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Cóppola-Segovia V, Reggiori F. Molecular Insights into Aggrephagy: Their Cellular Functions in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168493. [PMID: 38360089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis or proteostasis is an equilibrium of biosynthetic production, folding and transport of proteins, and their timely and efficient degradation. Proteostasis is guaranteed by a network of protein quality control systems aimed at maintaining the proteome function and avoiding accumulation of potentially cytotoxic proteins. Terminal unfolded and dysfunctional proteins can be directly turned over by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or first amassed into aggregates prior to degradation. Aggregates can also be disposed into lysosomes by a selective type of autophagy known as aggrephagy, which relies on a set of so-called selective autophagy receptors (SARs) and adaptor proteins. Failure in eliminating aggregates, also due to defects in aggrephagy, can have devastating effects as underscored by several neurodegenerative diseases or proteinopathies, which are characterized by the accumulation of aggregates mostly formed by a specific disease-associated, aggregate-prone protein depending on the clinical pathology. Despite its medical relevance, however, the process of aggrephagy is far from being understood. Here we review the findings that have helped in assigning a possible function to specific SARs and adaptor proteins in aggrephagy in the context of proteinopathies, and also highlight the interplay between aggrephagy and the pathogenesis of proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Zhao Y, Lin M, Zhai F, Chen J, Jin X. Exploring the Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:782. [PMID: 38931449 PMCID: PMC11207014 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly population. The pathogenesis of PD encompasses genetic alterations, environmental factors, and age-related neurodegenerative processes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that aberrant functioning of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of PD. Notably, E3 ubiquitin ligases serve as pivotal components determining substrate specificity within UPS and are intimately associated with the regulation of various proteins implicated in PD pathology. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms by which E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes modulate PD-associated proteins and signaling pathways, while exploring the intricate relationship between UPS dysfunctions and PD etiology. Furthermore, this article discusses recent research advancements regarding inhibitors targeting PD-related E3 ubiquitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhao
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Man Lin
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Fengguang Zhai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China; (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
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Shi MY, Yu HC, Han CY, Bang IH, Park HS, Jang KY, Lee S, Son JB, Kim ND, Park BH, Bae EJ. p21-activated kinase 4 suppresses fatty acid β-oxidation and ketogenesis by phosphorylating NCoR1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4987. [PMID: 37591884 PMCID: PMC10435519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARα corepressor NCoR1 is a key regulator of fatty acid β-oxidation and ketogenesis. However, its regulatory mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we report that oncoprotein p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is an NCoR1 kinase. Specifically, PAK4 phosphorylates NCoR1 at T1619/T2124, resulting in an increase in its nuclear localization and interaction with PPARα, thereby repressing the transcriptional activity of PPARα. We observe impaired ketogenesis and increases in PAK4 protein and NCoR1 phosphorylation levels in liver tissues of high fat diet-fed mice, NAFLD patients, and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Forced overexpression of PAK4 in mice represses ketogenesis and thereby increases hepatic fat accumulation, whereas genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of PAK4 exhibites an opposite phenotype. Interestingly, PAK4 protein levels are significantly suppressed by fasting, largely through either cAMP/PKA- or Sirt1-mediated ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. In this way, our findings provide evidence for a PAK4-NCoR1/PPARα signaling pathway that regulates fatty acid β-oxidation and ketogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Chan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yeob Han
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hyuk Bang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sung Park
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Nam Doo Kim
- VORONOI BIO Inc., Incheon, 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Chetty AK, Ha BH, Boggon TJ. Rho family GTPase signaling through type II p21-activated kinases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:598. [PMID: 36401658 PMCID: PMC10105373 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the Rho family small GTPases controls a wide range of signaling outcomes. Key among the downstream effectors for many of the Rho GTPases are the p21-activated kinases, or PAK group. The PAK family comprises two types, the type I PAKs (PAK1, 2 and 3) and the type II PAKs (PAK4, 5 and 6), which have distinct structures and mechanisms of regulation. In this review, we discuss signal transduction from Rho GTPases with a focus on the type II PAKs. We discuss the role of PAKs in signal transduction pathways and selectivity of Rho GTPases for PAK family members. We consider the less well studied of the Rho GTPases and their PAK-related signaling. We then discuss the molecular basis for kinase domain recognition of substrates and for regulation of signaling. We conclude with a discussion of the role of PAKs in cross talk between Rho family small GTPases and the roles of PAKs in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin K Chetty
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Byung Hak Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Titus J Boggon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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