC, Billmyre RB, Steenwyk JL, Alspaugh JA, O'Meara TR. CryptoCEN: A Co-Expression Network for Cryptococcus neoformans reveals novel proteins involved in DNA damage repair. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011158. [PMID: 38359090 PMCID: PMC10901339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Elucidating gene function is a major goal in biology, especially among non-model organisms. However, doing so is complicated by the fact that molecular conservation does not always mirror functional conservation, and that complex relationships among genes are responsible for encoding pathways and higher-order biological processes. Co-expression, a promising approach for predicting gene function, relies on the general principal that genes with similar expression patterns across multiple conditions will likely be involved in the same biological process. For Cryptococcus neoformans, a prevalent human fungal pathogen greatly diverged from model yeasts, approximately 60% of the predicted genes in the genome lack functional annotations. Here, we leveraged a large amount of publicly available transcriptomic data to generate a C. neoformans Co-Expression Network (CryptoCEN), successfully recapitulating known protein networks, predicting gene function, and enabling insights into the principles influencing co-expression. With 100% predictive accuracy, we used CryptoCEN to identify 13 new DNA damage response genes, underscoring the utility of guilt-by-association for determining gene function. Overall, co-expression is a powerful tool for uncovering gene function, and decreases the experimental tests needed to identify functions for currently under-annotated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J O'Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jackson R Rapala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Connie B Nichols
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics/Microbiology; and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - A Christina Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - R Blake Billmyre
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences/Infectious Disease, College of Pharmacy/College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob L Steenwyk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - J Andrew Alspaugh
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics/Microbiology; and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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8
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Munk SHN, Merchut-Maya JM, Adelantado Rubio A, Hall A, Pappas G, Milletti G, Lee M, Johnsen LG, Guldberg P, Bartek J, Maya-Mendoza A. NAD + regulates nucleotide metabolism and genomic DNA replication. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1774-1786. [PMID: 37957325 PMCID: PMC10709141 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The intricate orchestration of enzymatic activities involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and preserving genomic integrity. As a co-enzyme, NAD+ plays a key role in regulating metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and Kreb's cycle. ADP-ribosyltransferases (PARPs) and sirtuins rely on NAD+ to mediate post-translational modifications of target proteins. The activation of PARP1 in response to DNA breaks leads to rapid depletion of cellular NAD+ compromising cell viability. Therefore, the levels of NAD+ must be tightly regulated. Here we show that exogenous NAD+, but not its precursors, has a direct effect on mitochondrial activity. Short-term incubation with NAD+ boosts Kreb's cycle and the electron transport chain and enhances pyrimidine biosynthesis. Extended incubation with NAD+ results in depletion of pyrimidines, accumulation of purines, activation of the replication stress response and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, a combination of NAD+ and 5-fluorouridine selectively kills cancer cells that rely on de novo pyrimidine synthesis. We propose an integrated model of how NAD+ regulates nucleotide metabolism, with relevance to healthspan, ageing and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arnaldur Hall
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Pappas
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Milletti
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - MyungHee Lee
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Per Guldberg
- Molecular Diagnostics Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Yang Y, Zhu Y, Wang K, Miao Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Qin H, Zhang Y. Activation of autophagy by in situ Zn 2+ chelation reaction for enhanced tumor chemoimmunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2023; 29:116-131. [PMID: 37456582 PMCID: PMC10345225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy can induce a robust T cell antitumor immune response by triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD), a process in which tumor cells convert from nonimmunogenic to immunogenic forms. However, the antitumor immune response of ICD remains limited due to the low immunogenicity of tumor cells and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Although autophagy is involved in activating tumor immunity, the synergistic role of autophagy in ICD remains elusive and challenging. Herein, we report an autophagy amplification strategy using an ion-chelation reaction to augment chemoimmunotherapy in cancer treatments based on zinc ion (Zn2+)-doped, disulfiram (DSF)-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DSF@Zn-DMSNs). Upon pH-sensitive biodegradation of DSF@Zn-DMSNs, Zn2+ and DSF are coreleased in the mildly acidic tumor microenvironment, leading to the formation of toxic Zn2+ chelate through an in situ chelation reaction. Consequently, this chelate not only significantly stimulates cellular apoptosis and generates damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) but also activates autophagy, which mediates the amplified release of DAMPs to enhance ICD. In vivo results demonstrated that DSF@Zn-DMSNs exhibit strong therapeutic efficacy via in situ ion chelation and possess the ability to activate autophagy, thus enhancing immunotherapy by promoting the infiltration of T cells. This study provides a smart in situ chelation strategy with tumor microenvironment-responsive autophagy amplification to achieve high tumor chemoimmunotherapy efficacy and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yefei Zhu
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
| | - Kairuo Wang
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
| | - Yunqiu Miao
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Nanomedicine and Intestinal Microecology Research Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
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10
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O’Meara MJ, Rapala JR, Nichols CB, Alexandre C, Billmyre RB, Steenwyk JL, Alspaugh JA, O’Meara TR. CryptoCEN: A Co-Expression Network for Cryptococcus neoformans reveals novel proteins involved in DNA damage repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.17.553567. [PMID: 37645941 PMCID: PMC10462067 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.553567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating gene function is a major goal in biology, especially among non-model organisms. However, doing so is complicated by the fact that molecular conservation does not always mirror functional conservation, and that complex relationships among genes are responsible for encoding pathways and higher-order biological processes. Co-expression, a promising approach for predicting gene function, relies on the general principal that genes with similar expression patterns across multiple conditions will likely be involved in the same biological process. For Cryptococcus neoformans, a prevalent human fungal pathogen greatly diverged from model yeasts, approximately 60% of the predicted genes in the genome lack functional annotations. Here, we leveraged a large amount of publicly available transcriptomic data to generate a C. neoformans Co-Expression Network (CryptoCEN), successfully recapitulating known protein networks, predicting gene function, and enabling insights into the principles influencing co-expression. With 100% predictive accuracy, we used CryptoCEN to identify 13 new DNA damage response genes, underscoring the utility of guilt-by-association for determining gene function. Overall, co-expression is a powerful tool for uncovering gene function, and decreases the experimental tests needed to identify functions for currently under-annotated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. O’Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jackson R. Rapala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Connie B. Nichols
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics/Microbiology; and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christina Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R. Blake Billmyre
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences/Infectious Disease, College of Pharmacy/College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacob L Steenwyk
- Howards Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J. Andrew Alspaugh
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics/Microbiology; and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Teresa R. O’Meara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Assi M, Kimmelman AC. Impact of context-dependent autophagy states on tumor progression. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:596-607. [PMID: 37069394 PMCID: PMC10542907 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a cellular quality-control process that degrades proteins, protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy plays a fundamental role in cancer where, in the presence of stressors (for example, nutrient starvation, hypoxia, mechanical pressure), tumor cells activate it to degrade intracellular substrates and provide energy. Cell-autonomous autophagy in tumor cells and cell-nonautonomous autophagy in the tumor microenvironment and in the host converge on mechanisms that modulate metabolic fitness, DNA integrity and immune escape and, consequently, support tumor growth. In this Review, we will discuss insights into the tumor-modulating roles of autophagy in different contexts and reflect on how future studies using physiological culture systems may help to understand the complexity and open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Assi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Xu X, Li G, Zhang D, Zhu H, Liu G, Zhang Z. Gut Microbiota is Associated with Aging-Related Processes of a Small Mammal Species under High-Density Crowding Stress. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205346. [PMID: 36965140 PMCID: PMC10190659 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans and animals frequently encounter high-density crowding stress, which may accelerate their aging processes; however, the roles of gut microbiota in the regulation of aging-related processes under high-density crowding stress remain unclear. In the present study, it is found that high housing density remarkably increases the stress hormone (corticosterone), accelerates aging-related processes as indicated by telomere length (in brain and liver cells) and DNA damage or inflammation (as revealed by tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 levels), and reduces the lifespan of Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Fecal microbiota transplantation from donor voles of habitats with different housing densities induces similar changes in aging-related processes in recipient voles. The elimination of high housing density or butyric acid administration delays the appearance of aging-related markers in the brain and liver cells of voles housed at high-density. This study suggests that gut microorganisms may play a significant role in regulating the density-dependent aging-related processes and subsequent population dynamics of animals, and can be used as potential targets for alleviating stress-related aging in humans exposed to high-density crowding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic InteractionsUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Da Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Hanyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Guang‐hui Liu
- Institute for Stem cell and RegenerationCASBeijing100049China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijing100101China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic InteractionsUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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13
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Marchand B, Poulin MA, Lawson C, Tai LH, Jean S, Boucher MJ. Gemcitabine promotes autophagy and lysosomal function through ERK- and TFEB-dependent mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 36746928 PMCID: PMC9902516 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a first-line treatment agent for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Contributing to its cytotoxicity, this chemotherapeutic agent is primarily a DNA replication inhibitor that also induces DNA damage. However, its therapeutic effects are limited owing to chemoresistance. Evidence in the literature points to a role for autophagy in restricting the efficacy of gemcitabine. Autophagy is a catabolic process in which intracellular components are delivered to degradative organelles lysosomes. Interfering with this process sensitizes PDAC cells to gemcitabine. It is consequently inferred that autophagy and lysosomal function need to be tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis and provide resistance to environmental stress, such as those imposed by chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the mechanism(s) through which gemcitabine promotes autophagy remains elusive, and the impact of gemcitabine on lysosomal function remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we applied complementary approaches to define the mechanisms triggered by gemcitabine that support autophagy and lysosome function. We found that gemcitabine elicited ERK-dependent autophagy in PDAC cells, but did not stimulate ERK activity or autophagy in non-tumoral human pancreatic epithelial cells. Gemcitabine also promoted transcription factor EB (TFEB)-dependent lysosomal function in PDAC cells. Indeed, treating PDAC cells with gemcitabine caused expansion of the lysosomal network, as revealed by Lysosome associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP1) and LysoTracker staining. More specific approaches have shown that gemcitabine promotes the activity of cathepsin B (CTSB), a cysteine protease playing an active role in lysosomal degradation. We showed that lysosomal function induced by gemcitabine depends on TFEB, the master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Interfering with TFEB function considerably limited the clonogenic growth of PDAC cells and hindered the capacity of TFEB-depleted PDAC cells to develop orthotopic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Marchand
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Poulin
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Christine Lawson
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada ,grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Member of the Centre de Recherche du CHUS and the Institut de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Steve Jean
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada ,grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Member of the Centre de Recherche du CHUS and the Institut de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Boucher
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada. .,Member of the Centre de Recherche du CHUS and the Institut de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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14
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Li Q, Wu J, Zhu M, Tang Y, Jin L, Chen Y, Jin M, Peng Z. A novel risk signature based on autophagy-related genes to evaluate tumor immune microenvironment and predict prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Comput Biol Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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p53: From Fundamental Biology to Clinical Applications in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091325. [PMID: 36138802 PMCID: PMC9495382 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary p53 tumour suppressor gene is the most altered in cancer. Several decades of research have established that it is of pivotal importance in prompting neoplastic phenomena, including cancer initiation and progression. However, it has crucial functions for cellular life. Knowledge and awareness about these multifaceted properties should be part of the cultural background of all scientists. In this review, we describe and discuss the multifaceted roles of p53, from its discovery to clinical applications in cancer therapy. Abstract p53 tumour suppressor gene is our major barrier against neoplastic transformation. It is involved in many cellular functions, including cell cycle arrest, senescence, DNA repair, apoptosis, autophagy, cell metabolism, ferroptosis, immune system regulation, generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial function, global regulation of gene expression, miRNAs, etc. Its crucial importance is denounced by the high percentage of amino acid sequence identity between very different species (Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Rattus norvegicus, Danio rerio, Canis lupus familiaris, Gekko japonicus). Many of its activities allowed life on Earth (e.g., repair from radiation-induced DNA damage) and directly contribute to its tumour suppressor function. In this review, we provide paramount information on p53, from its discovery, which is an interesting paradigm of science evolution, to potential clinical applications in anti-cancer treatment. The description of the fundamental biology of p53 is enriched by specific information on the structure and function of the protein as well by tumour/host evolutionistic perspectives of its role.
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16
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Fonteneau G, Redding A, Hoag-Lee H, Sim ES, Heinrich S, Gaida MM, Grabocka E. Stress Granules Determine the Development of Obesity-Associated Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1984-2005. [PMID: 35674408 PMCID: PMC9357213 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic and a major predisposing factor for cancer. Increasing evidence shows that obesity-associated stress is a key driver of cancer risk and progression. Previous work has identified the phase-separation organelles, stress granules (SG), as mutant KRAS-dependent mediators of stress adaptation. However, the dependence of tumorigenesis on these organelles is unknown. Here, we establish a causal link between SGs and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Importantly, we uncover that dependence on SGs is drastically heightened in obesity-associated PDAC. Furthermore, we identify a previously unknown regulator and component of SGs, namely, the serine/arginine protein kinase 2 (SRPK2), as a specific determinant of SG formation in obesity-associated PDAC. We show that SRPK2-mediated SG formation in obesity-associated PDAC is driven by hyperactivation of the IGF1/PI3K/mTOR/S6K1 pathway and that S6K1 inhibition selectively attenuates SGs and impairs obesity-associated PDAC development. SIGNIFICANCE : We show that stress adaptation via the phase-separation organelles SGs mediates PDAC development. Moreover, preexisting stress conditions such as obesity are a driving force behind tumor SG dependence, and enhanced SG levels are key determinants and a chemopreventive target for obesity-associated PDAC. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1825.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fonteneau
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Alexandra Redding
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Hannah Hoag-Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Edward S. Sim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Current Address: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias M. Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Joint Unit Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, JGU-Mainz and TRON, Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elda Grabocka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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17
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Wang X, Zhang M, Xiong XQ, Yang H, Wang P, Zhang K, Awadasseid A, Narva S, Wu YL, Zhang W. Design, synthesis and bioactivity of novel naphthalimide-benzotriazole conjugates against A549 cells via targeting BCL2 G-quadruplex and inducing autophagy. Life Sci 2022; 302:120651. [PMID: 35597548 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, a series of novel naphthalimide-benzotriazole conjugates (1a-3c) based on 1, 8-naphthalimide as a core skeleton, aiming at G-quadruplexes, were designed and synthesized, and their anti-cancer activity and mechanism were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the CCK-8 assay, FRET melting, EMSA, CD, and molecular docking, intracellular assays, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS By the CCK-8 assay, it was found that the compound, 2-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl)-6-(1H-benzo [d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione (3a), has better activity against A549 cells. Through extracellular assays, including FRET melting, EMSA, CD, and molecular docking, results showed that 3a selectively interacted with BCL2 G-quadruplex(es). Further studies by intracellular assays, including western blotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, etc., verified that 3a mediated the death of A549 cells by two pathways: inhibition of the expression of the BCL2 gene, causing tumor cell apoptosis, and promotion of genetic instability, causing autophagy. This study suggests that the type of compounds, in particular, 3a, may be a potential molecule to explore for BCL2 G-quadruplex-targeted drugs against lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that compound 3a as a BCL2 G-quadruplex ligand induces DNA damage, autophagy, and apoptosis in A549 cells. This study provides us with a type of lead compound as an anti-tumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xu-Qiong Xiong
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Koutian Zhang
- Zhejiang Jianing Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Annoor Awadasseid
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Suresh Narva
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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18
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Wu M, Cong Y, Wang K, Yu H, Zhang X, Ma M, Duan Z, Pei X. Bisphenol A impairs macrophages through inhibiting autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and inducing apoptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113395. [PMID: 35298966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread endocrine disruptor that induces the impairment of immune cells, but the mechanism remains unknown. Macrophages are one of the most important immune cells in innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we aimed to probe the effects of BPA on the damage of RAW264.7 cells and its mechanisms of action, especially focusing on the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis. Cells were pretreated with 10 mg/L LPS, or added autophagy activator RAPA, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737, then treated with BPA (0, 10, 100 and 200 μmol/L) for 12 h. Results have shown that BPA decreased the cell viability and disrupted secretory function by promoting pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and reducing anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 TGF-β, as well as phagocytic ability. Moreover, autophagy was inhibited by BPA through decreasing p-AMPK/AMPK and increasing p-mTOR/mTOR, and further down-regulating autophagy proteins ATG6, LC3II/I ratio, and up-regulating autophagy flux protein p62. Additionally, BPA significantly increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Caspase-3 expression and apoptosis rate. We found that RAPA ameliorated the cell viability, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and macrophage function damage induced by BPA. Intriguingly, ABT-737 might promote ATG6 expression. In summary, our study demonstrated that the effects of BPA on macrophages seemed to be mediated by inhibiting AMPK/mTOR-dependent autophagy and inducing apoptosis via endogenous mitochondrial pathway. Both Bcl-2 and ATG6 were involved in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy by BPA. These findings provide a broader perspective for understanding the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis in BPA-induced immune cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Wu
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Yan Cong
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Kailu Wang
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Mingyue Ma
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Zhiwen Duan
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Xiucong Pei
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
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19
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Du H, Tao T, Xu S, Xu C, Li S, Su Q, Yan J, Liu B, Li R. 4-Methoxydalbergione Inhibits Bladder Cancer Cell Growth via Inducing Autophagy and Inhibiting Akt/ERK Signaling Pathway. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:789658. [PMID: 35252345 PMCID: PMC8888913 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.789658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) ranks the fourth in incidence in cancers of men and is a common malignant tumor in women. 4-Methoxydalbergione (4MOD), which is purified from Dalbergia sissoo Roxb, has been shown to have anticancer capacity for osteosarcoma and astroglioma. The role of 4MOD in bladder cancer has not been investigated. This study aims to evaluate the anticancer effect of 4MOD in BC cells and its possible mechanisms. The two human bladder cancer cell lines J82 and UMUC3 were used to evaluate the proliferation inhibitory effect of 4MOD by CCK8 and clonogenic assays. The migratory and invasive ability of tumor cells was examined by scratch test and transwell assay. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and TUNEL assays. The autophagy-related molecules including Beclin-1 and LC3 were examined by Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, the RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of LC3. 4MOD repressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion and induced cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values of J82 and UMUC3 were 8.17 and 14.50 μM respectively. The mRNA and protein expression ratio of light chain 3-II (LC3-II)/LC3-I and the protein expression of Beclin-1 were increased when the BC cells were treated with 4MOD. The treatment of 4MOD attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in the BC cells. We revealed that the 4MOD inhibits BC cells growth by inducing autophagy and inhibiting Akt/ERK signaling pathway. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism by which 4MOD weakens the proliferation of BC cells. This study demonstrates that 4MOD provided a lead compound for the development of novel compound with potent anticancer effect on BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Du
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Tao
- Scientific Research Institute, Yueyang Maternal-Child Medicine Health Hospital, Yueyang, China
| | - Simeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Changqiong Xu
- Scientific Research Institute, Yueyang Maternal-Child Medicine Health Hospital, Yueyang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Scientific Research Institute, Yueyang Maternal-Child Medicine Health Hospital, Yueyang, China
| | - Qiongli Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Scientific Research Institute, Yueyang Maternal-Child Medicine Health Hospital, Yueyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Liu, ; Ran Li,
| | - Ran Li
- Scientific Research Institute, Yueyang Maternal-Child Medicine Health Hospital, Yueyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Liu, ; Ran Li,
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20
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Huang H, Han Q, Zheng H, Liu M, Shi S, Zhang T, Yang X, Li Z, Xu Q, Guo H, Lu F, Wang J. MAP4K4 mediates the SOX6-induced autophagy and reduces the chemosensitivity of cervical cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 13:13. [PMID: 34930918 PMCID: PMC8688448 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There are nearly 40% of cervical cancer patients showing poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy that can be induced by autophagy, however, the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. We previously found that Sex-determining region of Y-related high-mobility-group box 6 (SOX6), a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene in several cancers, could induce autophagy in cervical cancer. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of SOX6-induced autophagy and its potential significance in the platinum-based chemotherapy of cervical cancer. Firstly, we found that SOX6 could promote autophagy in cervical cancer cells depending on its HMG domain. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase-4 (MAP4K4) gene was identified as the direct target gene of SOX6, which was transcriptionally upregulated by binding the HMG domain of SOX6 protein to its double-binding sites within MAP4K4 gene promoter. MAP4K4 mediated the SOX6-induced autophagy through inhibiting PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and activating MAPK/ERK pathway. Further, the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin chemotherapy could be reduced by the SOX6-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo, while such a phenomenon could be turned over by autophagy-specific inhibitor and MAP4K4 inhibitor, respectively. Moreover, cisplatin itself could promote the expression of endogenous SOX6 and subsequently the MAP4K4-mediated autophagy in cervical cancer cells, which might in turn reduce the sensitivity of these cells to cisplatin treatment. These findings uncovered the underlying mechanism and potential significance of SOX6-induced autophagy, and shed new light on the usage of MAP4K4 inhibitor or autophagy-specific inhibitor for sensitizing cervical cancer cells to the platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qin Han
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingchen Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shu Shi
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xingwen Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhongqing Li
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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21
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Zhu L, Liu J, Chen J, Zhou Q. The developing landscape of combinatorial therapies of immune checkpoint blockade with DNA damage repair inhibitors for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:206. [PMID: 34930377 PMCID: PMC8686226 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using antibodies against programmed death receptor (PD)-1, PD ligand (PD-L)-1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has redefined the therapeutic landscape in solid tumors, including skin, lung, bladder, liver, renal, and breast tumors. However, overall response rates to ICB therapy remain limited in PD-L1-negative patients. Thus, rational and effective combination therapies will be needed to address ICB treatment resistance in these patients, as well as in PD-L1-positive patients who have progressed under ICB treatment. DNA damage repair inhibitors (DDRis) may activate T-cell responses and trigger inflammatory cytokines release and eventually immunogenic cancer cell death by amplifying DNA damage and generating immunogenic neoantigens, especially in DDR-defective tumors. DDRi may also lead to adaptive PD-L1 upregulation, providing a rationale for PD-L1/PD-1 blockade. Thus, based on preclinical evidence of efficacy and no significant overlapping toxicity, some ICB/DDRi combinations have rapidly progressed to clinical testing in breast and ovarian cancers. Here, we summarize the available clinical data on the combination of ICB with DDRi agents for treating breast and ovarian cancers and discuss the mechanisms of action and other lessons learned from translational studies conducted to date. We also review potential biomarkers to select patients most likely to respond to ICB/DDRi combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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22
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Roger L, Tomas F, Gire V. Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313173. [PMID: 34884978 PMCID: PMC8658264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence entails a state of an essentially irreversible proliferative arrest in which cells remain metabolically active and secrete a range of pro-inflammatory and proteolytic factors as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. There are different types of senescent cells, and senescence can be induced in response to many DNA damage signals. Senescent cells accumulate in different tissues and organs where they have distinct physiological and pathological functions. Despite this diversity, all senescent cells must be able to survive in a nondividing state while protecting themselves from positive feedback loops linked to the constant activation of the DNA damage response. This capacity requires changes in core cellular programs. Understanding how different cell types can undergo extensive changes in their transcriptional programs, metabolism, heterochromatin patterns, and cellular structures to induce a common cellular state is crucial to preventing cancer development/progression and to improving health during aging. In this review, we discuss how senescent cells continuously evolve after their initial proliferative arrest and highlight the unifying features that define the senescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauréline Roger
- Structure and Instability of Genomes Laboratory, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS-UMR 7196/INSERM U1154, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Fanny Tomas
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Gire
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-434359513; Fax: +33-(0)-434359410
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23
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Metabolic Rewiring Is Essential for AML Cell Survival to Overcome Autophagy Inhibition by Loss of ATG3. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236142. [PMID: 34885250 PMCID: PMC8657081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The importance of autophagy in leukemia progression and survival has been studied previously. However, little is known about the development of resistance mechanisms to autophagy inhibition in leukemia. Here, we present data on the mechanisms by which leukemia cells maintain their cell survival after inhibition of autophagy by the loss of ATG3. After the loss of ATG3, leukemia cells upregulated their energy metabolism by increasing glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism, in particular oxidative phosphorylation, which resulted in higher ATP levels. Moreover, inhibition of mitochondrial function strongly impaired cell survival in ATG3 deficiency, thus demonstrating the importance of ATG3 in the regulation of metabolism and survival of leukemic cells. Therefore, our data provide a rationale for combining autophagy inhibitors with inhibitors targeting mitochondrial metabolism for the development of leukemia therapy to overcome the potential obstacle of emerging resistance to autophagy inhibition. Abstract Autophagy is an important survival mechanism that allows recycling of nutrients and removal of damaged organelles and has been shown to contribute to the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. However, little is known about the mechanism by which autophagy- dependent AML cells can overcome dysfunctional autophagy. In our study we identified autophagy related protein 3 (ATG3) as a crucial autophagy gene for AML cell proliferation by conducting a CRISPR/Cas9 dropout screen with a library targeting around 200 autophagy-related genes. shRNA-mediated loss of ATG3 impaired autophagy function in AML cells and increased their mitochondrial activity and energy metabolism, as shown by elevated mitochondrial ROS generation and mitochondrial respiration. Using tracer-based NMR metabolomics analysis we further demonstrate that the loss of ATG3 resulted in an upregulation of glycolysis, lactate production, and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, loss of ATG3 strongly sensitized AML cells to the inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism. These findings highlight the metabolic vulnerabilities that AML cells acquire from autophagy inhibition and support further exploration of combination therapies targeting autophagy and mitochondrial metabolism in AML.
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24
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eIF4A3 regulates the TFEB-mediated transcriptional response via GSK3B to control autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3344-3356. [PMID: 34158631 PMCID: PMC8630043 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During autophagy, the coordinated actions of autophagosomes and lysosomes result in the controlled removal of damaged intracellular organelles and superfluous substrates. The evolutionary conservation of this process and its requirement for maintaining cellular homeostasis emphasizes the need to better dissect the pathways governing its molecular regulation. In our previously performed high-content screen, we assessed the effect of 1530 RNA-binding proteins on autophagy. Among the top regulators, we identified the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A-3 (eIF4A3). Here we show that depletion of eIF4A3 leads to a potent increase in autophagosome and lysosome biogenesis and an enhanced autophagic flux. This is mediated by the key autophagy transcription factor, TFEB, which becomes dephosphorylated and translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it elicits an integrated transcriptional response. We further identified an exon-skipping event in the transcript encoding for the direct TFEB kinase, GSK3B, which leads to a reduction in GSK3B expression and activity. Through analysis of TCGA data, we found a significant upregulation of eIF4A3 expression across several cancer types and confirmed the potential relevance of this newly identified signaling axis in human tumors. Hence, our data suggest a previously unrecognized role for eIF4A3 as a gatekeeper of autophagy through the control of TFEB activation, revealing a new mechanism for autophagy regulation.
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25
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Rozenberg JM, Zvereva S, Dalina A, Blatov I, Zubarev I, Luppov D, Bessmertnyi A, Romanishin A, Alsoulaiman L, Kumeiko V, Kagansky A, Melino G, Ganini C, Barlev NA. The p53 family member p73 in the regulation of cell stress response. Biol Direct 2021; 16:23. [PMID: 34749806 PMCID: PMC8577020 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, cells become unrestrictedly proliferative thereby altering the tissue homeostasis and resulting in subsequent hyperplasia. This process is paralleled by resumption of cell cycle, aberrant DNA repair and blunting the apoptotic program in response to DNA damage. In most human cancers these processes are associated with malfunctioning of tumor suppressor p53. Intriguingly, in some cases two other members of the p53 family of proteins, transcription factors p63 and p73, can compensate for loss of p53. Although both p63 and p73 can bind the same DNA sequences as p53 and their transcriptionally active isoforms are able to regulate the expression of p53-dependent genes, the strongest overlap with p53 functions was detected for p73. Surprisingly, unlike p53, the p73 is rarely lost or mutated in cancers. On the contrary, its inactive isoforms are often overexpressed in cancer. In this review, we discuss several lines of evidence that cancer cells develop various mechanisms to repress p73-mediated cell death. Moreover, p73 isoforms may promote cancer growth by enhancing an anti-oxidative response, the Warburg effect and by repressing senescence. Thus, we speculate that the role of p73 in tumorigenesis can be ambivalent and hence, requires new therapeutic strategies that would specifically repress the oncogenic functions of p73, while keeping its tumor suppressive properties intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Rozenberg
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Zvereva
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Dalina
- The Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Blatov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ilya Zubarev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Daniil Luppov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Romanishin
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.,School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Lamak Alsoulaiman
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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26
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Ganini C, Amelio I, Bertolo R, Candi E, Cappello A, Cipriani C, Mauriello A, Marani C, Melino G, Montanaro M, Natale ME, Tisone G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Bove P. Serine and one-carbon metabolisms bring new therapeutic venues in prostate cancer. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:45. [PMID: 35201488 PMCID: PMC8777499 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine and one-carbon unit metabolisms are essential biochemical pathways implicated in fundamental cellular functions such as proliferation, biosynthesis of important anabolic precursors and in general for the availability of methyl groups. These two distinct but interacting pathways are now becoming crucial in cancer, the de novo cytosolic serine pathway and the mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism. Apart from their role in physiological conditions, such as epithelial proliferation, the serine metabolism alterations are associated to several highly neoplastic proliferative pathologies. Accordingly, prostate cancer shows a deep rearrangement of its metabolism, driven by the dependency from the androgenic stimulus. Several new experimental evidence describes the role of a few of the enzymes involved in the serine metabolism in prostate cancer pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to analyze gene and protein expression data publicly available from large cancer specimens dataset, in order to further dissect the potential role of the abovementioned metabolism in the complex reshaping of the anabolic environment in this kind of neoplasm. The data suggest a potential role as biomarkers as well as in cancer therapy for the genes (and enzymes) belonging to the one-carbon metabolism in the context of prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Cappello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Marani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Emanuela Natale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, a Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
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27
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Shim D, Duan L, Maki CG. P53-regulated autophagy and its impact on drug resistance and cell fate. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:85-95. [PMID: 34532654 PMCID: PMC8443158 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type p53 is a stress-responsive transcription factor and a potent tumor suppressor. P53 inhibits the growth of incipient cancer cells by blocking their proliferation or inducing their death through apoptosis. Autophagy is a self-eating process that plays a key role in response to stress. During autophagy, organelles and other intracellular components are degraded in autophagolysosomes and the autophagic breakdown products are recycled into metabolic and energy producing pathways needed for survival. P53 can promote or inhibit autophagy depending on its subcellular localization, mutation status, and the level of stress. Blocking autophagy has been reported in several studies to increase p53-mediated apoptosis, revealing that autophagy can influence cell-fate in response to activated p53 and is a potential target to increase p53-dependent tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Shim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lei Duan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carl G Maki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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28
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Hämälistö S, Stahl-Meyer J, Jäättelä M. They Might Cut It-Lysosomes and Autophagy in Mitotic Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727538. [PMID: 34485308 PMCID: PMC8414588 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of one cell into two looks so easy, as if it happens without any control at all. Mitosis, the hallmark of mammalian life is, however, tightly regulated from the early onset to the very last phase. Despite the tight control, errors in mitotic division occur frequently and they may result in various chromosomal instabilities and malignancies. The flow of events during mitotic progression where the chromosomes condensate and rearrange with the help of the cytoskeletal network has been described in great detail. Plasma membrane dynamics and endocytic vesicle movement upon deadhesion and reattachment of dividing cells are also demonstrated to be functionally important for the mitotic integrity. Other cytoplasmic organelles, such as autophagosomes and lysosomes, have until recently been considered merely as passive bystanders in this process. Accordingly, at the onset of nuclear envelope breakdown in prometaphase, the number of autophagic structures and lysosomes is reduced and the bulk autophagic machinery is suppressed for the duration of mitosis. This is believed to ensure that the exposed nuclear components are not unintentionally delivered to autophagic degradation. With the evolving technologies that allow the detection of subtle alterations in cytoplasmic organelles, our understanding of the small-scale regulation of intracellular organelles has deepened rapidly and we discuss here recent discoveries revealing unexpected roles for autophagy and lysosomes in the preservation of genomic integrity during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Hämälistö
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Stahl-Meyer
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Cheng SM, Shieh MC, Lin TY, Cheung CHA. The "Dark Side" of autophagy on the maintenance of genome stability: Does it really exist during excessive activation? J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:178-188. [PMID: 34406646 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA damage response/repair and genomic instability promote tumorigenesis and the development of various neurological diseases. Autophagy is a dynamic catabolic process used for removing unnecessary or dysfunctional proteins and organelles in cells. Despite the consensus in the field that upregulation of autophagy promotes the initiation of the DNA damage response and assists the process of homologous recombination upon genotoxic stress, a few studies showed that upregulation of autophagy (or excessive autophagy), under certain circumstances, triggers caspase/apoptosis-independent DNA damage and promotes genomic instability in cells. As the cytoprotective and the DNA repairing roles of autophagy have been discussed extensively in different reviews, here, we mainly focus on describing the latest studies which reported the "opposite" roles of autophagy (or excessive autophagy). We will discuss whether the "dark side" (i.e., the opposite/unconventional effect) of autophagy on the maintenance of DNA integrity and genomic stability really does exist in cells and if it does, will it be one of the yet-to-be-identified causes of cancer, in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao Muk Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chieh Shieh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun Hei Antonio Cheung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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30
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Kanellis DC, Espinoza JA, Zisi A, Sakkas E, Bartkova J, Katsori AM, Boström J, Dyrskjøt L, Broholm H, Altun M, Elsässer SJ, Lindström MS, Bartek J. The exon-junction complex helicase eIF4A3 controls cell fate via coordinated regulation of ribosome biogenesis and translational output. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf7561. [PMID: 34348895 PMCID: PMC8336962 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III (eIF4A3), a core helicase component of the exon junction complex, is essential for splicing, mRNA trafficking, and nonsense-mediated decay processes emerging as targets in cancer therapy. Here, we unravel eIF4A3's tumor-promoting function by demonstrating its role in ribosome biogenesis (RiBi) and p53 (de)regulation. Mechanistically, eIF4A3 resides in nucleoli within the small subunit processome and regulates rRNA processing via R-loop clearance. EIF4A3 depletion induces cell cycle arrest through impaired RiBi checkpoint-mediated p53 induction and reprogrammed translation of cell cycle regulators. Multilevel omics analysis following eIF4A3 depletion pinpoints pathways of cell death regulation and translation of alternative mouse double minute homolog 2 (MDM2) transcript isoforms that control p53. EIF4A3 expression and subnuclear localization among clinical cancer specimens correlate with the RiBi status rendering eIF4A3 an exploitable vulnerability in high-RiBi tumors. We propose a concept of eIF4A3's unexpected role in RiBi, with implications for cancer pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris C Kanellis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asimina Zisi
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elpidoforos Sakkas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Katsori
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Johan Boström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Altun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Lindström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Mesquita A, Glenn J, Jenny A. Differential activation of eMI by distinct forms of cellular stress. Autophagy 2021; 17:1828-1840. [PMID: 32559125 PMCID: PMC8386722 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1783833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the major, highly conserved catabolic pathways, autophagy delivers cytosolic components to lysosomes for degradation. It is essential for development, cellular homeostasis, and coping with stress. Reduced autophagy increases susceptibility to protein aggregation diseases and leads to phenotypes associated with aging. Of the three major forms of autophagy, macroautophagy (MA) can degrade organelles or aggregated proteins, and chaperone-mediated autophagy is specific for soluble proteins containing KFERQ-related targeting motifs. During endosomal microautophagy (eMI), cytoplasmic proteins are engulfed into late endosomes in an ESCRT machinery-dependent manner. eMI can be KFERQ-specific or occur in bulk and be induced by prolonged starvation. Its physiological regulation and function, however, are not understood. Here, we show that eMI in the Drosophila fat body, akin to the mammalian liver, is induced upon oxidative or genotoxic stress in an ESCRT and partially Hsc70-4-dependent manner. Interestingly, eMI activation is selective, as ER stress fails to elicit a response. Intriguingly, we find that reducing MA leads to a compensatory enhancement of eMI, suggesting a tight interplay between these degradative processes. Furthermore, we show that mutations in DNA damage response genes are sufficient to trigger eMI and that the response to oxidative stress is under the control of MAPK/JNK signaling. Our data suggest that, controlled by various signaling pathways, eMI allows an organ to react and adapt to specific types of stress and is thus likely critical to prevent disease.Abbreviations:Atg: autophagy-related; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; DDR: DNA damage repair; Df: deficiency (deletion); (E)GFP: (enhanced) green fluorescent protein; eMI: endosomal microautophagy; ER: endoplasmatic reticulum; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; Eto: etoposide; FLP: flipase; Hsc: heat shock cognate protein; LAMP2A: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A; LE: late endosome; MA: macroautophagy; MI: microautophagy; MVB: multivesicular body; PA: photoactivatable; Para: paraquat; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEM: standard error of means; Tor: target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]; UPR: unfolded protein response; Vps: vacuolar protein sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mesquita
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, US
| | - James Glenn
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, US
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, US
- Department of Genetics, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, US
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, US
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Kocak M, Ezazi Erdi S, Jorba G, Maestro I, Farrés J, Kirkin V, Martinez A, Pless O. Targeting autophagy in disease: established and new strategies. Autophagy 2021; 18:473-495. [PMID: 34241570 PMCID: PMC9037468 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1936359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms. Dysfunctional autophagy leads to pathological accumulation of the cargo, which has been linked to a range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, infectious and autoimmune diseases and various forms of cancer. Cumulative work in animal models, application of genetic tools and pharmacologically active compounds, has suggested the potential therapeutic value of autophagy modulation in disease, as diverse as Huntington, Salmonella infection, or pancreatic cancer. Autophagy activation versus inhibition strategies are being explored, while the role of autophagy in pathophysiology is being studied in parallel. However, the progress of preclinical and clinical development of autophagy modulators has been greatly hampered by the paucity of selective pharmacological agents and biomarkers to dissect their precise impact on various forms of autophagy and cellular responses. Here, we summarize established and new strategies in autophagy-related drug discovery and indicate a path toward establishing a more efficient discovery of autophagy-selective pharmacological agents. With this knowledge at hand, modern concepts for therapeutic exploitation of autophagy might become more plausible. Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related gene; AUTAC: autophagy-targeting chimera; CNS: central nervous system; CQ: chloroquine; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; LYTAC: lysosome targeting chimera; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NDD: neurodegenerative disease; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PROTAC: proteolysis-targeting chimera; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Kocak
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | - Inés Maestro
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red En Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer ITMP ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
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Peng K, Sun A, Zhu J, Gao J, Li Y, Shao G, Yang W, Lin Q. Restoration of the ATG5-dependent autophagy sensitizes DU145 prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:638. [PMID: 34386060 PMCID: PMC8298997 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves an important role in cancer cell survival and drug resistance. In the present study, the prostate cancer DU145 cell line was used, which lacks autophagy related 5 (ATG5) expression and is defective in induction of ATG5-dependent autophagy. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of the restoration of autophagy on cell proliferation and migration, and to assess the cytotoxicity caused by chemotherapeutic drugs, using microscopic, wound-healing, western blot and apoptotic assays. The restoration of the autophagic activity in DU145 cells by the overexpression of ATG5 enhanced the cell proliferation and migration rates. Notably, restoration of the ATG5-dependent autophagy in DU145 cells significantly increased the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs, docetaxel and valproic acid, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress inducers, brefeldin A, tunicamycin and thapsigargin. The present study provides a novel perspective on the role of ATG5-dependent autophagy in drug resistance and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Aiqin Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jinyi Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Genbao Shao
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wannian Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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Glantzounis GK, Karampa A, Peristeri DV, Pappas-Gogos G, Tepelenis K, Tzimas P, Cyrochristos DJ. Recent advances in the surgical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:453-465. [PMID: 34276183 PMCID: PMC8276352 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing, despite effective antiviral treatment for hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus infection and the application of preventive measures such as vaccination at birth against HBV infection. This is mainly due to the increase in metabolic syndrome and its hepatic components, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Liver resection and transplantation are the main treatment options, offering long-term survival and potential cure. In this review, the recent advances in the surgical management of HCC are presented. More specifically, the role of liver resection in the intermediate and advanced stages, according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification, is analyzed. In addition, the roles of minimally invasive surgery and of living-related liver transplantation in the management of patients with HCC are discussed. Finally, recent data on the role of molecular markers in the early diagnosis and recurrence of HCC are presented. The management of HCC is complex, as there are several options for each stage of the disease. In order for, each patient to get the maximum benefit, an individualized approach is suggested, in specialized liver units, where cases are discussed in multidisciplinary tumor boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K. Glantzounis
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Anastasia Karampa
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Dimitra V. Peristeri
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - George Pappas-Gogos
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Kostas Tepelenis
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Petros Tzimas
- Department of Anesthesiology (Petros Tzimas), University Hospital of Ioannina and School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
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Paull TT. DNA damage and regulation of protein homeostasis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103155. [PMID: 34116476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of unrepaired DNA lesions is associated with many pathological outcomes in humans, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases and in normal aging. Evidence supporting a causal role for DNA damage in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease has come from rare human patients with mutations in DNA damage response genes as well as from model organisms; however, the generality of this relationship in the normal population is unclear. In addition, the relevance of DNA damage in the context of proteotoxic stress-the widely accepted paradigm for pathology during neurodegeneration-is not well understood. Here, observations supporting intertwined roles of DNA damage and proteotoxicity in aging-related neurological outcomes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on recent insights into the relationships between DNA repair and autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome system, formation of protein aggregates, poly-ADP-ribose polymerization, and transcription-driven DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX, 78712, United States.
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Tegeder I, Kögel D. When lipid homeostasis runs havoc: Lipotoxicity links lysosomal dysfunction to autophagy. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:99-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Merchut-Maya JM, Maya-Mendoza A. The Contribution of Lysosomes to DNA Replication. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051068. [PMID: 33946407 PMCID: PMC8147142 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes, acidic, membrane-bound organelles, are not only the core of the cellular recycling machinery, but they also serve as signaling hubs regulating various metabolic pathways. Lysosomes maintain energy homeostasis and provide pivotal substrates for anabolic processes, such as DNA replication. Every time the cell divides, its genome needs to be correctly duplicated; therefore, DNA replication requires rigorous regulation. Challenges that negatively affect DNA synthesis, such as nucleotide imbalance, result in replication stress with severe consequences for genome integrity. The lysosomal complex mTORC1 is directly involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines to support DNA replication. Numerous drugs have been shown to target lysosomal function, opening an attractive avenue for new treatment strategies against various pathologies, including cancer. In this review, we focus on the interplay between lysosomal function and DNA replication through nucleic acid degradation and nucleotide biosynthesis and how these could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Maria Merchut-Maya
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Genome Integrity, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Apolinar Maya-Mendoza
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-25-73-10
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Wan J, Guo C, Fang H, Xu Z, Hu Y, Luo Y. Autophagy-Related Long Non-coding RNA Is a Prognostic Indicator for Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:647236. [PMID: 33869042 PMCID: PMC8049181 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.647236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant urinary system tumors, and its prognosis is poor. In recent years, autophagy has been closely linked to the development of BC. Therefore, we investigated the potential prognostic role of autophagy-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in patients with BC. We obtained the lncRNA information and autophagy genes, respectively, from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set and the human autophagy database (HADb) and performed a co-expression analysis to identify autophagy gene-associated lncRNAs. Then, we divided the data into training group and testing group. In the training group, 15 autophagy-related lncRNAs were found to have a prognostic value (AC026369.3, USP30-as1, AC007991.2, AC104785.1, AC010503.4, AC037198.1, AC010331.1, AF131215.6, AC084357.2, THUMPD3-AS1, U62317.4, MAN1B1-DTt, AC024060.1, AL662844.4, and AC005229.4). The patients were divided into low-risk group and high-risk group based on the prognostic lncRNAs. The overall survival (OS) time for the high-risk group was shorter than that for the low-risk group [risk ratio (hazard ratio, HR) = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.06-1.10; p < 0.0001]. Using our model, the defined risk value can predict the prognosis of a patient. Next, the model was assessed in the TCGA testing group to further validate these results. A total of 203 patients with BC were recruited to verify the lncRNA characteristics. We divided these patients into high-risk group and low-risk group. The results of testing data set show that the survival time of high-risk patients is shorter than that of low-risk patients. In the training group, the area under the curve (AUC) was more than 0.7, indicating a high level of accuracy. The AUC for a risk model was greater than that for each clinical feature alone, indicating that the risk value of a model was the best indicator for predicting the prognosis. Further training data analysis showed that the gene set was significantly enriched in cancer-related pathways, including actin cytoskeleton regulation and gap junctions. In conclusion, our 15 autophagy-related lncRNAs have a prognostic potential for BC, and may play key roles in the biology of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wan
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongpeng Fang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongye Xu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongwei Hu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang S, Yang Y, Luo D, Zhai L, Bai Y, Wei W, Sun Q, Jia L. Bisphenol A increases TLR4-mediated inflammatory response by up-regulation of autophagy-related protein in lung of adolescent mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128837. [PMID: 33187652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies we found that bisphenol A (BPA) aggravated OVA-induced lung inflammation. The aim of this research was to determine whether BPA exposure alone also induced inflammatory response in the lungs, which mechanism was associated with TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the activation of mTOR-mediated autophagy. Female C57BL/6 mice aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into three groups (10/group): control group, 0.1 and 0.2 μg mL-1 BPA groups. BPA induced the pathological changes in the lung and increased the levels of cytokines and inflammatory cells, as well as affected autophagy related proteins expression. In addition, the RAW264.7 cell culture experiment was conducted in order to confirm the role of autophagy. We found that BPA can enhance autophagy flux by enhancing autophagosome formation. It was further confirmed the details of the mechanism of action with chloroquine (CQ, a compound that inhibits the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes) intervention. The inhibition of autophagy led to down-regulation of expression levels associated with inflammation. This research results indicated that BPA induced inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism may be related to TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the activation of mTOR-mediated autophagy. After autophagy was suppressed, the inflammatory response also weakened. Our findings provide a new perspective into the mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses induced by the environmental exposure. These findings indicate that therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy may provide a new method for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Yilong Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Lingling Zhai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Yinglong Bai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Lihong Jia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
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Ning S, Wang L. How Oncogenic Viruses Exploit p62-Mediated Selective Autophagy for Cancer Development. ANNALS OF IMMUNOLOGY & IMMUNOTHERAPY 2021; 3:134. [PMID: 34632457 PMCID: PMC8496745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, US
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Cararo-Lopes E, Dias MH, da Silva MS, Zeidler JD, Vessoni AT, Reis MS, Boccardo E, Armelin HA. Autophagy buffers Ras-induced genotoxic stress enabling malignant transformation in keratinocytes primed by human papillomavirus. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:194. [PMID: 33602932 PMCID: PMC7892846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Malignant transformation involves an orchestrated rearrangement of cell cycle regulation mechanisms that must balance autonomic mitogenic impulses and deleterious oncogenic stress. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly prevalent in populations around the globe, whereas the incidence of cervical cancer is 0.15%. Since HPV infection primes cervical keratinocytes to undergo malignant transformation, we can assume that the balance between transforming mitogenic signals and oncogenic stress is rarely attained. We showed that highly transforming mitogenic signals triggered by HRasG12V activity in E6E7-HPV-keratinocytes generate strong replication and oxidative stresses. These stresses are counteracted by autophagy induction that buffers the rapid increase of ROS that is the main cause of genotoxic stress promoted by the oncoprotein. As a result, autophagy creates a narrow window of opportunity for malignant keratinocytes to emerge. This work shows that autophagy is crucial to allow the transition of E6E7 keratinocytes from an immortalized to a malignant state caused by HRasG12V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cararo-Lopes
- Center of Toxins, Immune-response and Cell Signaling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Matheus H Dias
- Center of Toxins, Immune-response and Cell Signaling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S da Silva
- Center of Toxins, Immune-response and Cell Signaling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Instituto de Biociência, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Julianna D Zeidler
- Center of Toxins, Immune-response and Cell Signaling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
- Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alexandre T Vessoni
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Marcelo S Reis
- Center of Toxins, Immune-response and Cell Signaling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo A Armelin
- Center of Toxins, Immune-response and Cell Signaling, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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A Compressive Review about Taxol ®: History and Future Challenges. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245986. [PMID: 33348838 PMCID: PMC7767101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol®, which is also known as paclitaxel, is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat different cancers. Since the discovery of its antitumoral activity, Taxol® has been used to treat over one million patients, making it one of the most widely employed antitumoral drugs. Taxol® was the first microtubule targeting agent described in the literature, with its main mechanism of action consisting of the disruption of microtubule dynamics, thus inducing mitotic arrest and cell death. However, secondary mechanisms for achieving apoptosis have also been demonstrated. Despite its wide use, Taxol® has certain disadvantages. The main challenges facing Taxol® are the need to find an environmentally sustainable production method based on the use of microorganisms, increase its bioavailability without exerting adverse effects on the health of patients and minimize the resistance presented by a high percentage of cells treated with paclitaxel. This review details, in a succinct manner, the main aspects of this important drug, from its discovery to the present day. We highlight the main challenges that must be faced in the coming years, in order to increase the effectiveness of Taxol® as an anticancer agent.
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Zhao L, Li W, Luo X, Sheng S. The multifaceted roles of nucleophagy in cancer development and therapy. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:246-257. [PMID: 33219602 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in which the cell degrades its own components and recycles the biomolecules for survival and homeostasis. It is an important cellular process to eliminate pathogens or damaged organelles. Nucleophagy, also termed as nuclear autophagy, is a more recently described subtype of autophagy, in which nuclear components, such as nuclear lamina and DNA, are to be degraded. Nucleophagy plays a double-facet role in the development of cancer. On one hand, the clearance of damaged DNA or nuclear structures via autophagic pathway is crucial to maintain nuclear integrity and prevent tumorigenesis. On the other hand, in later stages of tumor growth, nucleophagy may facilitate cancer cell survival and metastasis in the nutrient-depleted microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the relationship between nucleophagy and cancer along with potential intervention methods to target cancer through manipulating nucleophagy. Given the known observations about nucleophagy, it could be promising to target different nuclear components during the processes of nucleophagy, especially nuclear lamina. Further research on investigating the role of nucleophagy in oncological context could focus on dissecting its remaining molecular pathways and their connection to known tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu, Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- Northwood High School, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Department of Wounds and Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Surui Sheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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44
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Chicote J, Yuste VJ, Boix J, Ribas J. Cell Death Triggered by the Autophagy Inhibitory Drug 3-Methyladenine in Growing Conditions Proceeds With DNA Damage. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:580343. [PMID: 33178023 PMCID: PMC7593545 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.580343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a multistep intracellular catabolic process with pleiotropic implications in cell fate. Attending to its activation, autophagy can be classified into inducible or constitutive. Constitutive, or basal autophagy, unfolds under nutrient-replete conditions to maintain the cellular homeostasis. Autophagy inhibitory drugs are powerful tools to interrogate the role of autophagy and its consequences on cell fate. However, 3-methyladenine and various of these compounds present an intrinsic capacity to trigger cell death, for instance the broadly-employed 3-methyladenine. To elucidate whether the inhibition of basal autophagy is causative of cell demise, we have employed several representative compounds acting at different phases of the autophagic process: initiation (SBI0206965 and MHY1485), nucleation (3-methyladenine, SAR405, Spautin-1 and Cpd18), and completion (Bafilomycin A1 and Chloroquine). These compounds inhibited the basal autophagy of MEF cultures in growing conditions. Among them, 3-methyladenine, SBI-0206965, Chloroquine, and Bafilomycin A1 triggered BAX- and/or BAK-dependent cytotoxicity and caspase activation. 3-methyladenine was the only compound to induce a consistent and abrupt decrease in cell viability across a series of ontologically unrelated human cell lines. 3-methyladenine-induced cytotoxicity was not driven by the inhibition of the AKT/mTOR axis. Autophagy-deficient Fip200-/- MEFs displayed an increased sensitivity to activate caspases and to undergo cell death in response to 3-methyladenine. The cytotoxicity induced by 3-methyladenine correlated with a massive DNA damage, as shown by γ-H2A.X. This genotoxicity was observed at 10 mM 3-methyladenine, the usual concentration to inhibit autophagy and was maximized in Fip200-/- MEFs. In sum, our results suggest that, in growing conditions, autophagy acts as a protective mechanism to diminish the intrinsic cytotoxicity of 3-methyladenine. However, when the cellular stress exerted by 3-methyladenine surpasses the protective effect of basal autophagy, caspase activation and DNA damage compromise the cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Chicote
- Pharmacology of Cellular Stress Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Víctor J Yuste
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Boix
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Judit Ribas
- Pharmacology of Cellular Stress Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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45
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Konac E, Kurman Y, Baltaci S. Contrast effects of autophagy in the treatment of bladder cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:354-367. [PMID: 32954815 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220959336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a disease that negatively affects patients' quality of life, but treatment options have remained unchanged for a long time. Although promising results have been achieved with current bladder cancer treatments, cancer recurrence, progression, and therapy resistance are the most severe problems preventing the efficiency of bladder cancer treatments. Autophagy refers to an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process in which proteins, damaged organelles, and cytoplasmic components are degraded by lysosomal enzymes. Autophagy regulates the therapeutic response to the chemotherapy drugs, thus determining the effect of therapy on cancer cells. Autophagy is a stress-induced cell survival mechanism and its excessive stimulation can cause resistance of tumor cells to therapeutic agents. Depending on the conditions, an increase in autophagy may cause treatment resistance or autophagic cell death, and it is related to important anti-cancer mechanisms, such as apoptosis. Therefore, understanding the roles of autophagy under different conditions is important for designing effective anti-cancer agents. The dual role of autophagy in cancer has attracted considerable attention in respect of bladder cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the basic characteristics of autophagy, including its mechanisms, regulation, and functions, and we present examples from current studies concerning the dual role of autophagy in bladder cancer progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Konac
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Yener Kurman
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
| | - Sümer Baltaci
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06510, Turkey
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46
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Ambrosio S, Majello B. Autophagy Roles in Genome Maintenance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1793. [PMID: 32635505 PMCID: PMC7407194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a considerable correlation has emerged between autophagy and genome integrity. A range of mechanisms appear to be involved where autophagy participates in preventing genomic instability, as well as in DNA damage response and cell fate decision. These initial findings have attracted particular attention in the context of malignancy; however, the crosstalk between autophagy and DNA damage response is just beginning to be explored and key questions remain that need to be addressed, to move this area of research forward and illuminate the overall consequence of targeting this process in human therapies. Here we present current knowledge on the complex crosstalk between autophagy and genome integrity and discuss its implications for cancer cell survival and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Ambrosio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy;
| | - Barbara Majello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Jantrapirom S, Lo Piccolo L, Pruksakorn D, Potikanond S, Nimlamool W. Ubiquilin Networking in Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1586. [PMID: 32549375 PMCID: PMC7352256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquilins or UBQLNs, members of the ubiquitin-like and ubiquitin-associated domain (UBL-UBA) protein family, serve as adaptors to coordinate the degradation of specific substrates via both proteasome and autophagy pathways. The UBQLN substrates reveal great diversity and impact a wide range of cellular functions. For decades, researchers have been attempting to uncover a puzzle and understand the role of UBQLNs in human cancers, particularly in the modulation of oncogene's stability and nucleotide excision repair. In this review, we summarize the UBQLNs' genetic variants that are associated with the most common cancers and also discuss their reliability as a prognostic marker. Moreover, we provide an overview of the UBQLNs networks that are relevant to cancers in different ways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA repairs and miRNAs. Finally, we include a future prospective on novel ubiquilin-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salinee Jantrapirom
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Luca Lo Piccolo
- Omics Center for Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (L.L.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Omics Center for Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (L.L.P.); (D.P.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory and Research Network Center (OLARN), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saranyapin Potikanond
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.J.); (S.P.)
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wutigri Nimlamool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.J.); (S.P.)
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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48
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Mijit M, Caracciolo V, Melillo A, Amicarelli F, Giordano A. Role of p53 in the Regulation of Cellular Senescence. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030420. [PMID: 32182711 PMCID: PMC7175209 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor plays a critical role in cellular responses to stress. Its activation in response to DNA damage leads to cell growth arrest, allowing for DNA repair, or directs cellular senescence or apoptosis, thereby maintaining genome integrity. Senescence is a permanent cell-cycle arrest that has a crucial role in aging, and it also represents a robust physiological antitumor response, which counteracts oncogenic insults. In addition, senescent cells can also negatively impact the surrounding tissue microenvironment and the neighboring cells by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, ultimately triggering tissue dysfunction and/or unfavorable outcomes. This review focuses on the characteristics of senescence and on the recent advances in the contribution of p53 to cellular senescence. Moreover, we also discuss the p53-mediated regulation of several pathophysiological microenvironments that could be associated with senescence and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Mijit
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 67100 Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Caracciolo
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Antonio Melillo
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 67100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 53100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Pathological Roles of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiac Microvascular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010085. [PMID: 31948043 PMCID: PMC7023463 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of cell fate through controlling ATP generation and releasing pro-apoptotic factors. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to the coronary microcirculation has manifestations ranging in severity from reversible edema to interstitial hemorrhage. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardiac microvascular I/R injury including edema, impaired vasomotion, coronary microembolization, and capillary destruction. In contrast to their role in cell types with higher energy demands, mitochondria in endothelial cells primarily function in signaling cellular responses to environmental cues. It is clear that abnormal mitochondrial signatures, including mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy, play a substantial role in endothelial cell function. While the pathogenic role of each of these mitochondrial alterations in the endothelial cells I/R injury remains complex, profiling of mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics in endothelial cell dysfunction may offer promising potential targets in the search for novel diagnostics and therapeutics in cardiac microvascular I/R injury. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on cardiac microvascular endothelial cells dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial fission and fusion, are critically discussed to understand their roles in endothelial cell survival. Finally, mitophagy, as a degradative mechanism for damaged mitochondria, is summarized to figure out its contribution to the progression of microvascular I/R injury.
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50
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Cecconi F. Autophagy, replication stress and DNA synthesis, an intricate relationship. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:829-830. [PMID: 31900426 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cecconi
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata and Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene therapy, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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