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Yu J, Ge S, Li J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Wang Y, Liu S, Yu X, Wang Z. Interaction between coronaviruses and the autophagic response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1457617. [PMID: 39650836 PMCID: PMC11621220 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1457617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence and widespread dissemination of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has posed a significant threat to global public health and social development. In order to safely and effectively prevent and control the spread of coronavirus diseases, a profound understanding of virus-host interactions is paramount. Cellular autophagy, a process that safeguards cells by maintaining cellular homeostasis under diverse stress conditions. Xenophagy, specifically, can selectively degrade intracellular pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, thus establishing a robust defense mechanism against such intruders. Coronaviruses have the ability to induce autophagy, and they manipulate this pathway to ensure their efficient replication. While progress has been made in elucidating the intricate relationship between coronaviruses and autophagy, a comprehensive summary of how autophagy either benefits or hinders viral replication remains elusive. In this review, we delve into the mechanisms that govern how different coronaviruses regulate autophagy. We also provide an in-depth analysis of virus-host interactions, particularly focusing on the latest data pertaining to SARS-CoV-2. Our aim is to lay a theoretical foundation for the development of novel coronavirus vaccines and the screening of potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengqiang Ge
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Jiao Xu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojing Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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2
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Qi WH, Tang N, Zhao ZJ, Li XQ. Transient receptor potential channels in viral infectious diseases: Biological characteristics and regulatory mechanisms. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00541-1. [PMID: 39551130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infectious diseases have long posed a challenge to humanity. In recent decades, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have emerged as newly investigated cation channels. Increasing evidence suggests that TRP channel-mediated Ca2+ homeostasis disruptions, along with associated pathological changes, are critical factors in the onset and progression of viral infectious diseases. However, the precise roles and mechanisms of TRP channels in these diseases remain to be systematically elucidated. AIM OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to systematically summarize recent advances in understanding TRP channels in viral infections, and based on current progress and challenges, propose future directions for research. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review summarizes the classification and biological functions of the TRP family, explores the mechanisms by which TRP channels contribute to viral infections, and highlights specific mechanisms at three levels: virus, host, and outcome. These include the direct role in viral biology and replication, the indirect role in host immunity and inflammation, and the resulting pathological changes. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications of the TRP family in the treatment of viral infectious diseases and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Qi
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Research Institution, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Research Institution, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Zhi-Jing Zhao
- Research Institution, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Research Institution, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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3
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Doyle A, Goodson BA, Kolaczkowski OM, Liu R, Jia J, Wang H, Han X, Ye C, Bradfute SB, Kell AM, Lemus MR, Pu J. Manipulation of Host Cholesterol by SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.11.13.623299. [PMID: 39605369 PMCID: PMC11601339 DOI: 10.1101/2024.11.13.623299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with alterations in host lipid metabolism, including disruptions in cholesterol homeostasis. However, the specific mechanisms by which viral proteins influence cholesterol remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces cholesterol sequestration within lysosomes, with the viral protein ORF3a identified as the primary driver of this effect. Mechanistically, we found that ORF3a interacts directly with the HOPS complex subunit VPS39 through a hydrophobic interface formed by residues W193 and Y184. A W193A mutation in ORF3a significantly rescues cholesterol egress and corrects the mislocalization of the lysosomal cholesterol transporter NPC2, which is caused by defective trafficking of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) sorting receptor, the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). We further observed a marked reduction in bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), a lipid essential for lysosomal cholesterol egress, in both SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and ORF3a-expressing cells, suggesting BMP reduction as an additional mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-caused cholesterol sequestration. Inhibition of lysosomal cholesterol egress using the compound U18666A significantly decreased SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting a potential viral strategy of manipulating lysosomal cholesterol to modulate host cell susceptibility. Our findings reveal that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a disrupts cellular cholesterol transport by altering lysosomal protein trafficking and BMP levels, providing new insights into virus-host interactions that contribute to lipid dysregulation in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza Doyle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Baley A. Goodson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Oralia M. Kolaczkowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Steven B. Bradfute
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Alison M. Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Monica Rosas Lemus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Jing Pu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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4
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Kumar S, Nan L, Kalodimou G, Jany S, Freudenstein A, Brandmüller C, Müller K, Girl P, Ehmann R, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Wendtner CM, Volz A, Sutter G, Fux R, Tscherne A. Implementation of an Immunoassay Based on the MVA-T7pol-Expression System for Rapid Identification of Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 Antigens: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10898. [PMID: 39456680 PMCID: PMC11508112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252010898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of hitherto unknown viral pathogens presents a great challenge for researchers to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines within a short time to avoid an uncontrolled global spread, as seen during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, rapid and simple methods to identify immunogenic antigens as potential therapeutical targets are urgently needed for a better pandemic preparedness. To address this problem, we chose the well-characterized Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-T7pol expression system to establish a workflow to identify immunogens when a new pathogen emerges, generate candidate vaccines, and test their immunogenicity in an animal model. By using this system, we detected severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein (N)-, and spike (S)-specific antibodies in COVID-19 patient sera, which is in line with the current literature and our observations from previous immunogenicity studies. Furthermore, we detected antibodies directed against the SARS-CoV-2-membrane (M) and -ORF3a proteins in COVID-19 patient sera and aimed to generate recombinant MVA candidate vaccines expressing either the M or ORF3a protein. When testing our candidate vaccines in a prime-boost immunization regimen in humanized HLA-A2.1-/HLA-DR1-transgenic H-2 class I-/class II-knockout mice, we were able to demonstrate M- and ORF3a-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Hence, the established workflow using the MVA-T7pol expression system represents a rapid and efficient tool to identify potential immunogenic antigens and provides a basis for future development of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satendra Kumar
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
| | - Liangliang Nan
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgia Kalodimou
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany (R.E.)
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
| | - Christine Brandmüller
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
| | - Katharina Müller
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany (R.E.)
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Girl
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany (R.E.)
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany (R.E.)
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Guggemos
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 80804 Munich, Germany; (W.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Seilmaier
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 80804 Munich, Germany; (W.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Clemens-Martin Wendtner
- Medical Clinic III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany (R.E.)
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
| | - Alina Tscherne
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (LMU Munich), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.K.); (L.N.); (G.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany (R.E.)
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5
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Sharma A, Dhavale DD, Kotzbauer PT, Weihl CC. VCP Inhibition Augments NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Inflammation 2024; 47:1868-1883. [PMID: 38563877 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization caused either via phagocytosis of particulates or the uptake of protein aggregates can trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome- an intense inflammatory response that drives the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β by regulating the activity of CASPASE 1. The maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis and lysosomal membrane integrity is facilitated by the AAA+ ATPase, VCP/p97 (VCP). However, the relationship between VCP and NLRP3 inflammasome activity remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the VCP inhibitors, DBeQ and ML240 elicit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) when used as activation stimuli. Moreover, genetic inhibition of VCP or VCP chemical inhibition enhances lysosomal membrane damage and augments LLoME-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMDMs. Similarly, VCP inactivation also augments NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediated by aggregated alpha-synuclein fibrils and lysosomal damage. These data suggest that VCP is a participant in the complex regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dhruva D Dhavale
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Paul T Kotzbauer
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Conrad C Weihl
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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6
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Cheng L, Rui Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Su J, Yu XF. A glimpse into viral warfare: decoding the intriguing role of highly pathogenic coronavirus proteins in apoptosis regulation. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:70. [PMID: 39003473 PMCID: PMC11245872 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses employ various strategies for survival, among which the activation of endogenous or exogenous apoptosis stands out, with viral proteins playing a pivotal role. Notably, highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV exhibit a greater array of non-structural proteins compared to low-pathogenic strains, facilitating their ability to induce apoptosis via multiple pathways. Moreover, these viral proteins are adept at dampening host immune responses, thereby bolstering viral replication and persistence. This review delves into the intricate interplay between highly pathogenic coronaviruses and apoptosis, systematically elucidating the molecular mechanisms underpinning apoptosis induction by viral proteins. Furthermore, it explores the potential therapeutic avenues stemming from apoptosis inhibition as antiviral agents and the utilization of apoptosis-inducing viral proteins as therapeutic modalities. These insights not only shed light on viral pathogenesis but also offer novel perspectives for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Cheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yajuan Rui
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yanpu Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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7
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Khalil B, Sharif-Askari NS, Hafezi S, Sharif-Askari FS, Al Anouti F, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Vitamin D regulates COVID-19 associated severity by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302818. [PMID: 38748756 PMCID: PMC11095707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of vitamin D3 (VitD3) in modulating innate and adaptive immunity has been reported in different disease contexts. Since the start of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the role of VitD3 has been highlighted in many correlational and observational studies. However, the exact mechanisms of action are not well identified. One of the mechanisms via which VitD3 modulates innate immunity is by regulating the NLRP3-inflammasome pathway, being a main underlying cause of SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperinflammation. AIMS AND MAIN METHODS Blood specimens of severe COVID-19 patients with or without VitD3 treatment were collected during their stay in the intensive care unit and patients were followed up for 29 days. qPCR, western blot, and ELISA were done to investigate the mechanism of action of VitD3 on the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. KEY FINDINGS We here report the ability of VitD3 to downregulate the NLRP3-inflammsome pathway in severe COVID-19 patients. Lower inflammasome pathway activation was observed with significantly lower gene and protein expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, ASC and IL-1β among severe COVID-19 patients treated with VitD3. The reduction of the inflammasome pathway was associated with a reduction in disease severity markers and enhancement of type I IFN pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Our data reveals an important anti-inflammatory effect of VitD3 during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further investigations are warranted to better characterize the ability of VitD3 to control disease pathogenesis and prevent progression to severe states. This will allow for a more efficient use of a low cost and accessible treatment like VitD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa Khalil
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shirin Hafezi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatme Al Anouti
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Kumawat P, Agarwal LK, Sharma K. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Potential Targets, Inhibitors, and Computational Insights to Enrich the Promising Treatment Strategies. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:169. [PMID: 38733424 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emphasized the urgent need for effective therapies to combat COVID-19. Investigating the potential targets, inhibitors, and in silico approaches pertinent to COVID-19 are of utmost need to develop novel therapeutic agents and reprofiling of existing FDA-approved drugs. This article reviews the viral enzymes and their counter receptors involved in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, replication of genomic RNA, and controlling the host cell physiology. In addition, the study provides an overview of the computational techniques such as docking simulations, molecular dynamics, QSAR modeling, and homology modeling that have been used to find the FDA-approved drugs and other inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of virus-based and host-based druggable targets from a structural point of view, together with the reported therapeutic compounds against SARS-CoV-2 have also been presented. The current study offers future perspectives for research in the field of network pharmacology investigating the large unexplored molecular libraries. Overall, the present in-depth review aims to expedite the process of identifying and repurposing drugs for researchers involved in the field of COVID-19 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
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9
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Ambrożek-Latecka M, Kozlowski P, Hoser G, Bandyszewska M, Hanusek K, Nowis D, Gołąb J, Grzanka M, Piekiełko-Witkowska A, Schulz L, Hornung F, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Kozlowska E, Skirecki T. SARS-CoV-2 and its ORF3a, E and M viroporins activate inflammasome in human macrophages and induce of IL-1α in pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:191. [PMID: 38664396 PMCID: PMC11045860 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome assembly is a potent mechanism responsible for the host protection against pathogens, including viruses. When compromised, it can allow viral replication, while when disrupted, it can perpetuate pathological responses by IL-1 signaling and pyroptotic cell death. SARS-CoV-2 infection was shown to activate inflammasome in the lungs of COVID-19 patients, however, potential mechanisms responsible for this response are not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of ORF3a, E and M SARS-CoV-2 viroporins in the inflammasome activation in major populations of alveolar sentinel cells: macrophages, epithelial and endothelial cells. We demonstrated that each viroporin is capable of activation of the inflammasome in macrophages to trigger pyroptosis-like cell death and IL-1α release from epithelial and endothelial cells. Small molecule NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors reduced IL-1 release but weakly affected the pyroptosis. Importantly, we discovered that while SARS-CoV-2 could not infect the pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells it induced IL-1α and IL-33 release. Together, these findings highlight the essential role of macrophages as the major inflammasome-activating cell population in the lungs and point to endothelial cell expressed IL-1α as a potential novel component driving the pulmonary immunothromobosis in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ambrożek-Latecka
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Hoser
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bandyszewska
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Hanusek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medial University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luise Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Hornung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ewa Kozlowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, He Y, Li R, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Ma W. Mitochondria protective and anti-apoptotic effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and its ligands on the treatment of asthma in vitro and vivo. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:11. [PMID: 38641850 PMCID: PMC11031857 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a prevalent respiratory inflammatory disease. Abnormal apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells is one of the major factors in the progression of asthma. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors are highly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells, which act as a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore to regulate its opening and closing and apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and its ligands, agonist 4'-Chlorodiazepam (Ro5-4864) and antagonist 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11,195), modulate the mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis in the treatment of asthma. METHODS In vitro study, Ro5-4864 and PK 11,195 were utilized to pretreat cells prior to the inflammatory injury induced by Lipopolysaccharide. The reactive oxygen species, the apoptosis of cell, the mitochondrial membrane potentials, the ultrastructures of the mitochondria and the expression levels of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and apoptosis-related proteins and genes were detected. In vivo study, mice were administrated intraperitoneally with Ro5-4864 and PK 11,195 before sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin. Serum IgE and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines were detected, and lung tissues were underwent the histopathological examination. RESULTS The ligands of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor counteracted the effects of the increase of reactive oxygen species, the elevated extent of apoptosis, the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potentials and the disruption of mitochondrial ultrastructures induced by Lipopolysaccharide. The ligands also promoted the expression of anti-apoptosis-related proteins and genes and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptosis-related proteins and genes. Besides, the ligands reduced the levels of serum IgE and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines in asthmatic mice and attenuated the histopathological damage of lungs. CONCLUSION Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor serves as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma, with its ligands exerting mitochondrial protective and anti-apoptotic effects on bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengze Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuewen He
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruogen Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wuhua Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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11
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Braulke T, Carette JE, Palm W. Lysosomal enzyme trafficking: from molecular mechanisms to human diseases. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:198-210. [PMID: 37474375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes degrade and recycle macromolecules that are delivered through the biosynthetic, endocytic, and autophagic routes. Hydrolysis of the different classes of macromolecules is catalyzed by about 70 soluble enzymes that are transported from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes in a mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)-dependent process. The molecular machinery that generates M6P tags for receptor-mediated targeting of lysosomal enzymes was thought to be understood in detail. However, recent studies on the M6P pathway have identified a previously uncharacterized core component, yielded structural insights in known components, and uncovered functions in various human diseases. Here we review molecular mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme trafficking and discuss its relevance for rare lysosomal disorders, cancer, and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Braulke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, Cell Biology of Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wilhelm Palm
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Daskou M, Fotooh Abadi L, Gain C, Wong M, Sharma E, Kombe Kombe AJ, Nanduri R, Kelesidis T. The Role of the NRF2 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Viral Respiratory Infections. Pathogens 2023; 13:39. [PMID: 38251346 PMCID: PMC10819673 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, acute and chronic respiratory infections caused by viruses are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Respiratory viruses infect airway epithelial cells and induce oxidative stress, yet the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Oxidative stress activates the transcription factor NRF2, which plays a key role in alleviating redox-induced cellular injury. The transcriptional activation of NRF2 has been reported to affect both viral replication and associated inflammation pathways. There is complex bidirectional crosstalk between virus replication and the NRF2 pathway because virus replication directly or indirectly regulates NRF2 expression, and NRF2 activation can reversely hamper viral replication and viral spread across cells and tissues. In this review, we discuss the complex role of the NRF2 pathway in the regulation of the pathogenesis of the main respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses. We also summarize the scientific evidence regarding the effects of the known NRF2 agonists that can be utilized to alter the NRF2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daskou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Leila Fotooh Abadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Chandrima Gain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eashan Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Ravikanth Nanduri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (L.F.A.); (R.N.)
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13
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Baral B, Saini V, Tandon A, Singh S, Rele S, Dixit AK, Parmar HS, Meena AK, Jha HC. SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein induces necroptosis and mediates inflammatory response in lung and colon cells through receptor interacting protein kinase 1. Apoptosis 2023; 28:1596-1617. [PMID: 37658919 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Envelope protein (E) is one of the crucial components in virus assembly and pathogenesis. The current study investigated its role in the SARS-CoV-2-mediated cell death and inflammation in lung and gastrointestinal epithelium and its effect on the gastrointestinal-lung axis. We observed that transfection of E protein increases the lysosomal pH and induces inflammation in the cell. The study utilizing Ethidium bromide/Acridine orange and Hoechst/Propidium iodide staining demonstrated necrotic cell death in E protein transfected cells. Our study revealed the role of the necroptotic marker RIPK1 in cell death. Additionally, inhibition of RIPK1 by its specific inhibitor Nec-1s exhibits recovery from cell death and inflammation manifested by reduced phosphorylation of NFκB. The E-transfected cells' conditioned media induced inflammation with differential expression of inflammatory markers compared to direct transfection in the gastrointestinal-lung axis. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 E mediates inflammation and necroptosis through RIPK1, and the E-expressing cells' secretion can modulate the gastrointestinal-lung axis. Based on the data of the present study, we believe that during severe COVID-19, necroptosis is an alternate mechanism of cell death besides ferroptosis, especially when the disease is not associated with drastic increase in serum ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhadev Baral
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Vaishali Saini
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Akrati Tandon
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Samiksha Rele
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dixit
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, 4-CN Block, Sector-V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Hamendra Singh Parmar
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshashila Campus, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Meena
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Amkhoh, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474001, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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14
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Riegler AN, Benson P, Long K, Leal SM. Differential activation of programmed cell death in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:420. [PMID: 37985756 PMCID: PMC10662024 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe lower airway disease and death in a subset of patients. Knowledge on the relative contribution of programmed cell death (PCD) to lung pathology is limited to few human autopsy studies with small sample size/scope, in vitro cell culture, and experimental model systems. In this study, we sought to identify, localize, and quantify activation of apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in FFPE lung tissues from patients that died from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 28) relative to uninfected controls (n = 13). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, whole-slide imaging, and Image J software was used to localize and quantify expression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and the following PCD protein markers: cleaved Caspase-3, pMLKL, cleaved Gasdermin D, and CD71, respectively. IF showed differential activation of each PCD pathway in infected lungs and dichotomous staining for SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein enabling distinction between high (n = 9) vs low viral burden (n = 19). No differences were observed in apoptosis and ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs relative to uninfected controls. However, both pyroptosis and necroptosis were significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2-infected lungs. Increased pyroptosis was observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected lungs, irrespective of viral burden, suggesting an inflammation-driven mechanism. In contrast, necroptosis exhibited a very strong positive correlation with viral burden (R2 = 0.9925), suggesting a direct SARS-CoV-2 mediated effect. These data indicate a possible novel mechanism for viral-mediated necroptosis and a potential role for both lytic programmed cell death pathways, necroptosis and pyroptosis, in mediating infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh N Riegler
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul Benson
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth Long
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sixto M Leal
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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15
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Busscher BM, Befekadu HB, Liu Z, Xiao TS. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a-Mediated NF-κB Activation Is Not Dependent on TRAF-Binding Sequence. Viruses 2023; 15:2229. [PMID: 38005906 PMCID: PMC10675646 DOI: 10.3390/v15112229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Excessive inflammation is a hallmark of severe COVID-19, and several proteins encoded in the SARS-CoV-2 genome are capable of stimulating inflammatory pathways. Among these, the accessory protein open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) has been implicated in COVID-19 pathology. Here we investigated the roles of ORF3a in binding to TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins and inducing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. X-ray crystallography and a fluorescence polarization assay revealed low-affinity binding between an ORF3a N-terminal peptide and TRAFs, and a dual-luciferase assay demonstrated NF-κB activation by ORF3a. Nonetheless, mutation of the N-terminal TRAF-binding sequence PIQAS in ORF3a did not significantly diminish NF-κB activation in our assay. Our results thus suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 protein may activate NF-κB through alternative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Busscher
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.M.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Henock B. Befekadu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.M.B.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (B.M.B.); (Z.L.)
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16
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Miura K, Suzuki Y, Ishida K, Arakawa M, Wu H, Fujioka Y, Emi A, Maeda K, Hamajima R, Nakano T, Tenno T, Hiroaki H, Morita E. Distinct motifs in the E protein are required for SARS-CoV-2 virus particle formation and lysosomal deacidification in host cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0042623. [PMID: 37830820 PMCID: PMC10617393 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00426-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a global public health crisis. The E protein, a structural protein found in this virus particle, is also known to be a viroporin. As such, it forms oligomeric ion channels or pores in the host cell membrane. However, the relationship between these two functions is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that the roles of E protein in virus particle and viroporin formation are distinct. This study contributes to the development of drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virus particle formation. Additionally, we designed a highly sensitive and high-throughput virus-like particle detection system using the HiBiT tag, which is a useful tool for studying the release of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Miura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masashi Arakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Fujioka
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akino Emi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ryusei Hamajima
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- BeCellBar LLC, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
- BeCellBar LLC, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eiji Morita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
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17
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Malireddi RKS, Bynigeri RR, Mall R, Connelly JP, Pruett-Miller SM, Kanneganti TD. Inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, screen identifies host factors in coronavirus innate immune response as therapeutic targets. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1071. [PMID: 37864059 PMCID: PMC10589293 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the β-coronavirus (β-CoV) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to cause significant global morbidity and mortality. While vaccines have reduced the overall number of severe infections, there remains an incomplete understanding of viral entry and innate immune activation, which can drive pathology. Innate immune responses characterized by positive feedback between cell death and cytokine release can amplify the inflammatory cytokine storm during β-CoV-mediated infection to drive pathology. Therefore, there remains an unmet need to understand innate immune processes in response to β-CoV infections to identify therapeutic strategies. To address this gap, here we used an MHV model and developed a whole genome CRISPR-Cas9 screening approach to elucidate host molecules required for β-CoV infection and inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, in macrophages, a sentinel innate immune cell. Our screen was validated through the identification of the known MHV receptor Ceacam1 as the top hit, and its deletion significantly reduced viral replication due to loss of viral entry, resulting in a downstream reduction in MHV-induced cell death. Moreover, this screen identified several other host factors required for MHV infection-induced macrophage cell death. Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility and power of using genome-wide PANoptosis screens in macrophage cell lines to accelerate the discovery of key host factors in innate immune processes and suggest new targets for therapeutic development to prevent β-CoV-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ratnakar R Bynigeri
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 9639, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jon P Connelly
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering (CAGE), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering (CAGE), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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18
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Huang H, Li X, Zha D, Lin H, Yang L, Wang Y, Xu L, Wang L, Lei T, Zhou Z, Xiao YF, Xin HB, Fu M, Qian Y. SARS-CoV-2 E protein-induced THP-1 pyroptosis is reversed by Ruscogenin. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:303-312. [PMID: 36927169 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an emerging pathogenic coronavirus, has been reported to cause excessive inflammation and dysfunction in multiple cells and organs, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we showed exogenous addition of SARS-CoV-2 envelop protein (E protein) potently induced cell death in cultured cell lines, including THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells, endothelial cells, and bronchial epithelial cells, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. SARS-CoV-2 E protein caused pyroptosis-like cell death in THP-1 and led to GSDMD cleavage. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 E protein upregulated the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines that may be attributed to activation of NF-κB, JNK and p38 signal pathways. Notably, we identified a natural compound, Ruscogenin, effectively reversed E protein-induced THP-1 death via inhibition of NLRP3 activation and GSDMD cleavage. In conclusion, these findings suggested that Ruscogenin may have beneficial effects on preventing SARS-CoV-2 E protein-induced cell death and might be a promising treatment for the complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Huang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Duoduo Zha
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hongru Lin
- Department of Scientific Research, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Lingyi Yang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Luyan Xu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Linsiqi Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Tianhua Lei
- Shock/Trauma Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Shock/Trauma Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yun-Fei Xiao
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mingui Fu
- Shock/Trauma Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yisong Qian
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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19
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Brunetti NS, Davanzo GG, de Moraes D, Ferrari AJR, Souza GF, Muraro SP, Knittel TL, Boldrini VO, Monteiro LB, Virgílio-da-Silva JV, Profeta GS, Wassano NS, Nunes Santos L, Carregari VC, Dias AHS, Veras FP, Tavares LA, Forato J, Castro IMS, Silva-Costa LC, Palma AC, Mansour E, Ulaf RG, Bernardes AF, Nunes TA, Ribeiro LC, Agrela MV, Moretti ML, Buscaratti LI, Crunfli F, Ludwig RG, Gerhardt JA, Munhoz-Alves N, Marques AM, Sesti-Costa R, Amorim MR, Toledo-Teixeira DA, Parise PL, Martini MC, Bispos-Dos-Santos K, Simeoni CL, Granja F, Silvestrini VC, de Oliveira EB, Faca VM, Carvalho M, Castelucci BG, Pereira AB, Coimbra LD, Dias MMG, Rodrigues PB, Gomes ABSP, Pereira FB, Santos LMB, Bloyet LM, Stumpf S, Pontelli MC, Whelan S, Sposito AC, Carvalho RF, Vieira AS, Vinolo MAR, Damasio A, Velloso L, Figueira ACM, da Silva LLP, Cunha TM, Nakaya HI, Marques-Souza H, Marques RE, Martins-de-Souza D, Skaf MS, Proenca-Modena JL, Moraes-Vieira PMM, Mori MA, Farias AS. SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes. eLife 2023; 12:e84790. [PMID: 37523305 PMCID: PMC10390044 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS- CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.
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Grants
- #2295/20 Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- #2021/08354-2 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2015/15626-8 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/14465-1 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #465489/2014-1 Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação
- #01.20.0003.00 Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
- #306248/2017-4 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- #2019/17007-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/04726-2 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2319/20 Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- #2274/20 Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- #2266/20 Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- #2458/20 Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- #2019/16116-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/06372-3 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2020/04583-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2013/08293-7 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2020/04579-7 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2018/14933-2 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2020/04746-0 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/00098-7 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2020/04919-2 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2017/01184-9 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2020/04558-0 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2016/00194-8 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2016/18031- 8 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/22398-2 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/13552-8 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/05155-9 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2019/06459-1 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2017/23920-9 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2016/24163-4 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #2016/23328-0 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- #310287/2018-9 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Brunetti
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G Davanzo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Diogo de Moraes
- Laboratory of Aging Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Allan J R Ferrari
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F Souza
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Primon Muraro
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago L Knittel
- Laboratory of Aging Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vinicius O Boldrini
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lauar B Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Victor Virgílio-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gerson S Profeta
- Laboratory of Aging Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália S Wassano
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luana Nunes Santos
- Brazilian Laboratory on Silencing Technologies (BLaST), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Victor C Carregari
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Artur H S Dias
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flavio P Veras
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto,, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Tavares
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Julia Forato
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Icaro M S Castro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lícia C Silva-Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - André C Palma
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eli Mansour
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raisa G Ulaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana F Bernardes
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thyago A Nunes
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Ribeiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Agrela
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Moretti
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucas I Buscaratti
- Brazilian Laboratory on Silencing Technologies (BLaST), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crunfli
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raissa G Ludwig
- Laboratory of Aging Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline A Gerhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália Munhoz-Alves
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Marques
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renata Sesti-Costa
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariene R Amorim
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Toledo-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pierina Lorencini Parise
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Matheus Cavalheiro Martini
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karina Bispos-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila L Simeoni
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Granja
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Virgínia C Silvestrini
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor M Faca
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Murilo Carvalho
- National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bianca G Castelucci
- National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre B Pereira
- National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laís D Coimbra
- National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marieli M G Dias
- National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia B Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Arilson Bernardo S P Gomes
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B Pereira
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leonilda M B Santos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM) - Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Washington University in St Louis, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, United States
| | - Spencer Stumpf
- Washington University in St Louis, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, United States
| | - Marjorie C Pontelli
- Washington University in St Louis, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, United States
| | - Sean Whelan
- Washington University in St Louis, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, United States
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Arteriosclerosis, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Robson F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - André S Vieira
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco A R Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Damasio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M Figueira
- National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luis L P da Silva
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto,, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Marques-Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian Laboratory on Silencing Technologies (BLaST), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael E Marques
- National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Biomarkers for Neuropsychiatry (INCTINBION), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pedro M M Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Laboratory of Aging Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Farias
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Washington University in St Louis, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, United States
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Cerato JA, da Silva EF, Porto BN. Breaking Bad: Inflammasome Activation by Respiratory Viruses. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:943. [PMID: 37508374 PMCID: PMC10376673 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) family is a group of intracellular sensors activated in response to harmful stimuli, such as invading pathogens. Some NLR family members form large multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes, acting as a platform for activating the caspase-1-induced canonical inflammatory pathway. The canonical inflammasome pathway triggers the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 by the rapid rupture of the plasma cell membrane, subsequently causing an inflammatory cell death program known as pyroptosis, thereby halting viral replication and removing infected cells. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of inflammasome activation in the response against respiratory viral infections, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While inflammasome activity can contribute to the resolution of respiratory virus infections, dysregulated inflammasome activity can also exacerbate immunopathology, leading to tissue damage and hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize how different respiratory viruses trigger inflammasome pathways and what harmful effects the inflammasome exerts along with its antiviral immune response during viral infection in the lungs. By understanding the crosstalk between invading pathogens and inflammasome regulation, new therapeutic strategies can be exploited to improve the outcomes of respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Cerato
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
| | - Emanuelle F. da Silva
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
| | - Barbara N. Porto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (J.A.C.); (E.F.d.S.)
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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21
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Riegler A, Benson P, Long K, Leal S. Differential Activation of Programmed Cell Death in Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3059466. [PMID: 37461686 PMCID: PMC10350212 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3059466/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-2) causes severe lower airway disease and death in a subset of patients. Knowledge on the relative contribution of programmed cell death (PCD) to lung pathology is limited to few human autopsy studies with small sample size/scope, in vitro cell culture, and experimental model systems. In this study, we sought to identify, localize, and quantify activation of apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in FFPE lung tissues from patients that died from severe SARS-2 infection (n=28) relative to uninfected controls (n=13). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, whole-slide imaging, and Image J software was used to localize and quantify expression of SARS-2 nucleoprotein and the following PCD protein markers: cleaved Caspase-3, pMLKL, cleaved Gasdermin D, and CD71, respectively. IF showed differential activation of each PCD pathway in SARS-2 infected lungs and dichotomous staining for SARS-2 nucleoprotein enabling distinction between high (n=9) vs low viral burden (n= 19). No differences were observed in apoptosis and ferroptosis in SARS-2 infected lungs relative to uninfected controls. However, both pyroptosis and necroptosis were significantly increased in SARS-2 infected lungs. Increased pyroptosis was observed in SARS-2 infected lungs, irrespective of viral burden, suggesting an inflammation-driven mechanism. In contrast, necroptosis exhibited a very strong positive correlation with viral burden (R2=0.9925), suggesting a direct SARS-2 mediated effect. These data indicate a possible novel mechanism for viral-mediated necroptosis and a potential role for both lytic programmed cell death pathways, necroptosis and pyroptosis, in mediating infection outcome.
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22
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Yousefi P, Soltani S, Siri G, Rezayat SA, Gholami A, Zafarani A, Razizadeh MH, Alborzi E, Mokhtary‐Irani G, Abedi B, Karampoor S, Tabibzadeh A, Farahani A. Coagulopathy and thromboembolic events a pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 associated with mortality: An updated review. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24941. [PMID: 37431777 PMCID: PMC10431412 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 emerged from China, and during months, COVID-19 spread in many countries around the world. The expanding data about pathogenesis of this virus could elucidate the exact mechanism by which COVID-19 caused death in humans. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of this disease is coagulation. Coagulation disorders that affect both venous and arterial systems occur in patients with COVID-19. The possible mechanism involved in the coagulation could be excessive inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2. However, it is not yet clear well how SARS-CoV-2 promotes coagulopathy. However, some factors, such as pulmonary endothelial cell damage and some anticoagulant system disorders, are assumed to have an important role. In this study, we assessed conducted studies about COVID-19-induced coagulopathy to obtain clearer vision of the wide range of manifestations and possible pathogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Goli Siri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amir Alam HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sara Akhavan Rezayat
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, School of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ali Gholami
- School of MedicineArak University of Medical SciencesArakIran
| | - Alireza Zafarani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Ehsan Alborzi
- Department of Virology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Golnaz Mokhtary‐Irani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of MedicineAhvaz Jondishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Behnam Abedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesKhomein University of Medical SciencesKhomeinIran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesKhomein University of Medical SciencesKhomeinIran
- Molecular and Medicine Research CenterKhomein University of Medical SciencesKhomeinIran
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23
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Liu L, Du J, Yang S, Zheng B, Shen J, Huang J, Cao L, Huang S, Liu X, Guo L, Li C, Ke C, Peng X, Guo D, Peng H. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a sensitizes cells to ferroptosis via Keap1-NRF2 axis. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102752. [PMID: 37245288 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are characterized by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and cytokine storm, which may result from SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death. Previous studies have observed enhanced ROS level and signs of ferroptosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or specimens of patients with COVID-19, but the exact mechanism is not clear yet. Here, we find SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a sensitizes cells to ferroptosis via Keap1-NRF2 axis. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a promotes the degradation of NRF2 through recruiting Keap1, thereby attenuating cellular resistance to oxidative stress and facilitated cells to ferroptotic cell death. Our study uncovers that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a functions as a positive regulator of ferroptosis, which might explain SARS-CoV-2-induced damage in multiple organs in COVID-19 patients and imply the potential of ferroptosis inhibition in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jie Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sidi Yang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Birong Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyao Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xue Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chunmei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Deyin Guo
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Hong Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Study (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Wang F, Peters R, Jia J, Mudd M, Salemi M, Allers L, Javed R, Duque TLA, Paddar MA, Trosdal ES, Phinney B, Deretic V. ATG5 provides host protection acting as a switch in the atg8ylation cascade between autophagy and secretion. Dev Cell 2023; 58:866-884.e8. [PMID: 37054706 PMCID: PMC10205698 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
ATG5 is a part of the E3 ligase directing lipidation of ATG8 proteins, a process central to membrane atg8ylation and canonical autophagy. Loss of Atg5 in myeloid cells causes early mortality in murine models of tuberculosis. This in vivo phenotype is specific to ATG5. Here, we show using human cell lines that absence of ATG5, but not of other ATGs directing canonical autophagy, promotes lysosomal exocytosis and secretion of extracellular vesicles and, in murine Atg5fl/fl LysM-Cre neutrophils, their excessive degranulation. This is due to lysosomal disrepair in ATG5 knockout cells and the sequestration by an alternative conjugation complex, ATG12-ATG3, of ESCRT protein ALIX, which acts in membrane repair and exosome secretion. These findings reveal a previously undescribed function of ATG5 in its host-protective role in murine experimental models of tuberculosis and emphasize the significance of the branching aspects of the atg8ylation conjugation cascade beyond the canonical autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Wang
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ryan Peters
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michal Mudd
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Thabata L A Duque
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Masroor A Paddar
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Einar S Trosdal
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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25
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Vultaggio-Poma V, Sanz JM, Amico A, Violi A, Ghisellini S, Pizzicotti S, Passaro A, Papi A, Libanore M, Di Virgilio F, Giuliani AL. The shed P2X7 receptor is an index of adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182454. [PMID: 37215142 PMCID: PMC10196164 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathophysiology of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is incompletely known. A robust inflammatory response caused by viral replication is a main cause of the acute lung and multiorgan injury observed in critical patients. Inflammasomes are likely players in COVID-19 pathogenesis. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a plasma membrane ATP-gated ion channel, is a main activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, of the ensuing release of inflammatory cytokines and of cell death by pyroptosis. The P2X7R has been implicated in COVID-19-dependent hyperinflammation and in the associated multiorgan damage. Shed P2X7R (sP2X7R) and shed NLRP3 (sNLRP3) have been detected in plasma and other body fluids, especially during infection and inflammation. Methods Blood samples from 96 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with various degrees of disease severity were tested at the time of diagnosis at hospital admission. Standard haematological parameters and IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, sP2X7R and sNLRP3 levels were measured, compared to reference values, statistically validated, and correlated to clinical outcome. Results Most COVID-19 patients included in this study had lymphopenia, eosinopenia, neutrophilia, increased inflammatory and coagulation indexes, and augmented sNLRP3, IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Blood concentration of sP2X7R was also increased, and significantly positively correlated with lymphopenia, procalcitonin (PCT), IL-10, and alanine transaminase (ALT). Patients with increased sP2X7R levels at diagnosis also showed fever and respiratory symptoms, were more often transferred to Pneumology division, required mechanical ventilation, and had a higher likelihood to die during hospitalization. Conclusion Blood sP2X7R was elevated in the early phases of COVID-19 and predicted an adverse clinical outcome. It is suggested that sP2X7R might be a useful marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juana Maria Sanz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutic and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Amico
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Violi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Ghisellini
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Pizzicotti
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Libanore
- Infectious Diseases Unit, St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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26
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Maymand VM, Bavi O, Karami A. Probing the mechanical properties of ORF3a protein, a transmembrane channel of SARS-CoV-2 virus: Molecular dynamics study. Chem Phys 2023; 569:111859. [PMID: 36852417 PMCID: PMC9946729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2023.111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-encoded accessory protein ORF3a was found to be a conserved coronavirus protein that shows crucial roles in apoptosis in cells as well as in virus release and replications. To complete the knowledge and identify the unknown of this protein, further comprehensive research is needed to clarify the leading role of ORF3a in the functioning of the coronavirus. One of the efficient approaches to determining the functionality of this protein is to investigate the mechanical properties and study its structural dynamics in the presence of physical stimuli. Herein, performing all-atom steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, the mechanical properties of the force-bearing components of the ORF3a channel are calculated in different physiological conditions. As variations occurring in ORF3a may lead to alteration in protein structure and function, the G49V mutation was also simulated to clarify the relationship between the mechanical properties and chemical stability of the protein by comparing the behavior of the wild-type and mutant Orf3a. From a physiological conditions point of view, it was observed that in the solvated system, the presence of water molecules reduces Young's modulus of TM1 by ∼30 %. Our results also show that by substitution of Gly49 with valine, Young's modulus of the whole helix increases from 1.61 ± 0.20 to 2.08 ± 0.15 GPa, which is consistent with the calculated difference in free energy of wild-type and mutant helices. In addition to finding a way to fight against Covid-19 disease, understanding the mechanical behavior of these biological nanochannels can lead to the development of the potential applications of the ORF3a protein channel, such as tunable nanovalves in smart drug delivery systems, nanofilters in the new generation of desalination systems, and promising applications in DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Bavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Karami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
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27
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Chen TH, Chang CJ, Hung PH. Possible Pathogenesis and Prevention of Long COVID: SARS-CoV-2-Induced Mitochondrial Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8034. [PMID: 37175745 PMCID: PMC10179190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection may experience chronic fatigue when exercising, despite no obvious heart or lung abnormalities. The present lack of effective treatments makes managing long COVID a major challenge. One of the underlying mechanisms of long COVID may be mitochondrial dysfunction. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can alter the mitochondria responsible for energy production in cells. This alteration leads to mitochondrial dysfunction which, in turn, increases oxidative stress. Ultimately, this results in a loss of mitochondrial integrity and cell death. Moreover, viral proteins can bind to mitochondrial complexes, disrupting mitochondrial function and causing the immune cells to over-react. This over-reaction leads to inflammation and potentially long COVID symptoms. It is important to note that the roles of mitochondrial damage and inflammatory responses caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the development of long COVID are still being elucidated. Targeting mitochondrial function may provide promising new clinical approaches for long-COVID patients; however, further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Peir-Haur Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan;
- Department of Life and Health Science, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717301, Taiwan
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28
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Nie Y, Mou L, Long Q, Deng D, Hu R, Cheng J, Wu J. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a positively regulates NF-κB activity by enhancing IKKβ-NEMO interaction. Virus Res 2023; 328:199086. [PMID: 36894068 PMCID: PMC10009424 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit robust induction of proinflammatory cytokines, which are closely associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of the NF-κB activation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 infection remain poorly understood. Here, we screened SARS-CoV-2 genes and found that ORF3a induces proinflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, we found that ORF3a interacts with IKKβ and NEMO and enhances the interaction of IKKβ-NEMO, thereby positively regulating NF-κB activity. Together, these results suggest ORF3a may play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and provide novel insights into the interaction between host immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; These authors contributed equally: Ying Nie, Lumin Mou
| | - Lumin Mou
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; These authors contributed equally: Ying Nie, Lumin Mou
| | - Qizhou Long
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dongqing Deng
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rongying Hu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jinzhi Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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29
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Sun Q, Li X, Kuang E. Subversion of autophagy machinery and organelle-specific autophagy by SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses. Autophagy 2023; 19:1055-1069. [PMID: 36005882 PMCID: PMC10012907 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2116677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new emerging severe coronavirus, the knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 remains very limited, whereas many concepts can be learned from the homologous coronaviruses. Macroautophagy/autophagy is finely regulated by SARS-CoV-2 infection and plays important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. This review will explore the subversion and mechanism of the autophagy-related machinery, vacuoles and organelle-specific autophagy during infection of SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses to provide meaningful insights into the autophagy-related therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases of SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Sun
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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30
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Fam MS, Sedky CA, Turky NO, Breitinger HG, Breitinger U. Channel activity of SARS-CoV-2 viroporin ORF3a inhibited by adamantanes and phenolic plant metabolites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5328. [PMID: 37005439 PMCID: PMC10067842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for the major worldwide pandemic of COVID-19. Despite the enormous success of vaccination campaigns, virus infections are still prevalent and effective antiviral therapies are urgently needed. Viroporins are essential for virus replication and release, and are thus promising therapeutic targets. Here, we studied the expression and function of recombinant ORF3a viroporin of SARS-CoV-2 using a combination of cell viability assays and patch-clamp electrophysiology. ORF3a was expressed in HEK293 cells and transport to the plasma membrane verified by a dot blot assay. Incorporation of a membrane-directing signal peptide increased plasma membrane expression. Cell viability tests were carried out to measure cell damage associated with ORF3a activity, and voltage-clamp recordings verified its channel activity. The classical viroporin inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine inhibited ORF3a channels. A series of ten flavonoids and polyphenolics were studied. Kaempferol, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, nobiletin, resveratrol and curcumin were ORF3a inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging between 1 and 6 µM, while 6-gingerol, apigenin, naringenin and genistein were inactive. For flavonoids, inhibitory activity could be related to the pattern of OH groups on the chromone ring system. Thus, the ORF3a viroporin of SARS-CoV-2 may indeed be a promising target for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sherif Fam
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Christine Adel Sedky
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Nancy Osama Turky
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Hans-Georg Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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31
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Miller AN, Houlihan PR, Matamala E, Cabezas-Bratesco D, Lee GY, Cristofori-Armstrong B, Dilan TL, Sanchez-Martinez S, Matthies D, Yan R, Yu Z, Ren D, Brauchi SE, Clapham DE. The SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein Orf3a is not an ion channel, but does interact with trafficking proteins. eLife 2023; 12:e84477. [PMID: 36695574 PMCID: PMC9910834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-1 accessory protein Orf3a colocalizes with markers of the plasma membrane, endocytic pathway, and Golgi apparatus. Some reports have led to annotation of both Orf3a proteins as viroporins. Here, we show that neither SARS-CoV-2 nor SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a form functional ion conducting pores and that the conductances measured are common contaminants in overexpression and with high levels of protein in reconstitution studies. Cryo-EM structures of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a display a narrow constriction and the presence of a positively charged aqueous vestibule, which would not favor cation permeation. We observe enrichment of the late endosomal marker Rab7 upon SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a overexpression, and co-immunoprecipitation with VPS39. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a does not cause the same cellular phenotype as SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a and does not interact with VPS39. To explain this difference, we find that a divergent, unstructured loop of SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a facilitates its binding with VPS39, a HOPS complex tethering protein involved in late endosome and autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. We suggest that the added loop enhances SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a's ability to co-opt host cellular trafficking mechanisms for viral exit or host immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ella Matamala
- Physiology Institute and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Deny Cabezas-Bratesco
- Physiology Institute and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Gi Young Lee
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Yan
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Sebastian E Brauchi
- Janelia Research CampusAshburnUnited States
- Physiology Institute and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Universidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
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32
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Guarnieri JW, Angelin A, Murdock DG, Schaefer P, Portluri P, Lie T, Huang J, Wallace DC. SARS-COV-2 viroporins activate the NLRP3-inflammasome by the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1064293. [PMID: 36891303 PMCID: PMC9986324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1064293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Compared to healthy controls, severe COVID19 patients display increased levels of activated NLRP3-inflammasome (NLRP3-I) and interleukin (IL)-1β. SARS-CoV-2 encodes viroporin proteins E and Orf3a(2-E+2-3a) with homologs to SARS-CoV-1, 1-E+1-3a, which elevate NLRP3-I activation; by an unknown mechanism. Thus, we investigated how 2-E+2-3a activates the NLRP3-I to better understand the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19. Methods We generated a polycistronic expression-vector co-expressing 2-E+2-3a from a single transcript. To elucidate how 2-E+2-3a activates the NLRP3-I, we reconstituted the NLRP3-I in 293T cells and used THP1-derived macrophages to monitor the secretion of mature IL-1β. Mitochondrial physiology was assessed using fluorescent microscopy and plate reader assays, and the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was detected from cytosolic-enriched fractions using Real-Time PCR. Results Expression of 2-E+2-3a in 293T cells increased cytosolic Ca++ and elevated mitochondrial Ca++, taken up through the MCUi11-sensitive mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Increased mitochondrial Ca++ stimulated NADH, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production and the release of mtDNA into the cytosol. Expression of 2-E+2-3a in NLRP3-I reconstituted 293T cells and THP1-derived macrophages displayed increased secretion of IL-1β. Increasing mitochondrial antioxidant defenses via treatment with MnTBAP or genetic expression of mCAT abolished 2-E+2-3a elevation of mROS, cytosolic mtDNA levels, and secretion of NLRP3-activated-IL-1β. The 2-E+2-3a-induced release of mtDNA and the secretion of NLRP3-activated-IL-1β were absent in cells lacking mtDNA and blocked in cells treated with the mitochondrial-permeability-pore(mtPTP)-specific inhibitor NIM811. Conclusion Our findings revealed that mROS activates the release of mitochondrial DNA via the NIM811-sensitive mitochondrial-permeability-pore(mtPTP), activating the inflammasome. Hence, interventions targeting mROS and the mtPTP may mitigate the severity of COVID-19 cytokine storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Guarnieri
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alessia Angelin
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deborah G Murdock
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Schaefer
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Prasanth Portluri
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Timothy Lie
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica Huang
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Koifman OI, Maizlish VE, Koifman MO, Lebedeva NS, Yurina ES, Gubarev YA, Gur’ev EL. Complexation ability of tetrasulfosubstituted cobalt(II) phthalocyanine toward ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Russ Chem Bull 2023; 72:233-238. [PMID: 36817559 PMCID: PMC9926408 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Complex formation processes of tetrasulfosubstituted cobalt(II) phthalocyanine with ORF3a accessory protein of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus were studied. The interaction of ORF3a protein with SARS-CoV-2 virus with tetrasulfosubstituted cobalt(II) phthalocyanine affords a stable complex in which metallophthalocyanine exists in the monomeric form. The complex formation induces slight changes in the secondary structure of the protein by increasing the fraction of disordered fragments of the polypeptide chain. The photoirradiation of the complex of ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus with tetrasulfosubstituted cobalt(II) phthalocyanine leads to the photooxidation of amino acid residues of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. I. Koifman
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 ul. Akademicheskaya, 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation ,Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7 Sheremetevskii prosp., 153000 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - V. E. Maizlish
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7 Sheremetevskii prosp., 153000 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - M. O. Koifman
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 ul. Akademicheskaya, 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation ,Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7 Sheremetevskii prosp., 153000 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - N. Sh. Lebedeva
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 ul. Akademicheskaya, 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - E. S. Yurina
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 ul. Akademicheskaya, 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - Yu. A. Gubarev
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 ul. Akademicheskaya, 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - E. L. Gur’ev
- Lobachesky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 4 Ashkhabadskaya ul., 603105 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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34
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De R, Azad RK. Molecular signatures in the progression of COVID-19 severity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22058. [PMID: 36543855 PMCID: PMC9768786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 that has infected over 642 million and killed over 6.6 million people around the globe. Underlying a wide range of clinical manifestations of this disease, from moderate to extremely severe systemic conditions, could be genes or pathways differentially expressing in the hosts. It is therefore important to gain insights into pathways involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis and host defense and thus understand the host response to this pathogen at the physiological and molecular level. To uncover genes and pathways involved in the differential clinical manifestations of this disease, we developed a novel gene co-expression network based pipeline that uses gene expression obtained from different SARS-CoV-2 infected human tissues. We leveraged the network to identify novel genes or pathways that likely differentially express and could be physiologically significant in the COVID-19 pathogenesis and progression but were deemed statistically non-significant and therefore not further investigated in the original studies. Our network-based approach aided in the identification of co-expression modules enriched in differentially expressing genes (DEGs) during different stages of COVID-19 and enabled discovery of novel genes involved in the COVID-19 pathogenesis, by virtue of their transcript abundance and association with genes expressing differentially in modules enriched in DEGs. We further prioritized by considering only those enriched gene modules that have most of their genes differentially expressed, inferred by the original studies or this study, and document here 7 novel genes potentially involved in moderate, 2 in severe, 48 in extremely severe COVID-19, and 96 novel genes involved in the progression of COVID-19 from severe to extremely severe conditions. Our study shines a new light on genes and their networks (modules) that drive the progression of COVID-19 from moderate to extremely severe condition. These findings could aid development of new therapeutics to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronika De
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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35
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Chen Z, Ye SY. Research progress on antiviral constituents in traditional Chinese medicines and their mechanisms of action. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1063-1076. [PMID: 35634712 PMCID: PMC9154771 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2074053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Viruses have the characteristics of rapid transmission and high mortality. At present, western medicines still lack an ideal antiviral. As natural products, many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have certain inhibitory effects on viruses, which has become the hotspot of medical research in recent years. OBJECTIVE The antiviral active ingredients and mechanisms of TCM against viral diseases was studied in combination with the pathogenesis of viral diseases and antiviral effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS English and Chinese literature from 1999 to 2021 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (CP), and CNKI (Chinese). Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), active ingredients, antiviral, mechanism of action, and anti-inflammatory effect were used as the key words. RESULTS The antiviral activity of TCM is clarified to put forward a strategy for discovering active compounds against viruses, and provide reference for screening antivirus drugs from TCM. TCM can not only directly kill viruses and inhibit the proliferation of viruses in cells, but also prevent viruses from infecting cells and causing cytophilia. It can also regulate the human immune system, enhance human immunity, and play an indirect antiviral role. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Based on the experimental study and antiviral mechanism of TCM, this paper can provide analytical evidence that supports the effectiveness of TCM in treating virus infections, as well as their mechanisms against viruses. It could be helpful to provide reference for the research and development of innovative TCMs with multiple components, multiple targets and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-yong Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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36
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Dey R, Samadder A, Nandi S. Selected Phytochemicals to Combat Lungs Injury: Natural Care. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2398-2412. [PMID: 35293289 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220315113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The human has two lungs responsible for respiration and drug metabolism. Severe lung infection caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites may lead to lungs injury. Smoking and tobacco consumption may also produce lungs injury. Inflammatory and pain mediators are secreted by alveolar macrophages. The inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, neutrophils, and fibroblasts are accumulated in the alveoli sac, which becomes infected. It may lead to hypoxia followed by severe pulmonary congestion and the death of the patient. There is an urgent need for the treatment of artificial respiration and ventilation. However, the situation may be the worst for patients suffering from lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and acute pneumonia caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Re-urgency has been happening in the case of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Therefore, it is needed to protect the lungs with the intake of natural phytomedicines. In the present review, several selected phyto components having the potential role in lung injury therapy have been discussed. Regular intake of natural vegetables and fruits bearing these constituents may save the lungs even in the dangerous attack of SARS-CoV-2 in lung cancer, pulmonary TB, and pneumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishita Dey
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Department of Zoology, Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713, India
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37
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Hassan SS, Kodakandla V, Redwan EM, Lundstrom K, Choudhury PP, Serrano-Aroca Á, Azad GK, Aljabali AAA, Palu G, Abd El-Aziz TM, Barh D, Uhal BD, Adadi P, Takayama K, Bazan NG, Tambuwala M, Sherchan SP, Lal A, Chauhan G, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Uversky VN. Non-uniform aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 intraspecies evolution reopen question of its origin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:972-993. [PMID: 36174872 PMCID: PMC9511875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several hypotheses have been presented on the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from its identification as the agent causing the current coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. So far, no solid evidence has been found to support any hypothesis on the origin of this virus, and the issue continue to resurface over and over again. Here we have unfolded a pattern of distribution of several mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 proteins in 24 geo-locations across different continents. The results showed an evenly uneven distribution of the unique protein variants, distinct mutations, unique frequency of common conserved residues, and mutational residues across these 24 geo-locations. Furthermore, ample mutations were identified in the evolutionarily conserved invariant regions in the SARS-CoV-2 proteins across almost all geo-locations studied. This pattern of mutations potentially breaches the law of evolutionary conserved functional units of the beta-coronavirus genus. These mutations may lead to several novel SARS-CoV-2 variants with a high degree of transmissibility and virulence. A thorough investigation on the origin and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 needs to be conducted in the interest of science and for the preparation of meeting the challenges of potential future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur, 721140, West Bengal, India.
| | - Vaishnavi Kodakandla
- Department of Life sciences, Sophia College For Women, University of Mumbai, Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai 400026, India
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | - Pabitra Pal Choudhury
- Indian Statistical Institute, Applied Statistics Unit, 203 B T Road, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigacion Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Cat'olica de Valencia San Vicente Martir, c/Guillem de Castro, 94, 46001 Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 566, Jordan.
| | - Giorgio Palu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, WB, India; Departamento de Geńetica, Ecologia e Evolucao, Instituto de Cíencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, LSU Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Amos Lal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicineand USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia.
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38
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Jia J, Wang F, Bhujabal Z, Peters R, Mudd M, Duque T, Allers L, Javed R, Salemi M, Behrends C, Phinney B, Johansen T, Deretic V. Stress granules and mTOR are regulated by membrane atg8ylation during lysosomal damage. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202207091. [PMID: 36179369 PMCID: PMC9533235 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that lysosomal damage is a hitherto unknown inducer of stress granule (SG) formation and that the process termed membrane atg8ylation coordinates SG formation with mTOR inactivation during lysosomal stress. SGs were induced by lysosome-damaging agents including SARS-CoV-2ORF3a, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and proteopathic tau. During damage, mammalian ATG8s directly interacted with the core SG proteins NUFIP2 and G3BP1. Atg8ylation was needed for their recruitment to damaged lysosomes independently of SG condensates whereupon NUFIP2 contributed to mTOR inactivation via the Ragulator-RagA/B complex. Thus, cells employ membrane atg8ylation to control and coordinate SG and mTOR responses to lysosomal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Fulong Wang
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Autophagy Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ryan Peters
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Michal Mudd
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Thabata Duque
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Terje Johansen
- Autophagy Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
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Lobato TB, Gennari-Felipe M, Pauferro JRB, Correa IS, Santos BF, Dias BB, de Oliveira Borges JC, dos Santos CS, de Sousa Santos ES, de Araújo MJL, Ferreira LA, Pereira SA, Serdan TDA, Levada-Pires AC, Hatanaka E, Borges L, Cury-Boaventura MF, Vinolo MAR, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Gorjão R. Leukocyte metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic individuals associated with COVID-19 severity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037469. [PMID: 36406408 PMCID: PMC9670542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that the metabolic characteristics of different leukocytes, such as, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, undergo changes both in the face of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) condition. Thus, the objective of this review is to establish a correlation between the metabolic changes caused in leukocytes in DM2 and obesity that may favor a worse prognosis during SARS-Cov-2 infection. Chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia, specific and usual characteristics of obesity and DM2, contributes for the SARS-CoV-2 replication and metabolic disturbances in different leukocytes, favoring the proinflammatory response of these cells. Thus, obesity and DM2 are important risk factors for pro-inflammatory response and metabolic dysregulation that can favor the occurrence of the cytokine storm, implicated in the severity and high mortality risk of the COVID-19 in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bertola Lobato
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Matheus Gennari-Felipe
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ilana Souza Correa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Ferreira Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Belmiro Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Carlos de Oliveira Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Soares dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Janaína Leite de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Liliane Araújo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sara Araujo Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leandro Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rui Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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40
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Zhang X, Yang Z, Pan T, Long X, Sun Q, Wang PH, Li X, Kuang E. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a induces RETREG1/FAM134B-dependent reticulophagy and triggers sequential ER stress and inflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Autophagy 2022; 18:2576-2592. [PMID: 35239449 PMCID: PMC9629087 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2039992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections have resulted in a very large number of severe cases of COVID-19 and deaths worldwide. However, knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathogenesis and therapy remains limited, emphasizing the urgent need for fundamental studies and drug development. Studies have shown that induction of macroautophagy/autophagy and hijacking of the autophagic machinery are essential for the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2; however, the mechanism of this manipulation and the function of autophagy during SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. In the present study, we identified ORF3a as an inducer of autophagy (in particular reticulophagy) and revealed that ORF3a localizes to the ER and induces RETREG1/FAM134B-related reticulophagy through the HMGB1-BECN1 (beclin 1) pathway. As a consequence, ORF3a induces ER stress and inflammatory responses through reticulophagy and then sensitizes cells to the acquisition of an ER stress-related early apoptotic phenotype and facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a hijacks reticulophagy and then disrupts ER homeostasis to induce ER stress and inflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings reveal the sequential induction of reticulophagy, ER stress and acute inflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection and imply the therapeutic potential of reticulophagy and ER stress-related drugs for COVID-19.Abbreviations: CQ: chloroquine; DEGs: differentially expressed genes; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GSEA: gene set enrichment analysis; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HMOX1: heme oxygenase 1; MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; RETREG1/FAM134B: reticulophagy regulator 1; RTN4: reticulon 4; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TN: tunicamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwei Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xubing Long
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinqin Sun
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Xiaojuan Li College of Clinic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan430061, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Ersheng Kuang Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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41
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Plant Molecular Pharming and Plant-Derived Compounds towards Generation of Vaccines and Therapeutics against Coronaviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111805. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current century has witnessed infections of pandemic proportions caused by Coronaviruses (CoV) including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related CoV (MERS-CoV) and the recently identified SARS-CoV2. Significantly, the SARS-CoV2 outbreak, declared a pandemic in early 2020, has wreaked devastation and imposed intense pressure on medical establishments world-wide in a short time period by spreading at a rapid pace, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is a compelling need to combat and contain the CoV infections. The current review addresses the unique features of the molecular virology of major Coronaviruses that may be tractable towards antiviral targeting and design of novel preventative and therapeutic intervention strategies. Plant-derived vaccines, in particular oral vaccines, afford safer, effectual and low-cost avenues to develop antivirals and fast response vaccines, requiring minimal infrastructure and trained personnel for vaccine administration in developing countries. This review article discusses recent developments in the generation of plant-based vaccines, therapeutic/drug molecules, monoclonal antibodies and phytochemicals to preclude and combat infections caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Efficacious plant-derived antivirals could contribute significantly to combating emerging and re-emerging pathogenic CoV infections and help stem the tide of any future pandemics.
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42
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Juibari AD, Rezadoost MH, Soleimani M. The key role of Calpain in COVID-19 as a therapeutic strategy. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1479-1491. [PMID: 35635676 PMCID: PMC9149670 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is one of the viral diseases that has caused many deaths and financial losses to humans. Using the available information, this virus appears to activate the host cell-death mechanism through Calpain activation. Calpain inhibition can stop its downstream cascade reactions that cause cell death. Given the main roles of Calpain in the entry and pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2, its inhibition can be effective in controlling the COVID-19. This review describes how the virus activates Calpain by altering calcium flow. When Calpain was activated, the virus can enter the target cell. Subsequently, many complications of the disease, such as inflammation, cytokine storm and pulmonary fibrosis, are caused by virus-activated Calpain function. Calpain inhibitors appear to be a potential drug to control the disease and prevent death from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Doozandeh Juibari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Miller AN, Houlihan PR, Matamala E, Cabezas-Bratesco D, Lee GY, Cristofori-Armstrong B, Dilan TL, Sanchez-Martinez S, Matthies D, Yan R, Yu Z, Ren D, Brauchi SE, Clapham DE. The SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein Orf3a is not an ion channel, but does interact with trafficking proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.09.02.506428. [PMID: 36263072 PMCID: PMC9580380 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.02.506428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV-1 accessory protein Orf3a colocalizes with markers of the plasma membrane, endocytic pathway, and Golgi apparatus. Some reports have led to annotation of both Orf3a proteins as a viroporin. Here we show that neither SARS-CoV-2 nor SARS-CoV-1 form functional ion conducting pores and that the conductances measured are common contaminants in overexpression and with high levels of protein in reconstitution studies. Cryo-EM structures of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a display a narrow constriction and the presence of a basic aqueous vestibule, which would not favor cation permeation. We observe enrichment of the late endosomal marker Rab7 upon SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a overexpression, and co-immunoprecipitation with VPS39. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-1 Orf3a does not cause the same cellular phenotype as SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a and does not interact with VPS39. To explain this difference, we find that a divergent, unstructured loop of SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a facilitates its binding with VPS39, a HOPS complex tethering protein involved in late endosome and autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. We suggest that the added loop enhances SARS-CoV-2 Orf3a ability to co-opt host cellular trafficking mechanisms for viral exit or host immune evasion.
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44
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Hossain A, Akter S, Rashid AA, Khair S, Alam ASMRU. Unique mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants' non-spike proteins: Potential impacts on viral pathogenesis and host immune evasion. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105699. [PMID: 35944840 PMCID: PMC9356572 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent behind the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This virus is a cumulative outcome of mutations, leading to frequent emergence of new variants and their subvariants. Some of them are a matter of high concern, while others are variants of interest for studying the mutational effect. The major five variants of concern (VOCs) are Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.315), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529.*/BA.*). Omicron itself has >100 subvariants at present, among which BA.1 (21K), BA.2 (21L), BA.4 (22A), BA.5 (22B), and BA.2.12.1 (22C) are the dominant ones. Undoubtedly, these variants and sometimes their progeny subvariants have significant differences in their spike region that impart them the unique properties they harbor. But alongside, the mutations in their non-spike regions could also be responsible elements behind their characteristics, such as replication time, virulence, survival, host immune evasion, and such. There exists a probability that these mutations of non-spike proteins may also impart epistatic effects that are yet to be brought to light. The focus of this review encompasses the non-spike mutations of Omicron, especially in its widely circulating subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.12.1). The mutations such as in NSP3, NSP6, NSP13, M protein, ORF7b, and ORF9b are mentioned few of all, which might have led to the varying properties, including growth advantages, higher transmission rate, lower infectivity, and most importantly better host immune evasion through natural killer cell inactivation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion prevention, host protein synthesis disruption, and so on. This aspect of Omicron subvariants has not yet been explored. Further study of alteration of expression or interaction profile of these non-spike mutations bearing proteins, if present, can add a great deal of knowledge to the current understanding of the viral properties and thus effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamica Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shammi Akter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Alfi Anjum Rashid
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sabik Khair
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Rubayet Ul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.
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45
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Tian G, Shi Y, Cao X, Chen W, Gu Y, Li N, Huang C, Zhuang Y, Li G, Liu P, Hu G, Gao X, Guo X. Preparation of the RIPK3 Polyclonal Antibody and Its Application in Immunoassays of Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus-Infected Chickens. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081747. [PMID: 36016369 PMCID: PMC9412573 DOI: 10.3390/v14081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is a vital serine/threonine kinase in regulating the programmed destruction of infected cells to defend against RNA viruses. Although the role of RIPK3 in viruses in mice is well characterized, it remains unclear where in nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) in chickens. Here, we use a self-prepared polyclonal antibody to clarify the abundance of RIPK3 in tissues and define the contributions of RIPK3 in tissue damage caused by NIBV infection in chickens. Western blot analyses showed that RIPK3 polyclonal antibody can specifically recognize RIPK3 in the vital tissues of Hy-Line brown chicks and RIPK3 protein is abundantly expressed in the liver and kidney. Moreover, NIBV significantly upregulated the expression levels of RIPK3 in the trachea and kidney of chicks in a time-dependent manner. In addition, the activation of necroptosis in response to NIBV infection was demonstrated by the coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) experiments through RIPK3 in the necrosome, which phosphorylates its downstream mixed-spectrum kinase structural domain-like protein (MLKL). Our findings offered preliminary insights into the key role of RIPK3 protein in studying the underlying mechanism of organ failure caused by NIBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Tian
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xianhong Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yueming Gu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ning Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Guyue Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaona Gao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (X.G.); Tel.: +86-13870917561 (X.G.); +86-15195717316 (X.G.)
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (X.G.); Tel.: +86-13870917561 (X.G.); +86-15195717316 (X.G.)
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46
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Abstract
Virus-induced cell death has long been thought of as a double-edged sword in the inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. The vital role of iron, an essential element for various enzymes in the maintenance of cellular physiology and efficient viral replication, places it at the crossroads and makes it a micronutrient of competition between the viruses and the host. Viruses can interrupt iron uptake and the antioxidant response system, while others can utilize iron transporter proteins as receptors. Interestingly, the unavailability of iron facilitates certain viral infections and causes cell death characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation and malfunction of the antioxidant system. In this review, we discuss how iron uptake, regulation and metabolism, including the redistribution of iron in the host defense system during viral infection, can induce ferroptosis. Fenton reactions, a central characteristic of ferroptosis, are caused by the increased iron content in the cell. Therefore, viral infections that increase cellular iron content or intestinal iron absorption are likely to cause ferroptosis. In addition, we discuss the hijacking of the iron regulatoy pathway and the antioxidant response, both of which are typical in viral infections. Understanding the potential signaling mechanisms of ferroptosis in viral infections will aid in the development of new therapeutic agents.
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47
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 Exacerbates Mycoplasma pneumoniaevia Promoting Transcription Factor EB-Mediated Autophagy. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:3357694. [PMID: 35965629 PMCID: PMC9357725 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3357694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of TLR4 in M. pneumoniae. Mice were administrated with 100 μl (1 × 107 ccu/ml) of M. pneumoniae. HE staining was applied for histological analysis. The protein expression was determined by western blot. The cytokine level was detected by ELISA. The results showed that TLR4-deficient mice were protected from M. pneumoniae. However, downregulation of TLR4 inhibited inflammatory response and autophagy. Moreover, transcription factor EB (TFEB) participated in M. pneumoniae-induced inflammatory response and autophagy, while knockdown of TLR4 downregulated TFEB and its nuclear translocation.
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48
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Deretic V, Lazarou M. A guide to membrane atg8ylation and autophagy with reflections on immunity. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202203083. [PMID: 35699692 PMCID: PMC9202678 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of membrane atg8ylation, defined herein as the conjugation of the ATG8 family of ubiquitin-like proteins to membrane lipids, is beginning to be appreciated in its broader manifestations, mechanisms, and functions. Classically, membrane atg8ylation with LC3B, one of six mammalian ATG8 family proteins, has been viewed as the hallmark of canonical autophagy, entailing the formation of characteristic double membranes in the cytoplasm. However, ATG8s are now well described as being conjugated to single membranes and, most recently, proteins. Here we propose that the atg8ylation is coopted by multiple downstream processes, one of which is canonical autophagy. We elaborate on these biological outputs, which impact metabolism, quality control, and immunity, emphasizing the context of inflammation and immunological effects. In conclusion, we propose that atg8ylation is a modification akin to ubiquitylation, and that it is utilized by different systems participating in membrane stress responses and membrane remodeling activities encompassing autophagy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Sun D, Mao S, Huang J, Yang Q, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhu D, Jia R, Liu M, Zhao XX, Gao Q, Tian B. Functions of Viroporins in the Viral Life Cycle and Their Regulation of Host Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890549. [PMID: 35720341 PMCID: PMC9202500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are virally encoded transmembrane proteins that are essential for viral pathogenicity and can participate in various stages of the viral life cycle, thereby promoting viral proliferation. Viroporins have multifaceted effects on host cell biological functions, including altering cell membrane permeability, triggering inflammasome formation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and evading immune responses, thereby ensuring that the virus completes its life cycle. Viroporins are also virulence factors, and their complete or partial deletion often reduces virion release and reduces viral pathogenicity, highlighting the important role of these proteins in the viral life cycle. Thus, viroporins represent a common drug-protein target for inhibiting drugs and the development of antiviral therapies. This article reviews current studies on the functions of viroporins in the viral life cycle and their regulation of host cell responses, with the aim of improving the understanding of this growing family of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, China
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50
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Farley SE, Kyle JE, Leier HC, Bramer LM, Weinstein JB, Bates TA, Lee JY, Metz TO, Schultz C, Tafesse FG. A global lipid map reveals host dependency factors conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3487. [PMID: 35715395 PMCID: PMC9203258 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of host dependency factors for SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive. Here, we map alterations in host lipids following SARS-CoV-2 infection using nontargeted lipidomics. We find that SARS-CoV-2 rewires host lipid metabolism, significantly altering hundreds of lipid species to effectively establish infection. We correlate these changes with viral protein activity by transfecting human cells with each viral protein and performing lipidomics. We find that lipid droplet plasticity is a key feature of infection and that viral propagation can be blocked by small-molecule glycerolipid biosynthesis inhibitors. We find that this inhibition was effective against the main variants of concern (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta), indicating that glycerolipid biosynthesis is a conserved host dependency factor that supports this evolving virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scotland E Farley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hans C Leier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jules B Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joon-Yong Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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