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Xie K, Liu L, Wang M, Li X, Wang B, Yin S, Chen W, Lin Y, Zhu X. IMPA2 blocks cervical cancer cell apoptosis and induces paclitaxel resistance through p53-mediated AIFM2 regulation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:623-632. [PMID: 37140233 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer continues to be a concern, and the prognosis of locally advanced cervical cancer remains poor. IMPA2 was previously identified as a potential oncogene and regulator of tumor apoptosis. In this study, we aim to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of IMPA2 gene in the regulation of cervical cancer apoptosis. First, we identify AIFM2 as an upregulated gene in IMPA2-silenced cervical cancer cells, and inhibition of AIFM2 reverses IMPA2 knockdown-induced apoptosis. Further study reveals that AIFM2 regulates cell apoptosis in a mitochondrial-dependent manner with a redistribution of mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular Ca2 + levels. However, the analysis of the STRING database and our experimental results show that AIFM2 has little effect on cervical cancer progression and survival. Further mechanistic study demonstrates that IMPA2 and AIFM2 silencing inhibits apoptosis by activating p53. Meanwhile, the knockdown of IMPA2 enhances the chemosensitivity of cervical cancer cells by strengthening paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Based on the above results, the IMPA2/AIFM2/p53 pathway may be a new molecular mechanism for paclitaxel treatment of cervical cancer and an effective strategy to enhance the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to paclitaxel. Our findings display a novel function of IMPA2 in regulating cell apoptosis and paclitaxel resistance mediated by a disturbance of AIFM2 and p53 expression, potentially making it a novel therapeutic target for cervical cancer treatment.
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2
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Chen Q, Shen L, Li S. Emerging role of inositol monophosphatase in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114442. [PMID: 36841024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) is an enzyme with two homologs-IMPA1 and IMPA2-that is responsible for dephosphorylating myo-inositol monophosphate to generate myo-inositol. IMPase has been extensively studied in neuropsychiatric diseases and is regarded as a susceptibility gene. Recently, emerging evidence has implied that IMPase is linked to cancer development and progression and correlates with patient survival outcomes. Interestingly, whether it acts as a tumor-promoter or tumor-suppressor is inconsistent among different research studies. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on IMPase in cancer, focusing on exploring the underlying mechanisms for its pro- and anticancer roles. In addition, we discuss the potential methods of IMPase regulation in cancer cells and the possible approaches for IMPase intervention in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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3
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Liu M, Zhang L, Hu J, Yan C, Zhang Y, Yan Z. LINC01311 exerts an inhibitory effect in thyroid cancer progression by targeting the miR-146b-5p/IMPA2 axis. Transl Oncol 2023; 27:101588. [PMID: 36423383 PMCID: PMC9685481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) play an important role during the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers, including thyroid cancer (TC). Herein, we intended to uncover the role and mechanisms of LINC01311 in TC. METHODS The relative LINC01311, miR-146b-5p, and IMPA2 expressions were quantified by subjecting TC cells and tissues to western blotting and RT-qPCR. CCK-8 and scratch-wound healing assays were carried out for the evaluation of the proliferation and migration of TC cells. The apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry assay and western blotting of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins. Xenograft tumor model was also used to study how LINC01311 functions during TC cell growth. Luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were performed to ascertain miR-146b-5p's interactions with LINC01311 and IMPA2 3'UTR. RESULTS The TC cells and tissues exhibited a downregulation of LINC01311 and IMPA2 and an upregulation of miR-146b-5p. LINC01311 overexpression retarded TC cell growth in vitro as well as in vivo. The luciferase reporter and RIP assays verified that miR-146b-5p recognizes LINC01311 and IMPA2 3'UTR by base pairing. LINC01311 overexpression could counteract the oncogenic effect of miR-146b-5p in vitro. Moreover, IMPA2 upregulation could offset the tumor-promoting effect of miR-146b-5p. CONCLUSION LINC01311-mediated inhibition of TC cell growth was achieved by targeting the miR-146b-5p/IMPA2 axis. These findings support that targeting the LINC01311/miR-146b-5p/IMPA2 axis may be a promising approach against TC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hubei NO.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, No. 26, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China
| | - Linghui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hubei NO.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, No. 26, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China
| | - Juping Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hubei NO.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, No. 26, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China
| | - Chong Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hubei NO.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, No. 26, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hubei NO.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, No. 26, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China
| | - Zhaodan Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Hubei NO.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, No. 26, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei 430033, China.
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Yang S, Xie Y, Zhang T, Deng L, Liao L, Hu S, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Li D. Inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1) promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression through regulating mTOR pathway and EMT process. Cancer Med 2022; 12:1602-1615. [PMID: 35796646 PMCID: PMC9883559 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, which is characterized by high heterogeneity and metabolic dysregulation. Inositol monophosphatase 1(IMPA1) is critical for the metabolism of inositol, which has profound effects on gene expression and other biological processes. Here, we report for the first time that IMPA1 was upregulated in TNBC cell lines and tissues, and enhanced cell colony formation and proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Additionally, IMPA1 promoted cell motility in vitro and metastatic lung colonization in vivo. Mechanistic investigations by transcriptome sequencing revealed that 4782 genes were differentially expressed between cells with IMPA1 knockdown and control cells. Among the differentially expressed genes after IMPA1 knockdown, five significantly altered genes were verified via qRT-PCR assays. Morerover, we found that the expression profile of those five targets as a gene set was significantly associated with IMPA1 status in TNBC cells. As this gene set was associated with mTOR pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, we further confirmed that IMPA1 induced mTOR activity and EMT process, which at least in part contributed to IMPA1-induced TNBC progression. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of IMPA1 in TNBC progression and identify IMPA1 as a potential target for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Ying Yang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi‐Fan Xie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tai‐Mei Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Deng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Li Liao
- Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shu‐Yuan Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yin‐Ling Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fang‐Lin Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Da‐Qiang Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Cancer Institute, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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5
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Aragoneses-Cazorla G, Buendia-Nacarino MP, Mena ML, Luque-Garcia JL. A Multi-Omics Approach to Evaluate the Toxicity Mechanisms Associated with Silver Nanoparticles Exposure. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101762. [PMID: 35630985 PMCID: PMC9146515 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are currently used in many different industrial, commercial and health fields, mainly due to their antibacterial properties. Due to this widespread use, humans and the environment are increasingly exposed to these types of nanoparticles, which is the reason why the evaluation of the potential toxicity associated with AgNPs is of great importance. Although some of the toxic effects induced by AgNPs have already been shown, the elucidation of more complete mechanisms is yet to be achieved. In this sense, and since the integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics approaches constitutes a very useful strategy, in the present study targeted and untargeted metabolomics and DNA microarrays assays have been combined to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity induced by 10 nm AgNPs. The results have shown that AgNPs induce the synthesis of glutathione as a cellular defense mechanism to face the oxidative environment, while inducing the depletion of relevant molecules implicated in the synthesis of important antioxidants. In addition, it has been observed that AgNPs completely impair the intracellular energetic metabolism, especially affecting the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and disrupting the tricarboxylic acids cycle. It has been demonstrated that AgNPs exposure also affects the glycolysis pathway. The effect on such pathway differs depending on the step of the cycle, which a significant increase in the levels of glucose as way to counterbalance the depleted levels of ATP.
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Wang L, Liu D, Liu S, Liao T, Jiao Y, Jiang X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Ma H, Cai H. Identification of IMPA2 as the hub gene associated with colorectal cancer and liver metastasis by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Transl Oncol 2022; 21:101435. [PMID: 35483170 PMCID: PMC9136607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPA2 was selected as the hub gene associated with CRC and liver metastasis by integrated bioinformatics analysis. The expression of IMPA2 was significantly decreased in CRC and liver metastasis samples, and low IMPA2 expression was correlated with poor prognosis. The potential mechanisms of IMPA2-mediated CRC and metastasis may be associated with lipid metabolism and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT).
Background and Objectives Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide with high incidence and mortality rate, while colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the hub gene associated with CRC carcinogenesis and liver metastasis, and then explore its diagnostic and prognostic value as well as the potential regulation mechanism. Methods The overlapping differential co-expression genes among CRC, CRLM, and normal tissues were explored on the GSE49355 and GSE81582 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Then, the hub prognostic genes were selected from the overlapping genes by univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis and online database Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2). Subsequently, the clinical value of the hub genes was evaluated in the TCGA and GSE39582 cohorts. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of the hub gene regulating CRC carcinogenesis and metastasis were explored by Gene function annotation and DNA methylation analysis. Results Inositol mono-phosphatase 2 (IMPA2) was identified as the hub gene associated with CRC carcinogenesis and liver metastasis. IMPA2 had an excellent diagnostic efficiency, and its expression was significantly decreased in CRC and liver metastasis samples, being positively correlated with poor prognosis. Moreover, its low expression was associated with AJCC stage III+IV, T4, N1+2, and M1. In addition, our results revealed that the potential mechanisms used by IMPA2 to mediate CRC carcinogenesis and metastasis could be associated with lipid metabolism and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Finally, IMPA2 expression could be regulated by DNA methylation. Conclusions IMPA2 was identified and reported for the first time as a hub gene biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC, which could regulate CRC carcinogenesis and liver metastasis through the regulation of lipid metabolism, EMT, and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuli Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, No. 199, Donggang WestRoad, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Treatment of Surgical tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Deming Liu
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, No. 199, Donggang WestRoad, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tianyi Liao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, No. 199, Donggang WestRoad, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yajun Jiao
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, China
| | | | - Yongfeng Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaqiong Chen
- Medical Department of Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haizhong Ma
- Department of Quality Control, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hui Cai
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, No. 199, Donggang WestRoad, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Treatment of Surgical tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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7
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Regner MJ, Wisniewska K, Garcia-Recio S, Thennavan A, Mendez-Giraldez R, Malladi VS, Hawkins G, Parker JS, Perou CM, Bae-Jump VL, Franco HL. A multi-omic single-cell landscape of human gynecologic malignancies. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4924-4941.e10. [PMID: 34739872 PMCID: PMC8642316 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Deconvolution of regulatory mechanisms that drive transcriptional programs in cancer cells is key to understanding tumor biology. Herein, we present matched transcriptome (scRNA-seq) and chromatin accessibility (scATAC-seq) profiles at single-cell resolution from human ovarian and endometrial tumors processed immediately following surgical resection. This dataset reveals the complex cellular heterogeneity of these tumors and enabled us to quantitatively link variation in chromatin accessibility to gene expression. We show that malignant cells acquire previously unannotated regulatory elements to drive hallmark cancer pathways. Moreover, malignant cells from within the same patients show substantial variation in chromatin accessibility linked to transcriptional output, highlighting the importance of intratumoral heterogeneity. Finally, we infer the malignant cell type-specific activity of transcription factors. By defining the regulatory logic of cancer cells, this work reveals an important reliance on oncogenic regulatory elements and highlights the ability of matched scRNA-seq/scATAC-seq to uncover clinically relevant mechanisms of tumorigenesis in gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Regner
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Kamila Wisniewska
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Susana Garcia-Recio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Aatish Thennavan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Raul Mendez-Giraldez
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Venkat S. Malladi
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Gabrielle Hawkins
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Victoria L. Bae-Jump
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Division of Gynecology Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hector L. Franco
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA,Lead contact.,Correspondence:
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8
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Parkes EE, Humphries MP, Gilmore E, Sidi FA, Bingham V, Phyu SM, Craig S, Graham C, Miller J, Griffin D, Salto-Tellez M, Madden SF, Kennedy RD, Bakhoum SF, McQuaid S, Buckley NE. The clinical and molecular significance associated with STING signaling in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:81. [PMID: 34172750 PMCID: PMC8233333 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STING signaling in cancer is a crucial component of response to immunotherapy and other anti-cancer treatments. Currently, there is no robust method of measuring STING activation in cancer. Here, we describe an immunohistochemistry-based assay with digital pathology assessment of STING in tumor cells. Using this novel approach in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and ER- breast cancer, we identify perinuclear-localized expression of STING (pnSTING) in ER+ cases as an independent predictor of good prognosis, associated with immune cell infiltration and upregulation of immune checkpoints. Tumors with low pnSTING are immunosuppressed with increased infiltration of "M2"-polarized macrophages. In ER- disease, pnSTING does not appear to have a significant prognostic role with STING uncoupled from interferon responses. Importantly, a gene signature defining low pnSTING expression is predictive of poor prognosis in independent ER+ datasets. Low pnSTING is associated with chromosomal instability, MYC amplification and mTOR signaling, suggesting novel therapeutic approaches for this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen E Parkes
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Matthew P Humphries
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Elaine Gilmore
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fatima A Sidi
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Victoria Bingham
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Su M Phyu
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Craig
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Catherine Graham
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Joseph Miller
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Daryl Griffin
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Integrated Pathology Programme, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Stephen F Madden
- Data Science Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland, UK
| | - Richard D Kennedy
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Northern Ireland Biobank, Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Niamh E Buckley
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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