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Mills M, Emori C, Kumar P, Boucher Z, George J, Bolcun-Filas E. Single-cell and bulk transcriptional profiling of mouse ovaries reveals novel genes and pathways associated with DNA damage response in oocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578648. [PMID: 38352597 PMCID: PMC10862846 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Immature oocytes enclosed in primordial follicles stored in female ovaries are under constant threat of DNA damage induced by endogenous and exogenous factors. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a key mediator of the DNA damage response in all cells. Genetic studies have shown that CHEK2 and its downstream targets, p53 and TAp63, regulate primordial follicle elimination in response to DNA damage, however the mechanism leading to their demise is still poorly characterized. Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing were used to determine the DNA damage response in wildtype and Chek2-deficient ovaries. A low but oocyte-lethal dose of ionizing radiation induces a DNA damage response in ovarian cells that is solely dependent on CHEK2. DNA damage activates multiple ovarian response pathways related to apoptosis, p53, interferon signaling, inflammation, cell adhesion, and intercellular communication. These pathways are differentially employed by different ovarian cell types, with oocytes disproportionately affected by radiation. Novel genes and pathways are induced by radiation specifically in oocytes, shedding light on their sensitivity to DNA damage, and implicating a coordinated response between oocytes and pre-granulosa cells within the follicle. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the specific mechanisms regulating oocyte survival in the context of aging, as well as therapeutic and environmental genotoxic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Mills
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Chihiro Emori
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Parveen Kumar
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Zachary Boucher
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Joshy George
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Dai W, Dai YG, Ren DF, Zhu DW. Dieckol, a natural polyphenolic drug, inhibits the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells by inhibiting PI3K, AKT, and mTOR phosphorylation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23313. [PMID: 36683349 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated that dieckol (DKL), a natural drug, inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation in HCT-116 cells. The cells were treated with DKL in various concentrations (32 and 50 μM) for 24 h and then analyzed for various experiments. MTT (tetrazolium bromide) and crystal violet assay investigated DKL-mediated cytotoxicity. Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining was used to assess the reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and apoptotic changes were studied by dual acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. Protein expression of cell survival, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis protein was evaluated by western blot analysis. Results indicated that DKL produces significant cytotoxicity in HCT-116, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was found to be 32 μM for 24-h incubation. Moreover, effective production of ROS and enhanced apoptotic signs were observed upon DKL treatment in HCT-116. DKL induces the expression of phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, and mToR-associated enhanced expression of cyclin-D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-4, CDK-6, and Bcl-2 in HCT-116. In addition, proapoptotic proteins such as Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were significantly enhanced by DKL treatment in HCT-116. Hence, DKL has been considered a chemotherapeutic drug by impeding the expression of PI3K-, AKT-, and mTOR-mediated inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle-regulating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yong Gang Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Feng Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Yulin, Shaanxi, Yulin, China
| | - Da Wei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hongze District People's Hospital, Jiangsu, Huai'an, China
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Luan Y, Yu SY, Abazarikia A, Dong R, Kim SY. TAp63 determines the fate of oocytes against DNA damage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade1846. [PMID: 36542718 PMCID: PMC9770984 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin lead to premature ovarian insufficiency as an off-target effect. However, their oocyte death pathway has been debated. Here, we clarified the precise mechanism of ovarian depletion induced by cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. Dormant oocytes instead of activated oocytes with high PI3K activity were more sensitive to cyclophosphamide. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) inhibitor rather than GNF2 protected oocytes from cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, as cyclophosphamide up-regulated p-CHK2 and depleted primordial follicles in Abl1 knockout mice. Contrary to previous reports, TAp63 is pivotal in cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin-induced oocyte death. Oocyte-specific Trp63 knockout mice prevented primordial follicle loss and maintained reproductive function from cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, indicated by undetectable levels of BAX and cPARP. Here, we demonstrated that TAp63 is fundamental in determining the signaling of oocyte death against DNA damage. This study establishes the role of TAp63 as a target molecule of adjuvant therapies to protect the ovarian reserve from different classes of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luan
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Seok-Yeong Yu
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amirhossein Abazarikia
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rosemary Dong
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Strubel A, Münick P, Chaikuad A, Dreier B, Schaefer J, Gebel J, Osterburg C, Tuppi M, Schäfer B, Knapp S, Plückthun A, Dötsch V. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as a tool box for analyzing p63. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2445-2458. [PMID: 35717504 PMCID: PMC9751120 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the p53 transcription factor family is dependent on several folded domains. In addition to a DNA-binding domain, members of this family contain an oligomerization domain. p63 and p73 also contain a C-terminal Sterile α-motif domain. Inhibition of most transcription factors is difficult as most of them lack deep pockets that can be targeted by small organic molecules. Genetic knock-out procedures are powerful in identifying the overall function of a protein, but they do not easily allow one to investigate roles of individual domains. Here we describe the characterization of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) that were selected as tight binders against all folded domains of p63. We determine binding affinities as well as specificities within the p53 protein family and show that DARPins can be used as intracellular inhibitors for the modulation of transcriptional activity. By selectively inhibiting DNA binding of the ΔNp63α isoform that competes with p53 for the same promoter sites, we show that p53 can be reactivated. We further show that inhibiting the DNA binding activity stabilizes p63, thus providing evidence for a transcriptionally regulated negative feedback loop. Furthermore, the ability of DARPins to bind to the DNA-binding domain and the Sterile α-motif domain within the dimeric-only and DNA-binding incompetent conformation of TAp63α suggests a high structural plasticity within this special conformation. In addition, the developed DARPins can also be used to specifically detect p63 in cell culture and in primary tissue and thus constitute a very versatile research tool for studying the function of p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strubel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Münick
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Schaefer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Gebel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Osterburg
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Dötsch
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Unlaid Eggs: Ovarian Damage after Low-Dose Radiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071219. [PMID: 35406783 PMCID: PMC8997758 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The total body irradiation of lymphomas and co-irradiation in the treatment of adjacent solid tumors can lead to a reduced ovarian function, premature ovarian insufficiency, and menopause. A small number of studies has assessed the radiation-induced damage of primordial follicles in animal models and humans. Studies are emerging that evaluate radiation-induced damage to the surrounding ovarian tissue including stromal and immune cells. We reviewed basic laboratory work to assess the current state of knowledge and to establish an experimental setting for further studies in animals and humans. The experimental approaches were mostly performed using mouse models. Most studies relied on single doses as high as 1 Gy, which is considered to cause severe damage to the ovary. Changes in the ovarian reserve were related to the primordial follicle count, providing reproducible evidence that radiation with 1 Gy leads to a significant depletion. Radiation with 0.1 Gy mostly did not show an effect on the primordial follicles. Fewer data exist on the effects of radiation on the ovarian microenvironment including theca-interstitial, immune, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. We concluded that a mouse model would provide the most reliable model to study the effects of low-dose radiation. Furthermore, both immunohistochemistry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses were valuable to analyze not only the germ cells but also the ovarian microenvironment.
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