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Hui Z, Deng H, Zhang X, Garrido C, Lirussi F, Ye XY, Xie T, Liu ZQ. Development and therapeutic potential of DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107608. [PMID: 38981210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of DNA damage response (DDR) combats various forms of DNA damage, ensuring genomic stability. Cancer cells' propensity for genomic instability offers therapeutic opportunities to selectively kill cancer cells by suppressing the DDR pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a nuclear serine/threonine kinase, is crucial for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Therefore, targeting DNA-PK is a promising cancer treatment strategy. This review elaborates on the structures of DNA-PK and its related large protein, as well as the development process of DNA-PK inhibitors, and recent advancements in their clinical application. We emphasize our analysis of the development process and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of DNA-PK inhibitors based on different scaffolds. We hope this review will provide practical information for researchers seeking to develop novel DNA-PK inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hui
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China
| | - Haowen Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Faculté de médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges François Leclerc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Université de Franche Comté, France, University Hospital of Besançon (CHU), France
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China.
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Yu Y, Jia H, Zhang T, Zhang W. Advances in DNA damage response inhibitors in colorectal cancer therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:15-22. [PMID: 38115743 PMCID: PMC10875349 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One potential cause of cancer is genomic instability that arises in normal cells due to years of DNA damage in the body. The clinical application of radiotherapy and cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer is based on the principle of damaging the DNA of cancer cells. However, the benefits of these treatments also have negative effects on normal tissue. While there have been notable advancements in molecular-driven therapy and immunotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC), a considerable portion of patients with advanced CRC do not experience any benefits from these treatments, leading to a poor prognosis. In recent years, targeted therapy aimed at suppressing the DNA damage response (DDR) in cancer cells has emerged as a potential treatment option for CRC patients, offering them more choices for treatment. Currently, the integration of DDR and clinical intervention remains in the exploratory phase. This review primarily elucidates the fundamental principles of DDR inhibitors, provides an overview of their current clinical application status in CRC, and discusses the advancements as well as limitations observed in relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- />Department of Colorectal Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Hang Jia
- />Department of Colorectal Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Tianshuai Zhang
- />Department of Colorectal Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Wei Zhang
- />Department of Colorectal Surgerythe First Affiliated HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
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Liu N, Zhang J, Chen W, Ma W, Wu T. The RNA methyltransferase METTL16 enhances cholangiocarcinoma growth through PRDM15-mediated FGFR4 expression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:263. [PMID: 37817227 PMCID: PMC10566113 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification is implicated in the progression of human cancers including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). METTL16 is recently identified as a new RNA methyltransferase responsible for m6A modification, although the role of METTL16 in CCA has not yet been examined. The current study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of the RNA methyltransferase METTL16 in CCA. METHODS The expression of METTL16 in CCA was examined by analyzing publicly available datasets or by IHC staining on tumor samples. siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of function studies were performed in vitro and in vivo to investigate the oncogenic role of METTL16 in CCA. MeRIP-Seq was carried out to identify the downstream target of METTL16. ChIP-qPCR, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblots were used to explore the regulation mechanisms for METTL16 expression in CCA. RESULTS We observed that the expression of METTL16 was noticeably increased in human CCA tissues. Depletion of METTL16 significantly inhibited CCA cell proliferation and decreased tumor progression. PRDM15 was identified as a key target of METTL16 in CCA cells. Mechanistically, our data showed that METTL16 regulated PRDM15 protein expression via YTHDF1-dependent translation. Accordingly, we observed that restoration of PRDM15 expression could rescue the deficiency of CCA cell proliferation/colony formation induced by METTL16 depletion. Our subsequent analyses revealed that METTL16-PRDM15 signaling regulated the expression of FGFR4 in CCA cells. Specifically, we observed that PRDM15 protein was associated with the FGFR4 promoter to regulate its expression. Furthermore, we showed that the histone acetyltransferase p300 cooperated with the transcription factor YY1 to regulate METTL16 gene expression via histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) acetylation in CCA cells. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a novel METTL16-PRDM15-FGFR4 signaling axis which is crucial for CCA growth and may have important therapeutic implications. We showed that depletion of METTL16 significantly inhibited CCA cell proliferation and decreased tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianli Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-79, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Deng H, Chen Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Hang Q, Li P, Zhang P, Ji J, Song H, Chen M, Jin Y. PI3K/mTOR inhibitors promote G6PD autophagic degradation and exacerbate oxidative stress damage to radiosensitize small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:652. [PMID: 37802999 PMCID: PMC10558571 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling was associated with SCLC radioresistance. SBC2 cells were used as primary radioresistance models, while H446 cells were continuously exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) to develop acquired radioresistance. Cell viability and apoptosis assays were used to investigate synergistic effects of BEZ235/GSK2126458 and IR in vitro, while immunoblotting, metabolite quantitative analysis and bioinformatic analyses were utilized to explore the underlying mechanism. Both genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) and subcutaneous tumor models were used to confirm the synergistic effect in vivo. Key molecules of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling were upregulated after IR, which was correlated with primary radioresistance, and they were more expressed in acquired radioresistant cells. BEZ235/GSK2126458 effectively enhanced the cytotoxic effects of IR. BEZ235/GSK2126458 plus IR elevated γ-H2AX and p-Nrf2 expression, suggesting DNA and oxidative stress damage were intensified. Mechanistically, BEZ235/GSK2126458 plus IR significantly reduced the expression of G6PD protein, the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). In detail, PI3K/mTOR inhibitors reinforced interaction between G6PD and HSPA8/HSC70, and G6PD was degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy processes. Their metabolites (NADPH and R-5P) were decreased, and ROS levels were indirectly elevated, both of which exacerbated cell death. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling activator, insulin, enhanced SCLC radioresistance, while the synergistic effect of BEZ235/GSK2126458 and IR can be attenuated by N-acetylcysteine, and enhanced by 6-amino niacinamide. GEMM and allograft transplantation assays further confirmed their synergistic effect in vivo. This study provided insights into the connection between PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and the PPP underlying radioresistance and provided evidence of mechanisms supporting PI3K/mTOR inhibitors as possible therapeutic strategies to abrogate SCLC radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yamei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yibi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 331800, China
| | - Qingqing Hang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Peijing Li
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Hai Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China.
- United Laboratory of Frontier Radiotherapy Technology of Sun Yat-sen University & Chinese Academy of Sciences Ion Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ying Jin
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
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Liu T, Wang H, Chen Y, Wan Z, Du Z, Shen H, Yu Y, Ma S, Xu Y, Li Z, Yu N, Zhang F, Cao K, Cai J, Zhang W, Gao F, Yang Y. SENP5 promotes homologous recombination-mediated DNA damage repair in colorectal cancer cells through H2AZ deSUMOylation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:234. [PMID: 37684630 PMCID: PMC10486113 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant radiotherapy has been used as the standard treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, radiotherapy resistance often results in treatment failure. To identify radioresistant genes will provide novel targets for combined treatments and prognostic markers. METHODS Through high content screening and tissue array from CRC patients who are resistant or sensitive to radiotherapy, we identified a potent resistant gene SUMO specific peptidase 5 (SENP5). Then, the effect of SENP5 on radiosensitivity was investigated by CCK8, clone formation, comet assay, immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle to investigate the effect of SENP5 on radiosensitivity. SUMO-proteomic mass spectrometry combined with co-immunoprecipitation assay were used to identify the targets of SENP5. Patient-derived organoids (PDO) and xenograft (PDX) models were used to explore the possibility of clinical application. RESULTS We identified SENP5 as a potent radioresistant gene through high content screening and CRC patients tissue array analysis. Patients with high SENP5 expression showed increased resistance to radiotherapy. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that SENP5 knockdown significantly increased radiosensitivity in CRC cells. SENP5 was further demonstrated essential for efficient DNA damage repair in homologous recombination (HR) dependent manner. Through SUMO mass spectrometry analysis, we characterized H2AZ as a deSUMOylation substrate of SENP5, and depicted the SUMOylation balance of H2AZ in HR repair and cancer resistance. By using PDO and PDX models, we found targeting SENP5 significantly increased the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed novel role of SENP5 in HR mediated DNA damage repair and cancer resistance, which could be applied as potent prognostic marker and intervention target for cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Wan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Du
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengzhe Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuqing Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nanxi Yu
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangxiao Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Cao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Cai
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Wen R, Zhou L, Jiang S, Fan H, Zheng K, Yu Y, Gao X, Hao L, Lou Z, Yu G, Yang F, Zhang W. DSTN Hypomethylation Promotes Radiotherapy Resistance of Rectal Cancer by Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:198-210. [PMID: 37019366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although surgical resection combined with neoadjuvant radiation therapy can reduce the local recurrence rate of rectal cancer, not all patients benefit from neoadjuvant radiation therapy. Therefore, screening for patients with rectal cancer who are sensitive or resistant to radiation therapy has great clinical significance. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patients with rectal cancer were selected according to postoperative tumor regression grade, and tumor samples were taken for detection. Differential genes between radiation-resistant and radiation-sensitive tissues were screened and validated by Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip, proteomics, Agena MassARRAY methylation, reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. In vitro and in vivo functional experiments verified the role of DSTN. Protein coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the mechanisms of DSTN-related radiation resistance. RESULTS DSTN was found to be highly expressed (P < .05) and hypomethylated (P < .01) in rectal cancer tissues resistant to neoadjuvant radiation therapy. Follow-up data confirmed that patients with high expression of DSTN in neoadjuvant radiation therapy-resistant rectal cancer tissues had shorter disease-free survival (P < .05). DSTN expression increased after methyltransferase inhibitor inhibition of DNA methylation in colorectal cancer cells (P < .05). In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that knockdown of DSTN promoted the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to radiation therapy, and overexpression of DSTN promoted the resistance of colorectal cancer cells to radiation (P < .05). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated in colorectal cancer cells overexpressing DSTN. β-catenin was highly expressed in radiation therapy-resistant tissues, and there was a linear correlation between the expression of DSTN and β-catenin (P < .0001). Further studies showed that DSTN can bind to β-catenin and increase its stability. CONCLUSIONS The degree of DNA methylation and the expression level of DSTN can be used as biomarkers to predict the sensitivity of neoadjuvant radiation therapy for rectal cancer. DSTN and β-catenin are also expected to become a reference for the selection of neoadjuvant radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Wen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leqi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuo Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianhua Gao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Hao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanyu Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fu Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Ye T, Lin A, Qiu Z, Hu S, Zhou C, Liu Z, Cheng Q, Zhang J, Luo P. Microsatellite instability states serve as predictive biomarkers for tumors chemotherapy sensitivity. iScience 2023; 26:107045. [PMID: 37448561 PMCID: PMC10336167 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for markers to predict the efficacy of different chemotherapy drugs. Herein, we examined whether microsatellite instability (MSI) status can predict tumor multidrug sensitivity and explored the underlying mechanisms. We downloaded data from several public databases. Drug sensitivity was compared between the high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and microsatellite-stable/low microsatellite instability (MSS/MSI-L) groups. In addition, we performed pathway enrichment analysis and cellular chemosensitivity assays to explore the mechanisms by which MSI status may affect drug sensitivity and assessed the differences between drug-treated and control cell lines. We found that multiple MSI-H tumors were more sensitive to a variety of chemotherapy drugs than MSS/MSI-L tumors, and especially for CRC, chemosensitivity is enhanced through the downregulation of DDR pathways such as NHEJ. Additional DNA damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs results in further downregulation of DDR pathways and enhances drug sensitivity, forming a cycle of increasing drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taojun Ye
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengang Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shulu Hu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaozheng Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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