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Hou L, Zhang S, Yu W, Yang X, Shen M, Hao X, Ren X, Sun Q. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals tumor-infiltrating B cell function after neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:555-564. [PMID: 37931147 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most pervasive lung cancer subtype. Recent studies have shown that immune checkpoint inhibitors achieved favorable clinical benefits in resectable NSCLC; however, the associated mechanism remains unclear. The role of T cells in antitumor immunity has received considerable attention, while the antitumor effects of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBs) in NSCLC remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of immune cells isolated from 12 patients with stage IIIA NSCLC to investigate B cell subtypes and their functions following neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. We confirmed the simultaneous existence of the 4 B cell subtypes. Among them, memory B cells were found to be associated with a positive therapeutic effect to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. Furthermore, we found that G protein-coupled receptor 183 was most prevalent in memory B cells and associated with a positive therapeutic response. Multiplex immunofluorescence and flow cytometry experiments in an additional cohort of 22 treatment-naïve and 30 stage IIIA/IIIB NSCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy verified these findings. Overall, our analysis revealed the functions of TIBs and their potential effect on clinical treatment in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Hou
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xuena Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Meng Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xishan Hao
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, No. 10 Yuexin Road, Binhai District, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, No. 10 Yuexin Road, Binhai District, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Qian Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, No. 45 Binshui Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, No. 10 Yuexin Road, Binhai District, Tianjin 300450, China
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Xie M, Lin X, Bao X, Liang Y, Deng H, Song J, Ma X, Zhang X, Yao J, Pan L, Xue X. Tertiary Lymphoid Structure in Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer. Arch Bronconeumol 2024:S0300-2896(24)00285-0. [PMID: 39174437 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have opened an era of lung cancer therapy. However, a notable disparity exists in the efficacy of immunotherapy among individual patients. The tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is an ectopic lymphocyte aggregation that appears under pathological conditions and is the primary site of action for anti-tumor immunity. It is commonly reported that the presence of TLS within the tumor microenvironment (TME) relates to a favorable clinical prognosis and an excellent response to immunotherapy in lung cancer patients. A thorough understanding of TLS and its dynamic changes in TME has become an attractive focus for optimizing immunotherapy strategies for lung cancer. In this review, we comprehensively generalize the composition, formation, mechanism, detection methods of TLS, and summarize the role of TLS in lung cancer immunotherapy. Finally, induction of TLS is also discussed, which may provide more effective therapeutic strategies for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuwen Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xidong Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China.
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Xin Z, Chen J, Huang F, Guo S, Yao Y, Tang Y, Li H, Lv Q, Zhang T. Peripheral inflammatory T cell subsets are effective predictive factors in the development of heterotopic ossification after posttraumatic elbow surgery. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33851. [PMID: 39055826 PMCID: PMC11269831 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification refers to the pathological formation of extra-skeletal bone. It is a common complication of trauma or surgery that can cause disability and has no definitive cure. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation during ossification remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the systemic immune microenvironment status of heterotopic ossification and identify biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy and recurrence. A combination of stereoarthrolysis with prophylactic radiotherapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was used to treat patients with heterotopic ossification. Changes were observed in peripheral blood lymphocyte levels after treatment. The number of IFNγ+CD8+T cells (3.753 % vs 12.90 %, P < 0.0001) and IL17+CD4+T cells (3.420 % vs 5.560 %, P = 0.0281) were was higher in the peripheral blood of relapsed patients with heterotopic ossification than in that of non-relapsed patients. Similarly, the number of these cells was elevated in patients who developed heterotopic ossification after posttraumatic elbow surgery. Peripheral CD8+T cells derived from patients with this pathology promoted osteogenesis through IFNγ expression in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that IFNγ+CD8+T cells and IL17+CD4+T cells are potential biomarkers of heterotopic ossification after posttraumatic elbow surgery. Furthermore, these cells can be used to predict therapeutic efficacy and relapse after combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengfeng Xin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital (Jiande Branch), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiande, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengbo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, University, Hangzhou, China
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Bao X, Lin X, Xie M, Yao J, Song J, Ma X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Han W, Liang Y, Hu H, Xu L, Xue X. Mature tertiary lymphoid structures: important contributors to anti-tumor immune efficacy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1413067. [PMID: 39026670 PMCID: PMC11254644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) represent the ectopic aggregations of immune cells arising during chronic inflammation or tumor progression. In cancer, TLS are often associated with beneficial clinical outcomes in patients undergoing immunotherapy, underscoring their prognostic and predictive significance. Mature TLS, characterized by germinal centers and areas of T-cell and B-cell aggregation, are considered primary locations for activating and maintaining both humoral and cellular anti-tumor immune effects. Despite their recognized importance, the mechanisms driving the formation of mature TLS in cancer and their influence on the immune response within tumors remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively explore the structural composition, development mechanisms, maturity impact factors, immunological function, and innovative therapeutic strategies of mature TLS within the tumor microenvironment. The research summarized herein offers novel insights and considerations for therapeutic approaches to promote TLS generation and maturation in patients with cancer, representing a promising avenue for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Bao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xuwen Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xidong Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yinguang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenya Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Respiratory Endoscopy, The Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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WANG Y, LUO B, WANG Z, QUE Z, JIANG L, TIAN J. [Advancements in Single-cell RNA Sequencing Technology
in the Study of the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2024; 27:441-450. [PMID: 39026495 PMCID: PMC11258646 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.101.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The immune microenvironment plays a key role in the development and progression of tumors. In recent years, with the rapid advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, researchers have gained a deeper understanding of the composition and function of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, traditional bulk sequencing technologies are limited in resolving heterogeneity at the single-cell level, constraining a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. The advent of single-cell RNA sequencing technology has brought new opportunities to uncover the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment in lung cancer. Currently, T-cell-centered immunotherapy in clinical settings is prone to side effects affecting prognosis, such as immunogenic drug resistance or immune-related pneumonia, with the key factor being changes in the interactions between immune cells and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Single-cell RNA sequencing technology can reveal the origins and functions of different subgroups within the tumor microenvironment from perspectives such as intercellular interactions and pseudotime analysis, thereby discovering new cell subgroups or novel biomarkers, providing new avenues for uncovering resistance to immunotherapy and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. This review comprehensively discusses the newest research techniques and advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing technology for unveiling the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment after lung cancer immunotherapy, offering insights for enhancing the precision and personalization of immunotherapy.
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Sun C, Ma X, Meng F, Chen X, Wang X, Sun W, Xu Y, He H, Zhang H, Ma K. Tumor microenvironment(TME) and single-source dual-energy CT(ssDECT) on assessment of inconformity between RECIST1.1 and pathological remission in neoadjuvant immunotherapy of NSCLC. Neoplasia 2024; 50:100977. [PMID: 38354688 PMCID: PMC10876687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inconformity (IC) between pathological and imaging remissions after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC can affect the evaluation of curative effect of neoadjuvant therapy and the decision regarding the chance of surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who achieved disease control(CR/PR/SD) after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy from a clinical trial (NCT04326153) and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy during the same period were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent radical resection and systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant treatments. The pathological remission, immunohistochemistry (CD4, CD8, CD20, CD56, FoxP3, CD68, CD163, CD11b tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, or macrophages), and single-source dual-energy computed tomography (ssDECT) scans were assessed. The IC between imaging remission by CT and pathological remission was investigated. The underlying cause of IC, the correlation between IC and DFS, and prognostic biomarkers were explored. RESULTS After neoadjuvant immunotherapy, enhanced immune killing and reduced immunosuppressive performance were observed. 70 % of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy patients were in high/medium IC level. Massive necrosis and repair around and inside the cancer nest were the main pathological changes observed 30-45 days post-treatment with PD1/PD-L1 antibody and were the main causes of IC between the pathology and imaging responses after neoadjuvant immunotherapy. High IC and preoperative CD8 expression (H score ≥ 3) indicate a high pathological response rate and prolonged DFS. Iodine material density ssDECT images showed that the iodine content in the lesion causes hyperattenuation in post-neoadjuvant lesion in PCR patient. CONCLUSIONS Compared to chemotherapy and targeted therapy, the efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy was underestimated based on the RECIST criteria due to the unique antitumor therapeutic mechanism. Preoperative CD8+ expression and ssDECT predict this IC and evaluate the residual tumor cells. This is of great significance for screening immune beneficiaries and making more accurate judgments about the timing of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- Pathological Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Fanyang Meng
- Radiology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- Oncology Department, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Yinghui Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Hua He
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Radiology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Kewei Ma
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Huang H, Ge J, Fang Z, Wu S, Jiang H, Lang Y, Chen J, Xiao W, Xu B, Liu Y, Chen L, Zheng X, Jiang J. Precursor exhausted CD8 +T cells in colorectal cancer tissues associated with patient's survival and immunotherapy responsiveness. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362140. [PMID: 38510246 PMCID: PMC10950923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Exhausted CD8+T cells represent a distinct cellular lineage that emerges during both chronic infections and cancers. Recent studies have shown that persistent antigen exposure can drive the differentiation of precursor exhausted CD8+T cells, termed Tpex cells, which are characterized as TCF-1+PD-1+CD8+T cells. Elevated Tpex cell frequencies in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are associated with improved overall survival (OS) in cancer patients and heightened responsiveness to anti-PD-1 therapy. In our present study, we utilized multi-color immunohistochemistry (mIHC) to determine the localization and clinical implications of tumor-infiltrating Tpex cells within the TME of human colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues. We also conducted a multi-omics integrative analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data derived from both the murine MC38 tumor model and human CRC tissues. This analysis helped delineate the transcriptional and functional attributes of Tpex cells within the CRC TME. Furthermore, we employed spatial transcriptome sequencing data from CRC patients to investigate the interactions between Tpex cells and other immune cell subsets within the TME. In conclusion, our study not only established a method for Tpex cell detection using mIHC technology but also confirmed that assessing Tpex cells within the CRC TME could be indicative of patients' survival. We further uncovered the transcriptional and functional characteristics of Tpex cells in the TME and ascertained their pivotal role in the efficacy of immunotherapy against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhang Fang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Shaoxian Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Lang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Xiao
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Yingting Liu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, Changzhou, China
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Feng X, Gao L, Shen X, Li M, Wang X, Hao Y, Chen J, Zhai Y, Zou B, Yao S, Guo Y, Zhang L. A pan-cancer analysis of prognostic significance and immunological role of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18088. [PMID: 38146591 PMCID: PMC10844704 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction can drive carcinogenesis. Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3), is a member of the Lysosome Associated Membrane Proteins and is involved in the malignant phenotype such as tumour metastasis and drug resistance, while the mechanisms that regulate the malignant progression of tumour remain vague. Our study aims to provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the role of LAMP3 in the progression of various cancers by various databases.We explored the role of LAMP3 in pan-cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Multiple online web platforms and software were used for data analysis, including HPA, TIMER, TISIDB, GEPIA, UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier plotter, DAVID and TIGER. The immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the LAMP3 and PD-L1 expression levels in cancer.High LAMP3 expression was found in most cancers and differentially expressed across molecular and immune subtypes. The expression of LAMP3 was involved in the immune-associated processes of Antigen processing and presentation, Th17 cell differentiation, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, and the immune-associated pathways of T cell receptor and B cell receptor signalling pathways in most cancers. It also correlated with genetic markers of immunomodulators in various cancers. LAMP3 and PD-L1 expression in BRCA and HNSC tissues was higher than that in corresponding adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. There is a significant correlation between the expression of LAMP3 and PD-L1.Our study elucidates that LAMP3 has different expression patterns and genetic alteration patterns in different tumours. It is a potential biomarker for immune-related cancer diagnosis, prognosis and efficacy prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Feng
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Lvye Gao
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xinyuan Shen
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Mingtai Li
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yanlong Hao
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yuanfang Zhai
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Binbin Zou
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Shangman Yao
- School of Humanities and Social SciencesShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yanlin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterKey Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
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9
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Tang C, Yang B, Liu Y. The efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy in resectable stage II-IV non-small cell lung cancer: a preliminary study. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:290-298. [PMID: 38410203 PMCID: PMC10894338 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is currently the world's leading malignancy in terms of morbidity and mortality. Neoadjuvant therapy is widely used in clinic to improve R0 resection rates and long-term survival after surgery, and patients with locally resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may benefit from neoadjuvant therapy. Methods Data from 78 patients with stage II to IV NSCLC who had received neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy from January 2019 to May 2022 were collected. The patients were categorized into groups based on their eligibility for posttreatment surgery, the level of pathological remission, and receipt of adjuvant therapy. The progression-free survival (PFS) and survival rates of patients in each group were compared. Efforts were made to identify the factors that influence patients' prognoses. Results The incidence of adverse events in patients who received neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy was 19%. The proportion of patients receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy and chemotherapy undergoing surgery was 83.33%, and the rate of R0 resection was 64.10%. The pathological complete response (pCR) and major pathological response (MPR) rates were 26.25% and 21.87%, respectively. Patients who received adjuvant therapy were less likely to experience recurrent metastases than were those who did not receive adjuvant therapy (χ2=7.183; P=0.007<0.05). Conclusions Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has a low incidence of adverse events in resectable stage II-IV NSCLC, does not significantly increase the difficulty of surgery, and provides greater benefit in terms of PFS for patients who receive operation and adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Tang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Medical Center, General Hospital of Chinese People Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Medical Center, General Hospital of Chinese People Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Medical Center, General Hospital of Chinese People Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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10
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Li J, Meng Z, Cao Z, Lu W, Yang Y, Li Z, Lu S. ADGRE5-centered Tsurv model in T cells recognizes responders to neoadjuvant cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1304183. [PMID: 38343549 PMCID: PMC10853338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1304183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with anti-programmed death-1 (neo-antiPD1) has revolutionized perioperative methods for improvement of overall survival (OS), while approaches for major pathologic response patients' (MPR) recognition along with methods for overcoming non-MPR resistance are still in urgent need. Methods We utilized and integrated publicly-available immune checkpoint inhibitors regimens (ICIs) single-cell (sc) data as the discovery datasets, and innovatively developed a cell-communication analysis pipeline, along with a VIPER-based-SCENIC process, to thoroughly dissect MPR-responding subsets. Besides, we further employed our own non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ICIs cohort's sc data for validation in-silico. Afterward, we resorted to ICIs-resistant murine models developed by us with multimodal investigation, including bulk-RNA-sequencing, Chip-sequencing and high-dimensional cytometry by time of flight (CYTOF) to consolidate our findings in-vivo. To comprehensively explore mechanisms, we adopted 3D ex-vivo hydrogel models for analysis. Furthermore, we constructed an ADGRE5-centered Tsurv model from our discovery dataset by machine learning (ML) algorithms for a wide range of tumor types (NSCLC, melanoma, urothelial cancer, etc.) and verified it in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) sc datasets. Results Through a meta-analysis of multimodal sequential sc sequencing data from pre-ICIs and post-ICIs, we identified an MPR-expanding T cells meta-cluster (MPR-E) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by a stem-like CD8+ T cluster (survT) with STAT5-ADGRE5 axis enhancement compared to non-MPR or pre-ICIs TME. Through multi-omics analysis of murine TME, we further confirmed the existence of survT with silenced function and immune checkpoints (ICs) in MPR-E. After verification of the STAT5-ADGRE5 axis of survT in independent ICIs cohorts, an ADGRE5-centered Tsurv model was then developed through ML for identification of MPR patients pre-ICIs and post-ICIs, both in TME and PBMCs, which was further verified in pan-cancer immunotherapy cohorts. Mechanistically, we unveiled ICIs stimulated ADGRE5 upregulation in a STAT5-IL32 dependent manner in a 3D ex-vivo system (3D-HYGTIC) developed by us previously, which marked Tsurv with better survival flexibility, enhanced stemness and potential cytotoxicity within TME. Conclusion Our research provides insights into mechanisms underlying MPR in neo-antiPD1 and a well-performed model for the identification of non-MPR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ziming Li
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Ma M, Xie Y, Liu J, Wu L, Liu Y, Qin X. Biological effects of IL-21 on immune cells and its potential for cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111154. [PMID: 37977064 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is one of the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune system. Produced by various immune cells, IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on innate and adaptive immune responses via regulation of natural killer, T, and B cells. An anti-tumor role of IL-21 has also been reported in the literature, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the tumor cell. Anti-tumor effect of IL-21 enhances when combined with other agents that target tumor cells, immune regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules. Therefore, understanding the biology of IL-21 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reducing its systemic toxic and side effects is crucial to ensure the maximum benefits of anti-tumor treatment strategies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the biological functions, roles in tumors, and the recent advances in preclinical and clinical research of IL-21 in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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12
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Miao D, Zhao J, Han Y, Zhou J, Li X, Zhang T, Li W, Xia Y. Management of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: State of the art and future directions. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:23-46. [PMID: 37985191 PMCID: PMC10794016 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common and the deadliest type of cancer worldwide. Clinically, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer; approximately one-third of affected patients have locally advanced NSCLC (LA-NSCLC, stage III NSCLC) at diagnosis. Because of its heterogeneity, LA-NSCLC often requires multidisciplinary assessment. Moreover, the prognosis of affected patients is much below satisfaction, and the efficacy of traditional therapeutic strategies has reached a plateau. With the emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, as well as the continuous development of novel radiotherapies, we have entered an era of novel treatment paradigm for LA-NSCLC. Here, we reviewed the landscape of relevant therapeutic modalities, including adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and perioperative targeted and immune strategies in patients with resectable LA-NSCLC with/without oncogenic alterations; as well as novel combinations of chemoradiation and immunotherapy/targeted therapy in unresectable LA-NSCLC. We addressed the unresolved challenges that remain in the field, and examined future directions to optimize clinical management and increase the cure rate of LA-NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Miao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Department of OncologyShaoxing Second HospitalShaoxingZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical OncologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Department of ChemoradiotherapyThe Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo UniversityNingboZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Key Discipline of Jiaxing Respiratory Medicine Construction ProjectJiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Treatment for Lung CancerAffiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Department of PathologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
| | - Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang ProvinceDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangP. R. China
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13
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Huang Q, Wang F, Hao D, Li X, Li X, Lei T, Yue J, Liu C. Deciphering tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in the single-cell era. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:97. [PMID: 38012715 PMCID: PMC10680280 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) serve as a pivotal link connecting innate and adaptive immunity by processing tumor-derived antigens and activating T cells. The advent of single-cell sequencing has revolutionized the categorization of DCs, enabling a high-resolution characterization of the previously unrecognized diversity of DC populations infiltrating the intricate tumor microenvironment (TME). The application of single-cell sequencing technologies has effectively elucidated the heterogeneity of DCs present in the tumor milieu, yielding invaluable insights into their subpopulation structures and functional diversity. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding DC subtypes in the TME, drawing from single-cell studies conducted across various human tumors. We focused on the categorization, functions, and interactions of distinct DC subsets, emphasizing their crucial roles in orchestrating tumor-related immune responses. Additionally, we delve into the potential implications of these findings for the identification of predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Enhanced insight into the intricate interplay between DCs and the TME promises to advance our comprehension of tumor immunity and, in turn, pave the way for the development of more efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Di Hao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jinbo Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
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14
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Sadeghi MS, Lotfi M, Soltani N, Farmani E, Fernandez JHO, Akhlaghitehrani S, Mohammed SH, Yasamineh S, Kalajahi HG, Gholizadeh O. Recent advances on high-efficiency of microRNAs in different types of lung cancer: a comprehensive review. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:284. [PMID: 37986065 PMCID: PMC10661689 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma of the lung is among the most common types of cancer globally. Concerning its histology, it is categorized as a non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) and a small cell cancer (SCLC) subtype. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a member of non-coding RNA whose nucleotides range from 19 to 25. They are known to be critical regulators of cancer via epigenetic control of oncogenes expression and by regulating tumor suppressor genes. miRNAs have an essential function in a tumorous microenvironment via modulating cancer cell growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, metabolism, and apoptosis. Moreover, a wide range of information produced via several investigations indicates their tumor-suppressing, oncogenic, diagnostic assessment, and predictive marker functions in different types of lung malignancy. miRNA mimics or anti-miRNAs can be transferred into a lung cancer cell, with possible curative implications. As a result, miRNAs hold promise as targets for lung cancer treatment and detection. In this study, we investigate the different functions of various miRNAs in different types of lung malignancy, which have been achieved in recent years that show the lung cancer-associated regulation of miRNAs expression, concerning their function in lung cancer beginning, development, and resistance to chemotherapy, also the probability to utilize miRNAs as predictive biomarkers for therapy reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleh Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Lotfi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Soltani
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Xie L, Fang J, Yu J, Zhang W, He Z, Ye L, Wang H. The role of CD4 + T cells in tumor and chronic viral immune responses. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e390. [PMID: 37829505 PMCID: PMC10565399 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are mainly aimed to promote a CD8+ T cell response rather than a CD4+ T cell response as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can directly kill target cells. Recently, CD4+ T cells have received more attention due to their diverse roles in tumors and chronic viral infections. In antitumor and antichronic viral responses, CD4+ T cells relay help signals through dendritic cells to indirectly regulate CD8+ T cell response, interact with B cells or macrophages to indirectly modulate humoral immunity or macrophage polarization, and inhibit tumor blood vessel formation. Additionally, CD4+ T cells can also exhibit direct cytotoxicity toward target cells. However, regulatory T cells exhibit immunosuppression and CD4+ T cells become exhausted, which promote tumor progression and chronic viral persistence. Finally, we also outline immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, including adoptive cell transfer, vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockade. Overall, this review summarizes diverse roles of CD4+ T cells in the antitumor or protumor and chronic viral responses, and also highlights the immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, giving a better understanding of their roles in tumors and chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyingzi Xie
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jingyi Fang
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Juncheng Yu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryXinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Weinan Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lilin Ye
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
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16
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Yang Y, Cui J, Sun J, Liu Y. The prognostic and biology of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy of cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1041-1049. [PMID: 37452117 PMCID: PMC10539364 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour immunotherapy has achieved remarkable clinical success in many different types of cancer in the past two decades. The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell, NK cell, and more recently, B cell within the tumour microenvironment, suggesting that the immune landscape of a tumour is highly connected to patient response and prognosis. It is critical to understanding tumour immune microenvironments for identifying immune modifiers of cancer progression and developing cancer immunotherapies. The infiltration of solid tumours by immune cells with anti-tumour activity is both a strong prognostic factor and a therapeutic goal. Recent approaches and applications of new technologies, especially single-cell mRNA analysis in dissecting tumour microenvironments have brought important insights into the biology of tumour-infiltrating immune cells, revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune response. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the understanding of tumour infiltrated lymphocytes, their prognostic benefit, and predictive value for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Liu
- Grit Biotechnology Ltd., Building 25, Area C, Sangtian Island Biological Industrial Park, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Grit Biotechnology Ltd., Building 24, 388 Shengrong Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiao Yang
- Grit Biotechnology Ltd., Building 24, 388 Shengrong Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Grit Biotechnology Ltd., Building 24, 388 Shengrong Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwei Sun
- Grit Biotechnology Ltd., Building 24, 388 Shengrong Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Yarong Liu
- Grit Biotechnology Ltd., Building 24, 388 Shengrong Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Dykema AG, Zhang J, Cheung LS, Connor S, Zhang B, Zeng Z, Cherry CM, Li T, Caushi JX, Nishimoto M, Munoz AJ, Ji Z, Hou W, Zhan W, Singh D, Zhang T, Rashid R, Mitchell-Flack M, Bom S, Tam A, Ionta N, Aye THK, Wang Y, Sawosik CA, Tirado LE, Tomasovic LM, VanDyke D, Spangler JB, Anagnostou V, Yang S, Spicer J, Rayes R, Taube J, Brahmer JR, Forde PM, Yegnasubramanian S, Ji H, Pardoll DM, Smith KN. Lung tumor-infiltrating T reg have divergent transcriptional profiles and function linked to checkpoint blockade response. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg1487. [PMID: 37713507 PMCID: PMC10629528 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are conventionally viewed as suppressors of endogenous and therapy-induced antitumor immunity; however, their role in modulating responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is unclear. In this study, we integrated single-cell RNA-seq/T cell receptor sequencing (TCRseq) of >73,000 tumor-infiltrating Treg (TIL-Treg) from anti-PD-1-treated and treatment-naive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with single-cell analysis of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific Treg derived from a murine tumor model. We identified 10 subsets of human TIL-Treg, most of which have high concordance with murine TIL-Treg subsets. Only one subset selectively expresses high levels of TNFRSF4 (OX40) and TNFRSF18 (GITR), whose engangement by cognate ligand mediated proliferative programs and NF-κB activation, as well as multiple genes involved in Treg suppression, including LAG3. Functionally, the OX40hiGITRhi subset is the most highly suppressive ex vivo, and its higher representation among total TIL-Treg correlated with resistance to PD-1 blockade. Unexpectedly, in the murine tumor model, we found that virtually all TIL-Treg-expressing T cell receptors that are specific for TAA fully develop a distinct TH1-like signature over a 2-week period after entry into the tumor, down-regulating FoxP3 and up-regulating expression of TBX21 (Tbet), IFNG, and certain proinflammatory granzymes. Transfer learning of a gene score from the murine TAA-specific TH1-like Treg subset to the human single-cell dataset revealed a highly analogous subcluster that was enriched in anti-PD-1-responding tumors. These findings demonstrate that TIL-Treg partition into multiple distinct transcriptionally defined subsets with potentially opposing effects on ICB-induced antitumor immunity and suggest that TAA-specific TIL-Treg may positively contribute to antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbor G. Dykema
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurene S. Cheung
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sydney Connor
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Taibo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justina X. Caushi
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marni Nishimoto
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J. Munoz
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Wenpin Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wentao Zhan
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dipika Singh
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tianbei Zhang
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rufiaat Rashid
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marisa Mitchell-Flack
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sadhana Bom
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ada Tam
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nick Ionta
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thet H. K. Aye
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camille A. Sawosik
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren E. Tirado
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luke M. Tomasovic
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek VanDyke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie B. Spangler
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valsamo Anagnostou
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Yang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Roni Rayes
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Janis Taube
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie R. Brahmer
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick M. Forde
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kellie N. Smith
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Mark Foundation Center for Advanced Genomics and Imaging, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Prazanowska KH, Hong J, Lim SB. Single-cell insights into the dynamic tumor microenvironment changes during immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:1816-1821. [PMID: 37691876 PMCID: PMC10483075 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Hanna Prazanowska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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19
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Liao P, Huang Q, Zhang J, Su Y, Xiao R, Luo S, Wu Z, Zhu L, Li J, Hu Q. How single-cell techniques help us look into lung cancer heterogeneity and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238454. [PMID: 37671151 PMCID: PMC10475738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer patients tend to have strong intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity and complex tumor microenvironment, which are major contributors to the efficacy of and drug resistance to immunotherapy. From a new perspective, single-cell techniques offer an innovative way to look at the intricate cellular interactions between tumors and the immune system and help us gain insights into lung cancer and its response to immunotherapy. This article reviews the application of single-cell techniques in lung cancer, with focuses directed on the heterogeneity of lung cancer and the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review provides both theoretical and experimental information for the future development of immunotherapy and personalized treatment for the management of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Liao
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengquan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengbao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiansha Li
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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LIU Y, XIONG L, CAI R, CHEN Y, YE J, SHEN B, ZHOU G. [Recent Progress of Tertiary Lymphoid Structure in Prognosis and Immunotherapy of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2023; 26:615-620. [PMID: 37752541 PMCID: PMC10558765 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2023.101.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85%. Immunotherapy has significantly improved the clinical prognosis of patients with NSCLC. However, because of the complexity and heterogeneousness of the tumor microenvironment, only a subset of individuals can benefit from immunotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to explore effective predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy of NSCLC. Tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is an ectopic lymphoid organ that is highly similar to secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), and the presence of TLS has been found to be closely associated with a good prognosis in immunotherapy for a variety of solid tumors, including NSCLC. This article provides a review of the prognostic role of tertiary lymphoid structures in immunotherapy of NSCLC, in order to offer references for screening suitable candidates for immunotherapy of NSCLC and develop personalized and precise treatment plans.
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21
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Esparcia-Pinedo L, Romero-Laorden N, Alfranca A. Tertiary lymphoid structures and B lymphocytes: a promising therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231315. [PMID: 37622111 PMCID: PMC10445545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are clusters of lymphoid cells with an organization that resembles that of secondary lymphoid organs. Both structures share common developmental characteristics, although TLSs usually appear in chronically inflamed non-lymphoid tissues, such as tumors. TLSs contain diverse types of immune cells, with varying degrees of spatial organization that represent different stages of maturation. These structures support both humoral and cellular immune responses, thus the correlation between the existence of TLS and clinical outcomes in cancer patients has been extensively studied. The finding that TLSs are associated with better prognosis in some types of cancer has led to the design of therapeutic strategies based on promoting the formation of these structures. Agents such as chemokines, cytokines, antibodies and cancer vaccines have been used in combination with traditional antitumor treatments to enhance TLS generation, with good results. The induction of TLS formation therefore represents a novel and promising avenue for the treatment of a number of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Esparcia-Pinedo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Laorden
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Cátedra Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Fundación Instituto Roche de Medicina Personalizada de Precisión, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Cátedra Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Fundación Instituto Roche de Medicina Personalizada de Precisión, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Kawamura E, Matsubara T, Kawada N. New Era of Immune-Based Therapy in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3993. [PMID: 37568808 PMCID: PMC10417782 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CC) accounts for approximately 20% of all biliary tract cancer (BTC) cases and 10-15% of all primary liver cancer cases. Many patients are diagnosed with unresectable BTC, and, even among patients with resectable BTC, the 5-year survival rate is approximately 20%. The BTC incidence rate is high in Southeast and East Asia and has increased worldwide in recent years. Since 2010, cytotoxic chemotherapy, particularly combination gemcitabine + cisplatin (ABC-02 trial), has been the first-line therapy for patients with BTC. In 2022, a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase 3 trial (TOPAZ-1 trial) examined the addition of programmed death-ligand 1 immunotherapy (durvalumab) to combination gemcitabine + cisplatin for BTC treatment, resulting in significantly improved survival without notable additional toxicity. As a result of this trial, this three-drug combination has become the new standard first-line therapy, leading to notable advances in BTC management for the first time since 2010. The molecular profiling of BTC has continued to drive the development of new targeted therapies for use when first-line therapies fail. Typically, second-line therapy decisions are based on identified genomic alterations in tumor tissue. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1/2/3, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2, and neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase A/B/C are relatively frequent in intrahepatic CC, and precision medicines are available that can target associated pathways. In this review, we suggest strategies for systemic pharmacotherapy with a focus on intrahepatic CC, in addition to presenting the results and safety outcomes of clinical trials evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Kawamura
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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23
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Xia ZA, Lu C, Pan C, Li J, Li J, Mao Y, Sun L, He J. The expression profiles of signature genes from CD103 +LAG3 + tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets predict breast cancer survival. BMC Med 2023; 21:268. [PMID: 37488535 PMCID: PMC10367329 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including T and B cells, have been demonstrated to be associated with tumour progression. However, the different subpopulations of TILs and their roles in breast cancer remain poorly understood. Large-scale analysis using multiomics data could uncover potential mechanisms and provide promising biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy response. METHODS Single-cell transcriptome data for breast cancer samples were analysed to identify unique TIL subsets. Based on the expression profiles of marker genes in these subsets, a TIL-related prognostic model was developed by univariate and multivariate Cox analyses and LASSO regression for the TCGA training cohort containing 1089 breast cancer patients. Multiplex immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the presence of TIL subsets in breast cancer samples. The model was validated with a large-scale transcriptomic dataset for 3619 breast cancer patients, including the METABRIC cohort, six chemotherapy transcriptomic cohorts, and two immunotherapy transcriptomic cohorts. RESULTS We identified two TIL subsets with high expression of CD103 and LAG3 (CD103+LAG3+), including a CD8+ T-cell subset and a B-cell subset. Based on the expression profiles of marker genes in these two subpopulations, we further developed a CD103+LAG3+ TIL-related prognostic model (CLTRP) based on CXCL13 and BIRC3 genes for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients. CLTRP-low patients had a better prognosis than CLTRP-high patients. The comprehensive results showed that a low CLTRP score was associated with a high TP53 mutation rate, high infiltration of CD8 T cells, helper T cells, and CD4 T cells, high sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, and a good response to immunotherapy. In contrast, a high CLTRP score was correlated with a low TP53 mutation rate, high infiltration of M0 and M2 macrophages, low sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, and a poor response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our present study showed that the CLTRP score is a promising biomarker for distinguishing prognosis, drug sensitivity, molecular and immune characteristics, and immunotherapy outcomes in breast cancer patients. The CLTRP could serve as a valuable tool for clinical decision making regarding immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-An Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, XiangyaHospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Can Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Can Pan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Yitao Mao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, XiangyaHospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, XiangyaHospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central, South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jiang He
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, XiangyaHospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, XiangyaHospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
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24
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Gutiérrez-Melo N, Baumjohann D. T follicular helper cells in cancer. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:309-325. [PMID: 36642575 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide essential help to B cells for effective antibody-mediated immune responses. Although the crucial function of these CD4+ T cells in infection and vaccination is well established, their involvement in cancer is only beginning to emerge. Increased numbers of Tfh cells in Tfh cell-derived or B cell-associated malignancies are often associated with an unfavorable outcome, whereas in various solid organ tumor types of non-lymphocytic origin, their presence frequently coincides with a better prognosis. We discuss recent advances in understanding how Tfh cell crosstalk with B cells and CD8+ T cells in secondary and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) enhances antitumor immunity, but may also exacerbate immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as autoimmunity during immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Gutiérrez-Melo
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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25
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Fan B, Zheng X, Wang Y, Hu X. Predicting prognosis and clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy via interferon-alpha response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1611117. [PMID: 37082269 PMCID: PMC10110843 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1611117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can prompt durable and robust responses in multiple cancers, involving muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, only a limited fraction of patients received clinical benefit. Clarifying the determinants of response and exploring corresponding predictive biomarkers is key to improving outcomes. Methods: Four independent formerly published cohorts consisting of 641 MIBC patients were enrolled in this study. We first analyzed the associations between various cancer hallmarks and ICB therapy response in two immunotherapeutic cohorts to identify the leading prognostic hallmark in MIBC. Furthermore, advanced machine learning methods were performed to select robust and promising predictors from genes functioning in the above leading pathway. The predictive ability of selected genes was also validated in multiple MIBC cohorts. Results: We identified and verified IFNα response as the leading cancer hallmark indicating better treatment responses, favorable overall survival, and an inflamed tumor microenvironment with higher infiltration of immune effector cells in MIBC patients treated with ICB therapy. Subsequently, two commonly selected genes, CXCL10 and LAMP3, implied better therapy response and the CXCL10highLAMP3high patients would benefit more from ICB therapy, which was comprehensively validated from the perspective of gene expression, clinical response, patient survival and immune features. Conclusion: Higher IFNα response primarily predicted better ICB therapeutic responses and reflected an inflamed microenvironment in MIBC. A composite of CXCL10 and LAMP3 expression could serve as promising predictive biomarkers for ICB therapeutic responses and be beneficial for clinical decision-making in MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Fan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Urology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopeng Hu,
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26
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Wang M, Zhu L, Yang X, Li J, Liu Y, Tang Y. Targeting immune cell types of tumor microenvironment to overcome resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1132158. [PMID: 36874015 PMCID: PMC9974851 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1132158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the common malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate. Lung cancer patients have achieved benefits from immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy. Unfortunately, cancer patients acquire adaptive immune resistance, leading to poor prognosis. Tumor microenvironment (TME) has been demonstrated to play a critical role in participating in acquired adaptive immune resistance. TME is associated with molecular heterogeneity of immunotherapy efficacy in lung cancer. In this article, we discuss how immune cell types of TME are correlated with immunotherapy in lung cancer. Moreover, we describe the efficacy of immunotherapy in driven gene mutations in lung cancer, including KRAS, TP53, EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KEAP1, ZFHX3, PTCH1, PAK7, UBE3A, TNF-α, NOTCH, LRP1B, FBXW7, and STK11. We also emphasize that modulation of immune cell types of TME could be a promising strategy for improving adaptive immune resistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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27
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Porciello N, Franzese O, D’Ambrosio L, Palermo B, Nisticò P. T-cell repertoire diversity: friend or foe for protective antitumor response? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:356. [PMID: 36550555 PMCID: PMC9773533 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Profiling the T-Cell Receptor (TCR) repertoire is establishing as a potent approach to investigate autologous and treatment-induced antitumor immune response. Technical and computational breakthroughs, including high throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches and spatial transcriptomics, are providing unprecedented insight into the mechanisms underlying antitumor immunity. A precise spatiotemporal variation of T-cell repertoire, which dynamically mirrors the functional state of the evolving host-cancer interaction, allows the tracking of the T-cell populations at play, and may identify the key cells responsible for tumor eradication, the evaluation of minimal residual disease and the identification of biomarkers of response to immunotherapy. In this review we will discuss the relationship between global metrics characterizing the TCR repertoire such as T-cell clonality and diversity and the resultant functional responses. In particular, we will explore how specific TCR repertoires in cancer patients can be predictive of prognosis or response to therapy and in particular how a given TCR re-arrangement, following immunotherapy, can predict a specific clinical outcome. Finally, we will examine current improvements in terms of T-cell sequencing, discussing advantages and challenges of current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- grid.417520.50000 0004 1760 5276Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Franzese
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D’Ambrosio
- grid.417520.50000 0004 1760 5276Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Belinda Palermo
- grid.417520.50000 0004 1760 5276Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- grid.417520.50000 0004 1760 5276Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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