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Yu J, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Pei H, Li B. Emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in enzymes related intracellular metabolic pathways in cancer biology. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116831. [PMID: 38824835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming plays critical roles in the development and progression of tumor by providing cancer cells with a sufficient supply of nutrients and other factors needed for fast-proliferating. Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the initiation of metastasis via regulating the metabolic reprogramming in various cancers. In this paper, we aim to summarize that lncRNAs could participate in intracellular nutrient metabolism including glucose, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide, regardless of whether lncRNAs have tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressor function. Meanwhile, modulation of lncRNAs in glucose metabolic enzymes in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer is reviewed. We also discuss therapeutic strategies targeted at interfering with enzyme activity to decrease the utilization of glucoses, amino acid, nucleotide acid and lipid in tumor cells. This review focuses on our current understanding of lncRNAs participating in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, paving the way for further investigation into the combination of such approaches with existing anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of clinical laboratory Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yaqi Xue
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hailong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Bingyan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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2
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Zhu HN, Song DL, Zhang SN, Zheng ZJ, Chen XY, Jin X. Progress in long non-coding RNAs as prognostic factors of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155230. [PMID: 38461693 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is generally recognized as a slow-growing tumor. However, a small subset of patients may still experience relapse or metastasis shortly after therapy, leading to a poor prognosis and raising concerns about excessive medical treatment. One major challenge lies in the inadequacy of effective biomarkers for accurate risk stratification. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are closely related to malignant characteristics and poor prognosis, play a significant role in the genesis and development of PTC through various pathways. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of lncRNAs in PTC, identify prognosis-relevant lncRNAs, and explore their potential mechanisms in drug resistance to BRAF kinase inhibitors, tumor dedifferentiation, and lymph node metastasis. By doing so, this review aims to offer valuable references for both basic research and the prediction of PTC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Dong-Liang Song
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Si-Nan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Zhao-Jie Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Xing-Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China.
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3
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Miao L, Lu C, Zhang B, Li H, Zhao X, Chen H, Liu Y, Cui X. Advances in metabolic reprogramming of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment on the impact of NK therapy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:229. [PMID: 38433193 PMCID: PMC10909296 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are unique from other immune cells in that they can rapidly kill multiple neighboring cells without the need for antigenic pre-sensitization once the cells display surface markers associated with oncogenic transformation. Given the dynamic role of NK cells in tumor surveillance, NK cell-based immunotherapy is rapidly becoming a "new force" in tumor immunotherapy. However, challenges remain in the use of NK cell immunotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors. Many metabolic features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors, including oxygen and nutrient (e.g., glucose, amino acids) deprivation, accumulation of specific metabolites (e.g., lactate, adenosine), and limited availability of signaling molecules that allow for metabolic reorganization, multifactorial shaping of the immune-suppressing TME impairs tumor-infiltrating NK cell function. This becomes a key barrier limiting the success of NK cell immunotherapy in solid tumors. Restoration of endogenous NK cells in the TME or overt transfer of functionally improved NK cells holds great promise in cancer therapy. In this paper, we summarize the metabolic biology of NK cells, discuss the effects of TME on NK cell metabolism and effector functions, and review emerging strategies for targeting metabolism-improved NK cell immunotherapy in the TME to circumvent these barriers to achieve superior efficacy of NK cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Miao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaonan Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China.
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Li S, Peng M, Tan S, Oyang L, Lin J, Xia L, Wang J, Wu N, Jiang X, Peng Q, Zhou Y, Liao Q. The roles and molecular mechanisms of non-coding RNA in cancer metabolic reprogramming. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:37. [PMID: 38238756 PMCID: PMC10795359 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the key features of cancer is energy metabolic reprogramming which is tightly related to cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. NcRNAs are a class of RNAs having no protein-coding potential and mainly include microRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs. Accumulated evidence has suggested that ncRNAs play an essential role in regulating cancer metabolic reprogramming, and the altered metabolic networks mediated by ncRNAs primarily drive carcinogenesis by regulating the expression of metabolic enzymes and transporter proteins. Importantly, accumulated research has revealed that dysregulated ncRNAs mediate metabolic reprogramming contributing to the generation of therapeutic tolerance. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs in cancer metabolic reprogramming can provide promising metabolism-related therapeutic targets for treatment as well as overcome therapeutic tolerance. In conclusion, this review updates the latest molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs related to cancer metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjing Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jiewen Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qiu Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Ma C, Zhang N, Wang T, Guan H, Huang Y, Huang L, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Han L, Huo Y, Yang Y, Zheng H, Yang M. Inflammatory cytokine-regulated LNCPTCTS suppresses thyroid cancer progression via enhancing Snail nuclear export. Cancer Lett 2023; 575:216402. [PMID: 37741431 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node metastases are commonly observed in diverse malignancies where they promote cancer progression and poor outcomes, although the molecular basis is incompletely understood. Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine neoplasm characterized by high frequency of lymph node metastases. Here, we uncover an inflammatory cytokines-controlled epigenetic program during thyroid cancer progression. LNCPTCTS acts as a novel tumor suppressive lncRNA with remarkably decreased expression in thyroid cancer specimens, especially in metastatic lymph nodes. Inflammatory cytokines TNFα or CXCL10, which are released from tumor microenvironment (TME), impair binding capabilities of the transcription factor (TF) EGR1 to the LNCPTCTS promoter and reduce the lncRNA expression in cells. Notably, LNCPTCTS binds to eEF1A2 protein and facilitates the interaction between eEF1A2 and Snail, which promotes Snail nucleus export via the RanGTP-Exp5-aa-tRNA-eEF1A2 complex. Loss of LNCPTCTS in tumors leads to accumulation of Snail in the nucleus, suppressed transcription of E-cadherin and PEBP1, reduced E-cadherin and PEBP1 protein levels, and activated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and MAPK signaling. Our results reveal what we believe to be a novel paradigm between TME and epigenetic reprogram in cancer cells which drives lymph node metastases, therefore illuminating the suitability of LNCPTCTS as a targetable vulnerability in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China; Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nasha Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China; Departemnt of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Linying Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanxiu Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Linyu Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanfei Huo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haitao Zheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Shandong University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zhang ZD, Hou XR, Cao XL, Wang XP. Long non‑coding RNAs, lipid metabolism and cancer (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:470. [PMID: 37664674 PMCID: PMC10468807 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has emerged as the most common cause of death in China. The change in lipid metabolism has been confirmed to have a role in several tumor types, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal and liver cancer. Cancer cells use lipid metabolism for energy and then rapidly proliferate, invade and migrate. The main pathway by which cancer cell lipid metabolism influences cancer progression is increased fatty acid synthesis. Long non-coding (lnc)RNAs are important ncRNAs that were indicated to have significant roles in the development of human tumors. They are considered potential tumor biomarkers. Increased lipid synthesis or uptake due to deregulation of lncRNAs contributes to rapid tumor growth. In the present review, current studies on the relationship between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and the occurrence and development of tumors were collated and summarized, and their mechanism of action was discussed. The review is expected to provide a theoretical basis for tumor treatment and prognosis evaluation based on the effective regulation of lncRNAs and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Zhang
- Graduate School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Rui Hou
- Graduate School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Cao
- Graduate School, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Hypoxia Environment and Life Health, Joint Laboratory for Research on Active Components and Pharmacological Mechanism of Tibetan Medicine, Materia Medica of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, P.R. China
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Zhao R, Yang Z, Zhao B, Li W, Liu Y, Chen X, Cao J, Zhang J, Guo Y, Xu L, Wang J, Sun Y, Liu M, Tian L. A novel tyrosine tRNA-derived fragment, tRF Tyr, induces oncogenesis and lactate accumulation in LSCC by interacting with LDHA. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:49. [PMID: 37365531 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer (t)RNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA), generated from precursor or mature tRNA, is a new type of small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) that has recently been shown to play a vital role in human cancers. However, its role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remains unclear. METHODS We elucidated the expression profiles of tsRNAs in four paired LSCC and non-neoplastic tissues by sequencing and verified the sequencing data by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of 60 paired samples. The tyrosine-tRNA derivative tRFTyr was identified as a novel oncogene in LSCC for further study. Loss-of-function experiments were performed to evaluate the roles of tRFTyr in tumorigenesis of LSCC. Mechanistic experiments including RNA pull-down, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) were employed to uncover the regulatory mechanism of tRFTyr in LSCC. RESULTS tRFTyr was significantly upregulated in LSCC samples. Functional assays showed that knockdown of tRFTyr significantly suppressed the progression of LSCC. A series of mechanistic studies revealed that tRFTyr could enhance the phosphorylated level of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) by interacting with it. The activity of LDHA was also activated, which induced lactate accumulation in LSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data delineated the landscape of tsRNAs in LSCC and identified the oncogenic role of tRFTyr in LSCC. tRFTyr could promote lactate accumulation and tumour progression in LSCC by binding to LDHA. These findings may aid in the development of new diagnostic biomarkers and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaohui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Licheng Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Linli Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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