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Jiang Y, Xie J, Cheng Q, Cai Z, Xu K, Lu W, Wang F, Wu X, Song Y, Lv T, Zhan P. Comprehensive genomic and spatial immune infiltration analysis of survival outliers in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemoimmunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112901. [PMID: 39151386 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A minority of patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) exhibit prolonged survival following first-line chemoimmunotherapy, which warrants the use of reliable biomarkers. Here, we investigated the disparities in genomics and immune cell spatial distribution between long- and short-term survival of patients with ES-SCLC. METHODS We retrospectively recruited 11 long-term (>2 years) and 13 short-term (<9 months) ES-SCLC survivors receiving first-line chemoimmunotherapy. The samples were processed using targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), programmed death ligand-1 staining, multiplex immunohistochemical staining for immune cells (mIHC), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and chromosomal instability score measurements. The expression of putative genes in SCLC at the bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing levels, as well as the role of putative genes in pan-cancer immunotherapy cohorts, were analyzed. RESULTS At the genomic level, a greater proportion of the smoking signature and higher TMB (>3.1) were associated with favorable survival. At the single-gene and pathway levels, tNGS revealed that MCL1 and STMN1 amplification and alterations in the apoptosis pathway were more common in short-term survivors, whereas alterations in the DLL3, KMT2B, HGF, EPHA3, ADGRB3, lysine deprivation, and HGF-cMET pathways were observed more frequently in long-term survivors. mIHC analysis of immune cells with different spatial distributions revealed that long-term survivors presented increased numbers of M1-like macrophages in all locations and decreased numbers of CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma. Bulk transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that high levels of STMN1 and DLL3 represented an immune-suppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), whereas HGF indicated an immune-responsive TIME. The expression levels of our putative genes were comparative in both TP53/RB1 mutant-type and TP53/RB1 wild-type. At the single-cell level, STMN1, MCL1, and DLL3 were highly expressed among all molecular subtypes (SCLC-A, SCLC-N, and SCLC-P), with STMN1 being enriched in cell division and G2M checkpoint pathways. CONCLUSIONS For ES-SCLC patients receiving first-line chemoimmunotherapy, alterations in DLL3, KMT2B, HGF, EPHA3, and ADGRB3 and a greater proportion of M1-like macrophages infiltration in all locations were predictors of favorable survival, while MCL1 and STMN1 amplification, as well as a greater proportion of CD8+ T cells infiltrating the tumor stroma, predicted worse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jingyuan Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Qinpei Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Zijing Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Wanjun Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Fufeng Wang
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Song
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Ping Zhan
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical School, Nanjing 210002, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210002, China.
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Yang J, Peng Y, Ding Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu C. The Clinicopathological and Molecular Characteristics of Endocervical Gastric-Type Adenocarcinoma and the Use of Claudin18.2 as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100569. [PMID: 39025403 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Endocervical gastric-type adenocarcinoma (GAS) is an aggressive type of endocervical mucinous adenocarcinoma characterized as being unrelated to human papillomavirus (HPV) and resistant to chemo/radiotherapy. In this study, we investigated the histology, immunohistochemistry patterns, and molecular characteristics in a large cohort of GAS (n = 62). Histologically, the majority of GAS cases exhibited a distinct morphology resembling gastric glands, although 2 exceptional cases exhibited HPV-associated adenocarcinoma morphology while retaining the characteristic histology of GAS at the invasive front. By immunohistochemistry, Claudin18.2 emerged as a highly sensitive and specific marker for GAS. Additionally, the strong expression of Claudin18.2 in patients with GAS indicated the potential of anti-Claudin18.2 therapy in the treatment of GAS. Other immunohistochemistry markers, including Muc6, p16, p53, Pax8, ER, and PR, may provide additional diagnostic clues for GAS. Quantitative methylation analysis revealed that the overexpression of Claudin18.2 in GAS was governed by the hypomethylation of the CLDN18.2 promoter CpG islands. To further elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of GAS and its relationship with gastric adenocarcinoma, we performed whole exome sequencing on 11 GAS and 9 gastric adenocarcinomas. TP53, CDKN2A, STK11, and TTN emerged as the most frequently mutated genes in GAS. Mutations in these genes primarily affected cell growth, cell cycle regulation, senescence, and apoptosis. Intriguingly, these top mutated genes in GAS were also commonly mutated in gastric and pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinomas. Regarding germline variants, we identified a probably pathogenic variant in SPINK1, a gene linked to hereditary pancreatic cancer syndrome, in one GAS sample. This finding suggests a potential pathogenic link between pancreatic cancers and GAS. Overall, GAS exhibits molecular characteristics that resemble those observed in gastric and pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinomas, thereby lending support to the aggressive nature of GAS compared with HPV-associated adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Third Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Fourth Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yueping Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Third Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Congrong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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3
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Shrestha P, Kao S, Cheung VK, Cooper WA, van Zandwijk N, Rasko JEJ, Yeo D. Circulating tumor cells: advancing personalized therapy in small cell lung cancer patients. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38956984 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive cancer with a dismal 5-year survival of < 7%, despite the addition of immunotherapy to first-line chemotherapy. Specific tumor biomarkers, such as delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) and schlafen11 (SLFN11), may enable the selection of more efficacious, novel immunomodulating targeted treatments like bispecific T-cell engaging monoclonal antibodies (tarlatamab) and chemotherapy with PARP inhibitors. However, obtaining a tissue biopsy sample can be challenging in SCLC. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have the potential to provide molecular insights into a patient's cancer through a "simple" blood test. CTCs have been studied for their prognostic ability in SCLC; however, their value in guiding treatment decisions is yet to be elucidated. This review explores novel and promising targeted therapies in SCLC, summarizes current knowledge of CTCs in SCLC, and discusses how CTCs can be utilized for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwol Shrestha
- Li Ka Shing Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Precision Oncology Program, Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, Australia
| | - Steven Kao
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
- Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Veronica K Cheung
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Wendy A Cooper
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Nico van Zandwijk
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Concord, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Li Ka Shing Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Precision Oncology Program, Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Dannel Yeo
- Li Ka Shing Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Precision Oncology Program, Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, Australia
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Ledesma DA, Marques-Piubelli ML, Li-Ning-Tapia E, Hudgens C, Gu J, Lazcano R, Casavilca-Zambrano S, Castillo M, Davies MA, Hwu WJ, Aung PP, Giubellino A, Curry JL, Torres-Cabala C. Apoptosis Pathway-Associated Proteins Are Frequently Expressed in Melanoma: A Study of 32 Cases With Focus on Acral Lentiginous Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:410-415. [PMID: 38718197 PMCID: PMC11178464 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is an aggressive type of cutaneous melanoma (CM) that arises on palms, soles, and nail units. ALM is rare in White population, but it is relatively more frequent in dark-skinned populations. There is an unmet need to develop new personalized and more effective treatments strategies for ALM. Increased expression of antiapoptotic proteins (ie, BCL2, MCL1) has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance in multiple tumor types and has been observed in a subset of ALM and mucosal melanoma cell lines in vivo and in vitro. However, little is known about their expression and clinical significance in patients with ALM. Thus, we assessed protein expression of BCL2, MCL1, BIM, and BRAF V600E by immunohistochemistry in 32 melanoma samples from White and Hispanic populations, including ALM and non-ALM (NALM). BCL2, MCL1, and BIM were expressed in both ALM and NALM tumors, and no significant differences in expression of any of these proteins were detected between the groups, in our relatively small cohort. There were no significant associations between protein expression and BRAF V600E status, overall survival, or ethnicity. In summary, ALM and NALM demonstrate frequent expressions of apoptosis-related proteins BCL2, MCL1, and BIM. Our findings suggest that patients with melanoma, including ALM, may be potential candidates for apoptosis-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora A Ledesma
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elsa Li-Ning-Tapia
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Courtney Hudgens
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jun Gu
- School of Health Professions, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Rossana Lazcano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sandro Casavilca-Zambrano
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN), Lima, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Huánuco, Huánuco, Peru (SCZ)
| | - Miluska Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN), Lima, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Huánuco, Huánuco, Peru (SCZ)
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wen-Jen Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alessio Giubellino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN; and
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carlos Torres-Cabala
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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5
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Ogimoto T, Ozasa H, Tsuji T, Funazo T, Yamazoe M, Hashimoto K, Yoshida H, Hosoya K, Ajimizu H, Nomizo T, Yoshida H, Hamaji M, Menju T, Yoshizawa A, Date H, Hirai T. Combination Therapy with EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and TEAD Inhibitor Increases Tumor Suppression Effects in EGFR Mutation-positive Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:564-576. [PMID: 38052760 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the first-line therapies for EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer. EGFR-TKIs have favorable therapeutic effects. However, a large proportion of patients with EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer subsequently relapse. Some cancer cells survive the initial treatment with EGFR-TKIs, and this initial survival may be associated with subsequent recurrence. Therefore, we aimed to overcome the initial survival against EGFR-TKIs. We hypothesized that yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is involved in the initial survival against EGFR-TKIs, and we confirmed the combined effect of EGFR-TKIs and a YAP1-TEAD pathway inhibitor. The KTOR27 (EGFR kinase domain duplication) lung cancer cell lines established from a patient with EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer and commercially available PC-9 and HCC827 (EGFR exon 19 deletions) lung cancer cell lines were used. These cells were used to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effects of VT104, a TEAD inhibitor. In addition, YAP1 involvement was investigated in pathologic specimens. YAP1 was activated by short-term EGFR-TKI treatment in EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer cells. In addition, inhibiting YAP1 function using siRNA increased the sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs. Combination therapy with VT104 and EGFR-TKIs showed better tumor-suppressive effects than EGFR-TKIs alone, in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the combined effect of VT104 and EGFR-TKIs was observed regardless of the localization status of YAP1 before EGFR-TKI exposure. These results suggest that combination therapy with the TEAD inhibitor and EGFR-TKIs may improve the prognosis of patients with EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ogimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ozasa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Funazo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamazoe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Hosoya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ajimizu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomizo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Hamaji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshi Menju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Date
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hosoya K, Ozasa H. Aurora kinase B inhibition in small-cell lung cancer: BCL-2 as a potential therapeutic biomarker and combination target. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2024; 13:689-693. [PMID: 38601438 PMCID: PMC11002497 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hosoya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ozasa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Khan S, Cao L, Wiegand J, Zhang P, Zajac-Kaye M, Kaye FJ, Zheng G, Zhou D. PROTAC-Mediated Dual Degradation of BCL-xL and BCL-2 Is a Highly Effective Therapeutic Strategy in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2024; 13:528. [PMID: 38534371 PMCID: PMC10968744 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BCL-xL and BCL-2 are validated therapeutic targets in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Targeting these proteins with navitoclax (formerly ABT263, a dual BCL-xL/2 inhibitor) induces dose-limiting thrombocytopenia through on-target BCL-xL inhibition in platelets. Therefore, platelet toxicity poses a barrier in advancing the clinical translation of navitoclax. We have developed a strategy to selectively target BCL-xL in tumors, while sparing platelets, by utilizing proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that hijack the cellular ubiquitin proteasome system for target ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. In our previous study, the first-in-class BCL-xL PROTAC, called DT2216, was shown to have synergistic antitumor activities when combined with venetoclax (formerly ABT199, BCL-2-selective inhibitor) in a BCL-xL/2 co-dependent SCLC cell line, NCI-H146 (hereafter referred to as H146), in vitro and in a xenograft model. Guided by these findings, we evaluated our newly developed BCL-xL/2 dual degrader, called 753b, in three BCL-xL/2 co-dependent SCLC cell lines and the H146 xenograft models. 753b was found to degrade both BCL-xL and BCL-2 in these cell lines. Importantly, it was considerably more potent than DT2216, navitoclax, or DT2216 + venetoclax in reducing the viability of BCL-xL/2 co-dependent SCLC cell lines in cell culture. In vivo, 5 mg/kg weekly dosing of 753b was found to lead to significant tumor growth delay, similar to the DT2216 + venetoclax combination in H146 xenografts, by degrading both BCL-xL and BCL-2. Additionally, 753b administration at 5 mg/kg every four days induced tumor regressions. At this dosage, 753b was well tolerated in mice, without observable induction of severe thrombocytopenia as seen with navitoclax, and no evidence of significant changes in mouse body weights. These results suggest that the BCL-xL/2 dual degrader could be an effective and safe therapeutic for a subset of SCLC patients, warranting clinical trials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lin Cao
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Janet Wiegand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Peiyi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maria Zajac-Kaye
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Frederic J. Kaye
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Guangrong Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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8
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Khan S, Cao L, Wiegand J, Zhang P, Zajac-Kaye M, Kaye FJ, Zheng G, Zhou D. PROTAC-mediated dual degradation of BCL-xL and BCL-2 is a highly effective therapeutic strategy in small-cell lung cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.582353. [PMID: 38464204 PMCID: PMC10925307 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BCL-xL and BCL-2 are validated therapeutic targets in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Targeting these proteins with navitoclax (formerly ABT263, a dual BCL-xL/2 inhibitor) induces dose-limiting thrombocytopenia through on-target BCL-xL inhibition in platelets. Therefore, platelet toxicity poses a barrier in advancing the clinical translation of navitoclax. We have developed a strategy to selectively target BCL-xL in tumors, while sparing platelets, by utilizing proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that hijack the cellular ubiquitin proteasome system for target ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. In our previous study, the first-in-class BCL-xL PROTAC, called DT2216, was shown to have synergistic antitumor activities when combined with venetoclax (formerly ABT199, BCL-2-selective inhibitor) in a BCL-xL/2 co-dependent SCLC cell line, NCI-H146 (hereafter referred to as H146), in vitro and in a xenograft model. Guided by these findings, we evaluated our newly developed BCL-xL/2 dual degrader, called 753b, in three BCL-xL/2 co-dependent SCLC cell lines and the H146 xenograft models. 753b was found to degrade both BCL-xL and BCL-2 in these cell lines. Importantly, it was considerably more potent than DT2216, navitoclax, or DT2216+venetoclax to reduce the viability of BCL-xL/2 co-dependent SCLC cell lines in cell culture. In vivo, 5 mg/kg weekly dosing of 753b leads to significant tumor growth delay similar to the DT2216+venetoclax combination in H146 xenografts by degrading both BCL-xL and BCL-2. Additionally, 753b administration at 5 mg/kg every four days induced tumor regressions. 753b at this dosage was well tolerated in mice without induction of severe thrombocytopenia as seen with navitoclax nor induced significant changes in mouse body weights. These results suggest that the BCL-xL/2 dual degrader could be an effective and safe therapeutic for a subset of SCLC patients warranting clinical trials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lin Cao
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Janet Wiegand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peiyi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Zajac-Kaye
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Frederic J. Kaye
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Guangrong Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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9
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Abrehdari-Tafreshi Z, Arefian E, Rakhshani N, Najafi SMA. The Role of miR-29a and miR-143 on the Anti-apoptotic MCL-1/cIAP-2 Genes Expression in EGFR Mutated Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10740-6. [PMID: 38379036 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The survival rate of lung cancer is low due to the high frequency of drug resistance in patients with mutations in the driver genes. Overexpression of anti-apoptotic genes is one of the most prominent features of tumor drug resistance. EGFR signaling induces the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Also, microRNAs (miRNAs) have a critical role in regulating biological functions such as apoptosis; a process mostly eluded in cancer progression. The mutation screening was performed on one thousand non-small cell lung carcinoma patients to enroll clinical samples in this study. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miRNAs (miR-29a, miR-143) might regulate MCL-1 and cIAP-2 expression. We investigated the expression of MCL-1, cIAP-2, miR-29a, and miR-143 encoding genes in adenocarcinoma patients with or without EGFR mutations before treatment. The potential role of miR-29a and miR-143 on gene expression was evaluated by overexpression and luciferase assays in HEK-293T cells. EGFR mutations were found in 262 patients (26.2%) with a greater incidence in females (36.23% vs. 20.37%, P = 0.001). The expression levels of MCL-1 and cIAP-2 genes in patients with mutated EGFR were higher than those of wild-type EGFR. In contrast, compared to those of patients with wild-type EGFR, the expression levels of miR-29a and miR-143 were lower in the patients carrying EGFR mutations. In cell culture, overexpression of miR-29a and miR-143 significantly downregulated the expression of MCL-1 and cIAP-2. Dual-luciferase reporter experiments confirmed that miR-29a and miR-143 target MCL-1 and cIAP-2 mRNAs, respectively. Our results suggest that upregulation of EGFR signaling in lung cancer cells may increase anti-apoptotic MCL-1 and cIAP-2 gene expression, possibly through downregulation of miR-29a-3p and miR-143-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abrehdari-Tafreshi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 1417614481, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Gene, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Rakhshani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mahmoud A Najafi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Chen M, Li S, Jiang L. Clinicopathological molecular characterizations of sinonasal NUT carcinoma: a report of two cases and a literature review. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1296862. [PMID: 38239638 PMCID: PMC10794637 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1296862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma (NC) is a rare, aggressive tumor with a typical NUTM1 gene rearrangement. Methods Herein, we report a series of 2 cases of sinonasal NC: one in a 16-year-old woman and one in a 37-year-old man. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for NUT (C52B1), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and next generation sequencing (NGS) sequencing were performed to investigate the morphological and genetic features of sinonasal NC. Results The two cases presented similar pathological features and IHC markers, and typical morphological changes, including undifferentiated cells and abrupt keratinization, were observed, with numerous mitotic figures and widespread tumor necrosis. Diffuse expression of NUT, CK, p63, and p40 was noted, while the tumors were negative for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, S-100, EBV-ISH, and PD-L1. Both tumors harbored a NUTM1 rearrangement. Subsequent sequencing revealed a rare BRD3::NUTM1 fusion and a classic BRD4::NUTM1 fusion. In addition, MCL1 copy number gain (2.1), low tumor mutation burden and stable microsatellites, were also confirmed. Case 1 received surgery and chemoradiotherapy but died 13 months after local recurrence and subsequent lung and bone metastasis. Case 2 underwent chemoradiotherapy and unfortunately died from the disease 6 months later. A review of all previously reported cases of sinonasal NCs (n=55) revealed that these tumors occur more frequently in female pediatric patients (n=11, male: female =3:8), whereas this sex difference is not observed in adult patients (n=44, male: female =23:21). The median survival times of pediatric and adult patients were 17 and 13.8 months, respectively. Conclusion Sinonasal NC presents typical undifferentiated or poorly differentiated cells, abrupt keratinization features and heterogeneous genotypes, including BRD4::NUTM1 and BRD3::NUTM1 fusions, with low tumor mutation burden and stable microsatellites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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11
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Lee I, Doepner M, Weissenrieder J, Majer AD, Mercado S, Estell A, Natale CA, Sung PJ, Foskett JK, Carroll MP, Ridky TW. LNS8801 inhibits Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Inducing the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Activating the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1594-1606. [PMID: 37599786 PMCID: PMC10438922 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, the 5-year survival rate for adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor and standard-of-care chemotherapy is associated with significant toxicity, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Recent work from our group and others established that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is tumor suppressive in melanoma and other solid tumors. We performed a preliminary screen of human cancer cell lines from multiple malignancies and found that LNS8801, a synthetic pharmacologic agonist of GPER currently in early phase clinical trials, promoted apoptosis in human AML cells. Using human AML cell lines and primary cells, we show that LNS8801 inhibits human AML in preclinical in vitro models, while not affecting normal mononuclear cells. Although GPER is broadly expressed in normal and malignant myeloid cells, this cancer-specific LNS8801-induced inhibition appeared to be independent of GPER signaling. LNS8801 induced AML cell death primarily through a caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. This was independent of secreted classical death receptor ligands, and instead required induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathways including IRE1α. These studies demonstrate a novel activity of LNS8801 in AML cells and show that targeting ER stress with LNS8801 may be a useful therapeutic approach for AML. Significance Previous work demonstrated that LNS8801 inhibits cancer via GPER activation, especially in solid tumors. Here we show that LNS8801 inhibits AML via GPER-independent mechanisms that include ROS induction and ER activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Miriam Doepner
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jillian Weissenrieder
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ariana D. Majer
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sophia Mercado
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela Estell
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher A. Natale
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Linnaeus Therapeutics, Haddonfield, New Jersey
| | - Pamela J. Sung
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New Jersey
| | - J. Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin P. Carroll
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Todd W. Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Valko Z, Megyesfalvi Z, Schwendenwein A, Lang C, Paku S, Barany N, Ferencz B, Horvath-Rozsas A, Kovacs I, Schlegl E, Pozonec V, Boettiger K, Rezeli M, Marko-Varga G, Renyi-Vamos F, Hoda MA, Klikovits T, Hoetzenecker K, Grusch M, Laszlo V, Dome B, Schelch K. Dual targeting of BCL-2 and MCL-1 in the presence of BAX breaks venetoclax resistance in human small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1850-1861. [PMID: 36918717 PMCID: PMC10147697 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No targeted drugs are currently available against small cell lung cancer (SCLC). BCL-2 family members are involved in apoptosis regulation and represent therapeutic targets in many malignancies. METHODS Expression of BCL-2 family members in 27 SCLC cell lines representing all known four SCLC molecular subtypes was assessed by qPCR, Western blot and mass spectrometry-based proteomics. BCL-2 and MCL-1 inhibition (venetoclax and S63845, respectively) was assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry and in mice bearing human SCLC tumours. Drug interactions were calculated using the Combenefit software. Ectopic BAX overexpression was achieved by expression plasmids. RESULTS The highest BCL-2 expression levels were detected in ASCL1- and POU2F3-driven SCLC cells. Although sensitivity to venetoclax was reflected by BCL-2 levels, not all cell lines responded consistently despite their high BCL-2 expression. MCL-1 overexpression and low BAX levels were both characteristic for venetoclax resistance in SCLC, whereas the expression of other BCL-2 family members did not affect therapeutic efficacy. Combination of venetoclax and S63845 resulted in significant, synergistic in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activity and apoptosis induction in double-resistant cells; however, this was seen only in a subset with detectable BAX. In non-responding cells, ectopic BAX overexpression sensitised to venetoclax and S63845 and, furthermore, induced synergistic drug interaction. CONCLUSIONS The current study reveals the subtype specificity of BCL-2 expression and sheds light on the mechanism of venetoclax resistance in SCLC. Additionally, we provide preclinical evidence that combined BCL-2 and MCL-1 targeting is an effective approach to overcome venetoclax resistance in high BCL-2-expressing SCLCs with intact BAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Valko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Schwendenwein
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandor Paku
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nandor Barany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Ferencz
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ildiko Kovacs
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Veronika Pozonec
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristiina Boettiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ferenc Renyi-Vamos
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mir Alireza Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Klikovits
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinik Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Karin Schelch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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BH3 mimetics and TKI combined therapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Biochem J 2023; 480:161-176. [PMID: 36719792 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was considered for a long time one of the most hostile leukemia that was incurable for most of the patients, predominantly due to the extreme resistance to chemotherapy. Part of the resistance to cell death (apoptosis) is the result of increased levels of anti-apoptotic and decreased levels of pro-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family induced by the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. BCR-ABL1 is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase responsible for initiating multiple and oncogenic signaling pathways. With the development of specific BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) CML became a much more tractable disease. Nevertheless, TKIs do not cure CML patients and a substantial number of them develop intolerance or become resistant to the treatment. Therefore, novel anti-cancer strategies must be developed to treat CML patients independently or in combination with TKIs. Here, we will discuss the mechanisms of BCR-ABL1-dependent and -independent resistance to TKIs and the use of BH3-mimetics as a potential tool to fight CML.
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14
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Kaloni D, Diepstraten ST, Strasser A, Kelly GL. BCL-2 protein family: attractive targets for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2023; 28:20-38. [PMID: 36342579 PMCID: PMC9950219 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family members or abnormal reduction of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, both resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, are frequently detected in diverse malignancies. The critical role of the pro-survival and pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins in the regulation of apoptosis makes them attractive targets for the development of agents for the treatment of cancer. This review describes the roles of the various pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 protein family in normal development and organismal function and how defects in the control of apoptosis promote the development and therapy resistance of cancer. Finally, we discuss the development of inhibitors of pro-survival BCL-2 proteins, termed BH3-mimetic drugs, as novel agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Kaloni
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sarah T Diepstraten
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Zhang C, Wang H. Accurate treatment of small cell lung cancer: Current progress, new challenges and expectations. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188798. [PMID: 36096336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly disease with poor prognosis. Fast growing speed, inclination to metastasis, enrichment in cancer stem cells altogether constitute its aggressive nature. In stark contrast to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that strides vigorously on the road to precision oncology, SCLC has been on the embryonic path to achieve effective personalized treatments. The survival of patients with SCLC have not been improved greatly, which could be possibly due to our inadequate understanding of genetic alterations of SCLC. Recently, encouraging effects have been observed in patients with SCLC undergoing immunotherapy. However, exciting results have only been observed in a small fraction of patients with SCLC, warranting biomarkers predictive of responses as well as novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, SCLC has previously been viewed to be homogeneous. However, perspectives have been changed thanks to the advances in sequencing techniques and platforms, which unfolds the complex heterogeneity of SCLC both genetically and non-genetically, rendering the treatment of SCLC a further step forward into the precision era. To outline the road of SCLC towards precision oncology, we summarize the progresses and achievements made in precision treatment in SCLC in genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolic dimensions. Moreover, we conclude relevant therapeutic vulnerabilities in SCLC. Clinically tested drugs and clinical trials have also been demonstrated. Ultimately, we look into the opportunities and challenges ahead to advance the individualized treatment in pursuit of improved survival for patients with SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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16
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Wang D, Lu Y, Li X, Mei N, Wu PY, Geng D, Wu H, Yin B. Evaluation of HIF-1α Expression in a Rat Glioma Model Using Intravoxel Incoherent Motion and R2* Mapping. Front Oncol 2022; 12:902612. [PMID: 35785202 PMCID: PMC9248438 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.902612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate evaluation of HIF-1α levels can facilitate the detection of hypoxia niches in glioma and treatment decisions. To investigate the feasibility of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and R2* Mapping for detecting HIF-1α expression levels, sixteen rats with intracranial C6 gliomas were subjected to IVIM and R2* Mapping using a 7 Tesla MRI scanner. For each model, the brain tissue on the HIF-1α-stained slices was subdivided into multiple square regions of interest (ROIs) with areas of 1 mm2, for which HIF-1α expression was assessed by HALO software to form a maps of HIF scores with a 0–300 range. The IVIM and R2* Mapping images were processed to create maps of the D, D*, f and R2* that were then paired with the corresponding HIF score maps. The average D, D*, f, perfusion (f × D*) and R2* values were calculated for the ROIs in the tumor and normal brain regions with different HIF-1α levels and used in further analysis. In this study, the average tumor size of sixteen C6 model rats was 458 ± 46.52 mm3, and the 482 included ROIs consisted of 280 tumoral and 202 normal ROIs. The average HIF score for the tumor regions was significantly higher than normal brain tissue (p < 0.001), and higher HIF scores were obtained for the central part of tumors than peripheral parts (p=0.03). Compared with normal brain tissues, elevated perfusion and f values were observed in tumor regions (p = 0.021, 0.004). In tumoral ROIs, the R2* values were higher in the group with high HIF-1α expression than in the group with low HIF-1α expression (p = 0.003). A correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the R2* value and HIF scores (r = 0.43, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between D* and the HIF scores (r = -0.30, p = 0.001). Discrepancies in HIF-1α expression were found among different intratumoral areas, and IVIM and R2* Mapping were found to be promising means of noninvasive detection of the distribution and expression level of HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Lu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanxuan Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Mei
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu-Yeh Wu
- Department of MR Research, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Daoying Geng
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu, ; Bo Yin,
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu, ; Bo Yin,
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17
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Reissig TM, Uhrig S, Jost PJ, Luchini C, Vicentini C, Liffers ST, Allgäuer M, Adsay V, Scarpa A, Lawlor RT, Fröhling S, Stenzinger A, Klöppel G, Schildhaus HU, Siveke JT. MCL1 as putative target in pancreatoblastoma. Virchows Arch 2022; 481:265-272. [PMID: 35668118 PMCID: PMC9343273 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatoblastoma (PB) is a rare tumor of the pancreas. In case of metastases, the treatment options are sparse and targeted approaches are not developed. We here evaluate MCL1 amplification as a putative target in PB. Thirteen samples from adult (10/13) and pediatric patients (3/13) were collected. Three of these samples had been previously subjected to whole-exome sequencing (2 cases) or whole-genome sequencing (1 case) within a precision oncology program (NCT/DKTK MASTER), and this analysis had shown copy number gains of MCL1 gene. We established a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test to assess the copy number alterations of MCL1 gene in 13 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded PBs, including the 3 cases assessed by genome sequencing. FISH analysis showed the amplification of MCL1 in 2 cases (both were adult PB), one of which was a case with the highest copy number gain at genomic analysis. In both cases, the average gene copy number per cell was ≥ 5.7 and the MCL1/1p12 ratio was ≥ 2.4. Our data support MCL1 as a putative target in PB. Patients with MCL1-amplified PB might benefit from MCL1 inhibition. Sequencing data is useful to screen for amplification; however, the established FISH for MCL1 can help to determine the level and cellular heterogeneity of MCL1 amplification more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm M Reissig
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Uhrig
- Computational Oncology Group, Molecular Diagnostics Program, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Vicentini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sven-Thorsten Liffers
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Allgäuer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology and Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Fröhling
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Klöppel
- Department of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schildhaus
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Nelson LJ, Castro KE, Xu B, Li J, Dinh NB, Thompson JM, Woytash J, Kipp KR, Razorenova OV. Synthetic lethality of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Dinaciclib with VHL-deficiency allows for selective targeting of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1103-1119. [PMID: 35240916 PMCID: PMC9037521 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2041783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC) remains one of the most deadly forms of kidney cancer despite recent advancements in targeted therapeutics, including tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Unfortunately, these therapies have not been able to show better than a 16% complete response rate. In this study we evaluated a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, Dinaciclib, as a potential new targeted therapeutic for CC-RCC. In vitro, Dinaciclib showed anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on CC-RCC cell lines in Cell Titer Glo, Crystal Violet, FACS-based cell cycle analysis, and TUNEL assays. Additionally, these responses were accompanied by a reduction in phospho-Rb and pro-survival MCL-1 cell signaling responses, as well as the induction of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage. In vivo, Dinaciclib efficiently inhibited primary tumor growth in an orthotopic, patient-derived xenograft-based CC-RCC mouse model. Importantly, Dinaciclib targeted both CD105+ cancer stem cells (CSCs) and CD105− non-CSCs in vivo. Moreover, normal cell lines, as well as a CC-RCC cell line with re-expressed von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene, were protected from Dinaciclib-induced cytotoxicity when not actively dividing, indicating an effective therapeutic window due to synthetic lethality of Dinaciclib treatment with VHL loss. Thus, Dinaciclib represents a novel potential therapeutic for CC-RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kyleen E Castro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Binzhi Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nguyen B Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jordan M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jordan Woytash
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Olga V Razorenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a rapidly growing, highly metastatic, and relatively immune-cold lung cancer subtype. Historically viewed in the laboratory and clinic as a single disease, new discoveries suggest that SCLC comprises multiple molecular subsets. Expression of MYC family members and lineage-related transcription factors ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 (and, in some studies, YAP1) define unique molecular states that have been associated with distinct responses to a variety of therapies. However, SCLC tumors exhibit a high degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, with recent studies suggesting the existence of tumor cell plasticity and phenotypic switching between subtype states. While SCLC plasticity is correlated with, and likely drives, therapeutic resistance, the mechanisms underlying this plasticity are still largely unknown. Subtype states are also associated with immune-related gene expression, which likely impacts response to immune checkpoint blockade and may reveal novel targets for alternative immunotherapeutic approaches. In this review, we synthesize recent discoveries on the mechanisms of SCLC plasticity and how these processes may impinge on antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D Sutherland
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Abbie S Ireland
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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20
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Computational design of an apoptogenic protein that binds BCL-xL and MCL-1 simultaneously and potently. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3019-3029. [PMID: 35782728 PMCID: PMC9218148 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their ability to evade apoptosis, which confers survival advantages and resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Cancers often exhibit overexpression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, the loss of which triggers apoptosis. In particular, the inhibition of both BCL-xL and MCL-1, but neither one individually, synergistically enhances apoptotic cell death. Here, we report computational design to produce a protein that inhibits both BCL-xL and MCL-1 simultaneously. To a reported artificial three-helix bundle whose second helix was designed to bind MCL-1, we added a fourth helix and designed it to bind BCL-xL. After structural validation of the design and further structure-based sequence design, we produced a dual-binding protein that interacts with both BCL-xL and MCL-1 with apparent dissociation constants of 820 pM and 196 pM, respectively. Expression of this dual binder in a subset of cancer cells induced apoptotic cell death at levels significantly higher than those induced by the pro-apoptotic BIM protein. With a genetic fusion of a mitochondria-targeting sequence or the BH3 sequence of BIM, the activity of the dual binder was enhanced even further. These data suggest that targeted delivery of this dual binder alone or as a part of a modular protein to cancers in the form of protein, mRNA, or DNA may be an effective way to induce cancer cell apoptosis.
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21
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Westaby D, Jimenez-Vacas JM, Padilha A, Varkaris A, Balk SP, de Bono JS, Sharp A. Targeting the Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway: A Window of Opportunity for Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:51. [PMID: 35008216 PMCID: PMC8750516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major improvements in the management of advanced prostate cancer over the last 20 years, the disease remains invariably fatal, and new effective therapies are required. The development of novel hormonal agents and taxane chemotherapy has improved outcomes, although primary and acquired resistance remains problematic. Inducing cancer cell death via apoptosis has long been an attractive goal in the treatment of cancer. Apoptosis, a form of regulated cell death, is a highly controlled process, split into two main pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic), and is stimulated by a multitude of factors, including cellular and genotoxic stress. Numerous therapeutic strategies targeting the intrinsic apoptosis pathway are in clinical development, and BH3 mimetics have shown promising efficacy for hematological malignancies. Utilizing these agents for solid malignancies has proved more challenging, though efforts are ongoing. Molecular characterization and the development of predictive biomarkers is likely to be critical for patient selection, by identifying tumors with a vulnerability in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. This review provides an up-to-date overview of cell death and apoptosis, specifically focusing on the intrinsic pathway. It summarizes the latest approaches for targeting the intrinsic apoptosis pathway with BH3 mimetics and discusses how these strategies may be leveraged to treat prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Westaby
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (D.W.); (J.M.J.-V.); (A.P.) (J.S.d.B.)
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Juan M. Jimenez-Vacas
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (D.W.); (J.M.J.-V.); (A.P.) (J.S.d.B.)
| | - Ana Padilha
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (D.W.); (J.M.J.-V.); (A.P.) (J.S.d.B.)
| | - Andreas Varkaris
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (A.V.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (A.V.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Johann S. de Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (D.W.); (J.M.J.-V.); (A.P.) (J.S.d.B.)
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Adam Sharp
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (D.W.); (J.M.J.-V.); (A.P.) (J.S.d.B.)
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SM2 5PT, UK
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22
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Müller D, Mazzeo P, Koch R, Bösherz MS, Welter S, von Hammerstein-Equord A, Hinterthaner M, Cordes L, Belharazem D, Marx A, Ströbel P, Küffer S. Functional apoptosis profiling identifies MCL-1 and BCL-xL as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in advanced thymomas and thymic carcinomas. BMC Med 2021; 19:300. [PMID: 34781947 PMCID: PMC8594228 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-omics studies have shown a high and lack of common driver mutations in most thymomas (TH) and thymic carcinomas (TC) that hamper the development of novel treatment approaches. However, deregulation of apoptosis has been proposed as a common hallmark of TH and TC. BH3 profiling can be utilized to study the readiness of living cancer cells to undergo apoptosis and their dependency on pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins. METHODS We screened a cohort of 62 TH and TC patient samples for expression of BCL-2 family proteins and used the TC cell line 1889c and native TH for dynamic BH3 profiling and treatment with BH3 mimetics. RESULTS Immunohistochemical overexpression of MCL-1 and BCL-xL was a strong prognostic marker of TH and TC, and BH3 profiling indicated a strong dependency on MCL-1 and BCL-xL in TH. Single inhibition of MCL-1 resulted in increased binding of BIM to BCL-xL as an escape mechanism that the combined inhibition of both factors could overcome. Indeed, the inhibition of MCL-1 and BCL-xL in combination induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner in untreated and MCL-1-resistant 1889c cells. CONCLUSION TH and TC are exquisitely dependent on the pro-survival factors MCL-1 and BCL-xL, making them ideal candidates for co-inhibition by BH3 mimetics. Since TH show a heterogeneous dependency on BCL-2 family proteins, upfront BH3 profiling could select patients and tailor the optimal therapy with the least possible toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paolo Mazzeo
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raphael Koch
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark-Sebastian Bösherz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Welter
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Lung Clinic Hemer, Hemer, Germany
| | | | - Marc Hinterthaner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucia Cordes
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Lung Clinic Hemer, Hemer, Germany
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Küffer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Weidle UH, Nopora A. MicroRNAs Involved in Small-cell Lung Cancer as Possible Agents for Treatment and Identification of New Targets. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:591-603. [PMID: 34479913 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer, a neuro-endocrine type of lung cancers, responds very well to chemotherapy-based agents. However, a high frequency of relapse due to adaptive resistance is observed. Immunotherapy-based treatments with checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in improvement of treatment but the responses are not as impressive as in other types of tumor. Therefore, identification of new targets and treatment modalities is an important issue. After searching the literature, we identified eight down-regulated microRNAs involved in radiation- and chemotherapy-induced resistance, as well as three up-regulated and four down-regulated miRNAs with impacts on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, one up-regulated and four down-regulated microRNAs with in vivo activity in SCLC cell xenografts were identified. The identified microRNAs are candidates for inhibition or reconstitution therapy. The corresponding targets are candidates for inhibition or functional reconstitution with antibody-based moieties or small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Adam Nopora
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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24
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Mittal P, Singh S, Sinha R, Shrivastava A, Singh A, Singh IK. Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1): Structural characteristics and application in cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:999-1018. [PMID: 34339789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a major hallmark of cancer cells, regulates cellular fate and homeostasis. BCL-2 (B-cell CLL/Lymphoma 2) protein family is popularly known to mediate the intrinsic mode of apoptosis, of which MCL-1 is a crucial member. Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) is an anti-apoptotic oncoprotein and one of the most investigated members of the BCL-2 family. It is commonly known to be genetically altered, aberrantly overexpressed, and primarily associated with drug resistance in various human cancers. Recent advancements in the development of selective MCL-1 inhibitors and evaluating their effectiveness in cancer treatment establish its popularity as a molecular target. The overall aim is the selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by using a single or combination of BCL-2 family inhibitors. Delineating the precise molecular mechanisms associated with MCL-1-mediated cancer progression will certainly improve the efficacy of clinical interventions aimed at MCL-1 and hence patient survival. This review is structured to highlight the structural characteristics of MCL-1, its specific interactions with NOXA, MCL-1-regulatory microRNAs, and at the same time focus on the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting our protein of interest (MCL-1), alone or in combination with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mittal
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Sujata Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Rajesh Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35205, United States of America
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India.
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25
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Hussein NA, Malla S, Pasternak MA, Terrero D, Brown NG, Ashby CR, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Tiwari AK. The role of endolysosomal trafficking in anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100769. [PMID: 34217999 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle towards curative treatment of cancer. Despite considerable progress in delineating the basis of intrinsic and acquired MDR, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Emerging evidences suggest that dysregulation in endolysosomal compartments is involved in mediating MDR through multiple mechanisms, such as alterations in endosomes, lysosomes and autophagosomes, that traffic and biodegrade the molecular cargo through macropinocytosis, autophagy and endocytosis. For example, altered lysosomal pH, in combination with transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, increases the sequestration of hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs that are weak bases, thereby producing an insufficient and off-target accumulation of anti-cancer drugs in MDR cancer cells. Thus, the use of well-tolerated, alkalinizing compounds that selectively block Vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) may be an important strategy to overcome MDR in cancer cells and increase chemotherapeutic efficacy. Other mechanisms of endolysosomal-mediated drug resistance include increases in the expression of lysosomal proteases and cathepsins that are involved in mediating carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, blocking the trafficking and maturation of lysosomal proteases or direct inhibition of cathepsin activity in the cytosol may represent novel therapeutic modalities to overcome MDR. Furthermore, endolysosomal compartments involved in catabolic pathways, such as macropinocytosis and autophagy, are also shown to be involved in the development of MDR. Here, we review the role of endolysosomal trafficking in MDR development and discuss how targeting endolysosomal pathways could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Saloni Malla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Mariah A Pasternak
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - David Terrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Noah G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, 43614, OH, USA.
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26
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Senichkin VV, Pervushin NV, Zuev AP, Zhivotovsky B, Kopeina GS. Targeting Bcl-2 Family Proteins: What, Where, When? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1210-1226. [PMID: 33202206 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 family are known as regulators of apoptosis, one of the most studied forms of programmed cell death. The Bcl-2 protein family is represented by both pro- and antiapoptotic members. Antiapoptotic proteins are often exploited by tumor cells to avoid their death, thus playing an important role in carcinogenesis and in acquisition of resistance to various therapeutic agents. Therefore, antiapoptotic proteins represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. A detailed investigation of interactions between Bcl-2 family proteins resulted in the development of highly selective inhibitors of individual antiapoptotic members. These agents are currently being actively studied at the preclinical and clinical stages and represent a promising therapeutic strategy, which is highlighted by approval of venetoclax, a selective inhibitor of Bcl-2, for medical use. Meanwhile, inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins has significant therapeutic potential that is yet to be revealed. In the coming era of precision medicine, a detailed study of the mechanisms responsible for the sensitivity or resistance of tumor cells to various therapeutic agents, as well as the search for the most effective combinations, is of great importance. Here, we discuss mechanisms of how the Bcl-2 family proteins function, principles of their inhibition by small molecules, success of this approach in cancer therapy, and, eventually, biochemical features that can be exploited to improve the use of Bcl-2 family inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Senichkin
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - N V Pervushin
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - A P Zuev
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - G S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.
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27
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Juarez-Flores A, Zamudio GS, José MV. Novel gene signatures for stage classification of the squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4835. [PMID: 33649335 PMCID: PMC7921642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC) is one of the most common types of lung cancer. As GLOBOCAN reported in 2018, lung cancer was the first cause of death and new cases by cancer worldwide. Typically, diagnosis is made in the later stages of the disease with few treatment options available. The goal of this work was to find some key components underlying each stage of the disease, to help in the classification of tumor samples, and to increase the available options for experimental assays and molecular targets that could be used in treatment development. We employed two approaches. The first was based in the classic method of differential gene expression analysis, network analysis, and a novel concept known as network gatekeepers. The second approach was using machine learning algorithms. From our combined approach, we identified two sets of genes that could function as a signature to identify each stage of the cancer pathology. We also arrived at a network of 55 nodes, which according to their biological functions, they can be regarded as drivers in this cancer. Although biological experiments are necessary for their validation, we proposed that all these genes could be used for cancer development treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Juarez-Flores
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Gabriel S Zamudio
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Marco V José
- Theoretical Biology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico.
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28
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Bolomsky A, Vogler M, Köse MC, Heckman CA, Ehx G, Ludwig H, Caers J. MCL-1 inhibitors, fast-lane development of a new class of anti-cancer agents. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:173. [PMID: 33308268 PMCID: PMC7731749 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-01007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death escape is one of the most prominent features of tumor cells and closely linked to the dysregulation of members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Among those, the anti-apoptotic family member myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) acts as a master regulator of apoptosis in various human malignancies. Irrespective of its unfavorable structure profile, independent research efforts recently led to the generation of highly potent MCL-1 inhibitors that are currently evaluated in clinical trials. This offers new perspectives to target a so far undruggable cancer cell dependency. However, a detailed understanding about the tumor and tissue type specific implications of MCL-1 are a prerequisite for the optimal (i.e., precision medicine guided) use of this novel drug class. In this review, we summarize the major functions of MCL-1 with a special focus on cancer, provide insights into its different roles in solid vs. hematological tumors and give an update about the (pre)clinical development program of state-of-the-art MCL-1 targeting compounds. We aim to raise the awareness about the heterogeneous role of MCL-1 as drug target between, but also within tumor entities and to highlight the importance of rationale treatment decisions on a case by case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Bolomsky
- Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meike Vogler
- Department of Clinical Hematology, GIGA-I3, University of Liège, CHU De Liège, 35, Dom Univ Sart Tilman B, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Murat Cem Köse
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline A Heckman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland-FIMM, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Grégory Ehx
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz Ludwig
- Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jo Caers
- Department of Clinical Hematology, GIGA-I3, University of Liège, CHU De Liège, 35, Dom Univ Sart Tilman B, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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29
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Yu Z, Du J, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Li Y, Zhao K, Lu N. A novel kinase inhibitor, LZT-106, downregulates Mcl-1 and sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to BH3 mimetic ABT-199 by targeting CDK9 and GSK-3β signaling. Cancer Lett 2020; 498:31-41. [PMID: 33129955 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. Despite advances in treatment with chemotherapy, CRC remains a major cause of drug resistance-related cancer deaths. One of the main reasons for such resistance is dysregulation of Mcl-1 expression. In this study, we identified LZT-106 as a novel kinase inhibitor that was able to bind to CDK9 with potent inhibitory ability, and indirectly regulate the expression of Mcl-1. However, different regulatory profiles were observed between LZT-106 and the well-studied CDK9 inhibitor flavopiridol with regards to Mcl-1 inhibition. Via Western blotting, real-time PCR and immunoprecipitation, we confirmed that LZT-106 was also able to target GSK-3β signaling and facilitate the degradation of Mcl-1. And LZT-106 was shown to synergize with ABT-199 to induce apoptosis even in the RKO cell line that overexpressed Mcl-1. Finally, LZT-106 significantly inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model with minimal toxicity. Overall, our findings suggest that LZT-106 is a promising candidate drug for the treatment of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Pharmaceutical Animal Experimental Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Chemo-photodynamic therapy by pulmonary delivery of gefitinib nanoparticles and 5-aminolevulinic acid for treatment of primary lung cancer of rats. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101807. [PMID: 32404298 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a severe disease with high mortality. Chemotherapy is one major treatment for lung cancer. However, systemic chemotherapeutics usually distribute throughout the body without specific lung distribution so that serious side effects are unavoidable. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is occasionally used for lung cancer treatment but photosensitizers are also systemically administered and the bronchoscopic intervention under anesthesia may hurt lung tissues. Here, we combined inhaled chemotherapeutics and photosensitizers for chemo-photodynamic therapy (CPDT) of primary lung cancer of rats with external laser light irradiation. Gefitinib PLGA nanoparticles (GNPs) were prepared. The anti-cancer effects of GNPs and/or a common photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) were explored on A549 cells (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells) and primary lung cancer rats after intratracheal administration. External light irradiation was applied due to its higher safety compared to internal light irradiation that may result in injuries after a laser optic fiber was intubated into the lung. The remarkable synergistic effect of CPDT was confirmed although the single therapies were also effective, where the high anti-lung cancer effects were shown and some typical lung cancer markers, including CD31, VEGF, NF-κB p65 and Bcl-2, significantly decreased. Moreover, the treatments attenuated inflammation with the downregulation of TNF-α. The combination of pulmonary drug delivery and chemo-photodynamic therapy is a promising strategy for treatment of lung cancer.
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